An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning In Ernest Hemingway’s “Hills Like White Elephants

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APPENDICES

Table of The Speech functions analysis of and typical mood of clauses

Participants Text/ Interaction Speech Function Typical Mood

(The hills across the valley of the Ebro were long and white. On this side there was no shade and no trees and the station was between two lines of rails in the sun. Close against the side of the station there was the warm shadow of the building and a curtain, made of strings of bamboo beads, hung across the open door into the bar, to keep out flies. The American and the girl with him sat at a table in the shade, outside the building. It was very hot and the express from Barcelona would come in forty minutes. It stopped at this junction for two minutes and went to Madrid).

Jig What should we drink? (Having taken off her hat and put it on the table).

Question Interrogative Mood

The American

It’s pretty hot. Statement Declarative Mood

Jig Let’s drink beer. Offer Imperative Mood The

American

Dos cervezas.* (saying into the curtain)

Command Imperative Mood

A woman Big ones? (asking from the doorway)

The American

Yes.

Two big ones.

Answer

Elliptical Declarative Mood

Minor Clause The woman (Bringing two glasses of beer

and two felt pads. Putting the felt pads and the beer glass on the table and looking at the man and the girl.

Compliance (non-verbal response)

Jig (Looking off at the line of hills. They were white in the sun and the country was brown and dry).

They look like white elephants.

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71 The

American

I’ve never seen one. (Drinking his beer)

Contradiction Declarative Mood

Jig No, you wouldn’t have Statement Elliptical Declarative Mood

The American

I might have.

Just because you say I wouldn’t have doesn’t prove anything

Contradiction

Statement

Declarative Mood

Jig (Looking at the bead curtain). They’ve painted something on it.

What does it say?

Statement

Question

Declarative Mood

Interrogative Mood The

American

Anis del Toro. It’s a drink

Answer Statement

Minor Clause Declarative Mood Jig Could we try it? Question Interrogative Mood The

American

Listen (calling through the curtain).

Command Imperative Mood

The woman (Coming out from the bar). Compliance (non-verbal response) The

American

Four reales.

We want two Anis del Toro

Command Command

Declarative Mood Declarative Mood A woman With water? Question Minor Clause

The American

Do you want it with water? Question Interrogative Mood

Jig I don’t know.

Is it good with water?

Contradiction Question

Declarative Mood Interrogative Mood The

American

It’s all right. Answer Declarative Mood

The woman You want them with water? Question Interrogative Mood The

American

Yes, with water. Answer Minor Clause

Jig It tastes like liquorice. (And putting the glass down)

Statement Declarative Mood

The American

That’s the way with everything.

Acknowledgment Declarative Mood

Jig Yes.

Everything tastes of liquorice. Especially all the things you’ve waited so long for, like absinthe.

Statement

Statement Statement

Declarative Mood Declarative Mood

The

Statement Statement Statement

Declarative Mood Declarative Mood Declarative Mood The

American

Well, let’s try and have a fine time.

Offer Imperative Mood

Jig All right. I was trying.

I said the mountains looked

Acceptance Statement Statement

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like white elephants.

Wasn’t that bright? Question Interrogative Mood The

American

That was bright. Answer Declarative Mood

Jig I wanted to try this new drink. That’s all we do, isn’t it – look at things and try new drinks?

Statement Question

Declarative Mood Interrogative Mood

The American

I guess so. Answer Declarative Mood

Jig (Looking across at the hills). They’re lovely hills.

They don’t really look like white elephants.

I just meant the colouring of their skin through the trees.

Statement Statement

Statement

Declarative Mood

The American

Should we have another drink?

Jig All right. Answer Minor Clause

The American

The beer’s nice and cool. Statement Declarative Mood

Jig It’s lovely. Acknowledgment Declarative Mood The

American

It’s really an awfully simple operation, Jig.

It’s not really an operation at all.

Statement

Declarative Mood

Jig (Looking at the ground the table legs rested on). The

American

I know you wouldn’t mind it, Jig.

It’s really not anything. It’s just to let the air in.

Statement

Statement Statement

Declarative Mood

Declarative Mood Declarative Mood Jig (Not saying anything).

The American

I’ll go with you and I’ll stay with you all the time. They just let the air in and then it’s all perfectly natural.

Statement

Declarative Mood

Jig Then what will we do afterwards?

The American

We’ll be fine afterwards. Just like we were before.

Answer Answer

Declarative Mood Declarative Mood Jig What makes you think so? Question Interrogative Mood The

American

That’s the only thing that bothers us.

It’s the only thing that’s made us unhappy.

Answer

Statement

Declarative Mood

Jig (Looking at the bead curtain, putting her hand out and taking hold of two of the strings of beads).

And you think then we’ll be all right and be happy?

The American

I know we will.

You don’t have to be afraid.

Answer Command

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73 I’ve known lots of people that

have done it.

Jig So have I.

And afterwards they were all so happy.

Acknowledgment

Statement

Declarative Mood

The

But I know it’s perfectly simple.’

Statement

Declarative Mood

Jig And you really want to? Question Interrogative Mood The

American

I think it’s the best thing to do.

But I don’t want you to do it if you don’t really want to.

Answer

Statement

Declarative Mood

Jig And if I do it you’ll be happy and things will be like they were and you’ll love me?

The

Jig I know.

But if I do it, then it will be nice again if I say things are like white elephants, and you’ll like it?

Acknowledgment Question

The American

I’ll love it.

I love it now but I just can’t think about it.

You know how I get when I worry.

Answer Statement

Statement

Declarative Mood

Jig If I do it you won’t ever worry?

The American

I won’t worry about that because it’s perfectly simple.

Answer Declarative Mood

Jig Then I’ll do it.

