2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Novel
Peck and Coyle (1984) say that the novel reflects a move away from an
essentially religious view of life towards a new interest in the complexities of
everyday experience. Mostnovels are concerned with ordinary people andtheir
problems in the societies in which they find themeselves. Novel present a
documentary picture of life. Alongside the fact that novels look at people in
society, the aither major charactristics of the genre is that novels tell a story. In
fact, novels tend to tell the same few stories time and time again. Novelists
frequently focus on the tensions between individuals and the society inwhich they
live, presenting characters who are at odds with that society.
Narrative structure. Narrative is the organisation of a series of a events into the form of a story. This obviously what we have in novels; what is less
obvious is how similar the narrative structure is in most novels.
A novel usually begins with a description of a place or character. The
setting is likely to strike us as either an attractive one, where the characters should
feel comfortable, or an unattractive one, where people are bound to fell unhappy
and alienated. A character introduced at the beginning of a novel will usually
come into collision with society. The opening chapters will expand the picture of
the characters and the society they live in. The novel will then progress by taking
the characters through a sequence of events extending over a certain time span.
ways by which the novelist can complicate matters. One is by introducing
complications in the content: the inclusion of a mass of details about people,
places and events makes the story seem substantial and real. The other way in
which the writer can complicate matters is by the way in which he chooses to
narrate the story: a story can be told in many ways, for every narrator will see the
things from a different point-of-view.
-In a first-person narrative the central character relates the events he or she experienced.
- In omniscient narration a narrator who can see everything relates the story. In omniscient narrator can be unintrusive: that is to say, we are not really aware of the personal telling the story because the action is presented without many explicit
comments or judgements.
- Intrusive narrator who comments of the events and characters.
The novel as a work of fiction offers a world, a world which contains
models of life, imaginative world, which was built through intrinsic elements such
as events, plot, characters and characterizations, setting, point of view, and others
all of which, of course are imaginative. The novel is a formal categorization.
Type - type of which is such a different type of categories. The sideline categories
can be determined by technique (allegory), content types (science fiction), themes
(existentialism), or a combination of them all. The categories will not mean much
unless we know they are connected to each other or why the writer more often to
one rather than the other. For example, why an author prefer detective stories?
Gold Bug works of Poe is more of a detective story when compared to the works
of Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment, whereas the second story tells about a
detective who are solving a crime case. The hallmark of a detective is on the
tendency to reduce any human habits into a series of logical arrangements.
The Cuckoo’s Calling is one of the novel about detective. Talk about
detective, the detective story have six elements, such as solution, solving mystery,
incompetent or ineffectual police, a susfect who appears gulty at first but is later
proved innocent, detective’s friend or confidant, and often the narrator whose
slowness in interpreting clues emphasizes by contrast the detective’s brilliace.
Detective novels contents enough clues to make up the sequence of events and our
attempts to identifies. Due to the reduction of all terms into logic-logic, detective
stories tend to ignore the emotions and morality. Rarely found a crying widow
character or villain who regret in detective novels. The reason is not because of
the pain and regret is considered no useful, but because those two things be
considered disturbing world view that was already in such a way.
2.2 Intrinsic Elements
Generally, a wide range of traditional elements can be grouped into two
parts, although this division is not really broken. The division of the element in
question is intrinsic and extrinsic element. Both of these elements is often called
the critic in a review or discuss the novel, or literature in General. In this scientific
work, the element used is the intrinsic elements of the author.
Intrinsic elements are elements that build literature itself. It is these
are factual will be found when people read literary works. The intrinsic elements
of the novel are elements directly, participate to build story. A blend of the
various intrinsic elements of this is what makes a novel form. As for the elements
of intrinsic events, story, plot, characters, themes, narrative point of view,
language or style of language and others. But in this scientific work, the authors
analyze only four elements of which deals with the study of novels, namely,
theme, plot, character, and setting.
2.2.1 Theme
Stanton (1965:88) and Kenney (1966:20) say that the theme is the
meaning contained in a story. Hartoko & Rahmanto (1986:142)says that the theme
is the idea of a common basis of propping up a literary work that is contained in
the text as the structure of semantic difference and that concerns the similarities or
the differences. The theme is filtered from the motifs that are present in the work
concerned, determine the presence of events, conflicts, and certain situations. The
theme in a lot of things are "binding" the presence or absence of
events-conflict-specific situations, including various intrinsic elements of the other, because those
things shall be logically support the clarity of themes that would like delivered.
The theme became the basis of the development of the whole story, then it is both
animates all parts of that story. The theme has a common generalization, wider,
and abstract.
Theme as meaning a principal work of fiction not (intentionally) to hide,
meaning of the story, by itself support he'll "hidden" behind a story that supports
it.
2.2.2 Plot
Kenny (1966:14) elaborated the plot as the events shown in the story that
is not simple, since the author weaves the events based on the causal. Much
earlier, as indicated above, Forstre has also expressed similar things. Forstre (1970
(1927): 93) says thata plot is the story of the events which have an emphasis on
the existence of a relationship of causality. The events of the story or the plot
manifested by deeds, behaviors, and attitudes of characters (main) story. Even at
large events that are displayed in the story of none other than deeds and behavior
of the characters, either verbal or nonverbal nature, either inner or physical. The
plot is a reflection or even in the form of travel behavior of the characters in Act,
thought, felt and behaved in the face of a variety of life issues. Events, deeds, or
the behaviour of human life are the plot if the typical nature, contain elements of
conflict-interrelated, and the most important is: interesting to tell and hence are
dramatic. And in this novel are included in one of the detective novels, then plot
that used a mysterious plot that is intellectual. Plot: Mysterious Intellectual. Forster (1970:94-95) says that the plot of a work of fiction, it has a mysterious and
intellectual properties. Plot showing the events that contain a conflict that was
able to attract or even overtakes the reader. It encourages the reader to know the
next events. But, of course it will not be put forward for granted at once and
quickly by the author, but rather, just maybe, get around with only spoken little by
hide something that is becoming a key issue. In this way, usually it will further
encourage the reader to know the continuation of incidents that were satisfactory.
It is these circumstances by Forster is referred to as the mysterious nature of its
plot.
2.2.3 Character
The people in a novel are referred to as characters. Character story "just"
is a creation of the author's character, he must be a people who live in a
reasonably natural, as human life is composed of flesh and blood, who have
thoughts and feelings. A story is said to be reasonable and relevant, if it reflects
and has similarities to the real human life (lifelike).
The character is commonly used in two contexts. The first context, the
characters refer to individuals who appear in stories like when there are people
who ask; "How many characters are there in the story?". The second context, the
character refers to the mixing of various interests, desires, emotions, and the
moral principles of such individuals as it appears implicit in the question; "Do you
think, how does the characters in the story?". In most of the stories can be found
one 'main character' characters associated with all events taking place in the story.
Typically, these events cause a change in the character or on our attitude toward
the character. Character can mean ' story ' and principals may also be ' character '.
Between a character with the character that he had indeed been a blend of intact.
As novel always deal with characters who are at odds with their family or
coventional social values. The novel will bring varoius characters into
present characters caught in various dilemmas; at the end of the novel she will
either make or fail to make an accommodation with society.
2.2.4 Setting
The setting is the environment that covers events in the story, a universe
that interact with the events that are taking place. Background as one of the
elements of fiction, the story as fact, which along with other elements to form a
story. Items on the settings can be distinguished into three principal elements,
namely the place, time, and social. The third element is that although each offers
different problems and can be discussed in its own, in fact inter-related and
mutually influence each other. In other words, setting it as part and parcel of the
story. The Ordinance setting as one element of fiction not be seen separately from