Because I don’t care about me.

Statement Statement

The American

What do you mean? Question Interrogative Mood

Jig I don’t care about me. Answer Declarative Mood The

American

Well, I care about you. Statement Declarative Mood

Jig Oh, yes.

But I don’t care about me. And I’ll do it and then everything will be fine.

Acknowledgment

Statement Statement

The American

I don’t want you to do it if you feel that way.

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on the other side, were fields of grain and trees along the banks of the Ebro. Far away, beyond the river, were mountains. The shadow of a cloud moved across the field of grain. And seeing the river through the trees).

And we could have all this. And we could have

everything and every day we make it more impossible.

Statement Statement

The American

What did you say? Question Interrogative Mood

Jig I said we could have everything.

The American

We can have everything. Statement Declarative Mood

Jig No, we can’t. Contradiction Elliptical Declarative Mood

The American

We can have the whole world. Statement Declarative Mood

Jig No, we can’t. Contradiction Elliptical Declarative Mood

The American

We can go everywhere. Statement Declarative Mood

Jig No, we can’t.

It isn’t ours anymore.

Contradiction

Declarative Mood The

American

It’s ours. Statement Declarative Mood

Jig No, it isn’t.

And once they take it away, you never get it back.

Contradiction

Statement

Declarative Mood

The American

But they haven’t taken it away.

Jig We’ll wait and see. Statement Declarative Mood The

American

Come on back in the shade. You mustn’t feel that way.

Command Command

Imperative Mood Imperative Mood Jig I don’t feel any way.

I just know things.

Refusal Statement

Declarative Mood Declarative Mood The

American

I don’t want you to do anything that you don’t want to do –

Jig Nor that isn’t good for me. I know.

Could we have another beer?

Contradiction Statement Question

Declarative Mood Declarative Mood Interrogative Mood

The American

All right.

But you’ve got to realize –

Answer Command

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75 Jig I realize.

Can’t we maybe stop talking?

Answer Command

(They sat down at the table and the girl looked across at the hills on the dry side of the valley and the man looked at her and at the table).

The American

You’ve got to realize that I don’t want you to do it if you don’t want to.

I’m perfectly willing to go through with it if it means anything to you.

Command

Statement

Declarative Mood

Jig Doesn’t it mean anything to you?

We could get along.

Question

Statement

Interrogative Mood

Declarative Mood The

American

Of course it does.

But I don’t want anybody but you.

I don’t want anyone else. And I know it’s perfectly simple.

Answer Contradiction

Statement Statement

Jig Yes, you know it’s perfectly simple.

Acknowledgment Declarative Mood

The American

It’s all right for you to say that, but I do know it.

Jig Would you do something for me now?

Command Modulated Interrogative The

American

I’d do anything for you. Compliance Declarative Mood

Jig Would you please please please please please please please stop talking?

Command Modulated Interrogative

The American

(Not saying anything but looking at the bags against the wall of the station. There were labels on them from all the hotels where they had spent nights.

The American

But I don’t want you to. I don’t care anything about it.

Statement Statement

Declarative Mood Declarative Mood Jig I’ll scream Statement Declarative Mood The woman (Coming out through the

curtains with two glasses of beer and put them down on the damp felt pads). The train comes in five minutes.

Jig What did she say? Question Interrogative Mood The

American

That the train is coming in five minutes.

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woman, to thank her).

The American

I’d better take the bags over to the other side of the station.

Jig (Smiling at him). All right.

Then come back and we’ll finish the beer.

Acknowledgment Command

Minor Clause Imperative Mood

The American

(Picking up the two heavy bags and carried them around the station to the other tracks. Looking up the tracks but could not see the train. Coming back, walking through the bar-room, where people waiting for the train were drinking. Drinking an Anis at the bar and looking at the people. They were all waiting reasonably for the train. Going out through the bead curtain).

Jig (Sitting at the table and smiling at him). The

American

Do you feel better? Question Interrogative Mood

Jig I feel fine.

There’s nothing wrong with me.

I feel fine.

Answer Statement

Statement

Declarative Mood

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77

Table 4.2 The analysis of MOOD and RESIDUE

What should we drink?

What should we drink?

WH/Complement Finite Subject Predicator

RESIDUE … MOOD … RESIDUE

Let’s drink beer.

Let’s drink beer.

Subject Predicator Complement

MOOD RESIDUE

They look like white elephants.

They look like white elephants.

do look

Subject Finite Predicator Adjunct: Circumstantial

MOOD RESIDUE

No, you wouldn’t have.

No, you wouldn’t have.

Adjunct: Polarity Subject Finite Predicator

MOOD RESIDUE

They’ve painted something on it.

They ‘ve painted something on it.

Subject Finite Predicator Complement Adjunct: Circumstantial

MOOD RESIDUE

What does it say?

What does it say?

RE- MOOD -SIDUE

Could we try it?

Could we try it?

Finite Subject Predicator Complement

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I don’t know.

I don’t know.

Subject Finite Predicator

MOOD RESIDUE

Is it good with water?

Is it good with water?

Finite Subject Complement Adjunct: Circumstantial

MOOD RESIDUE

It tastes like liquorice.

It tastes like liquorice.

does taste

MOOD RESIDUE

Yes.

Yes. Adjunct: Polarity

MOOD

Everything tastes of liquorice.

Everything tastes of liquorice.

does taste

Subject Finite Predicator Adjunt: Circumstantial

MOOD RESIDUE

Especially all the things you’ve waited so long for, like absinthe.

Especially, all the things you’ve

waited so long for (are) like absinthe. Adjunct: Comment Subject Finite Complement

MOOD RESIDUE

You started it.

You started it.

did start

Subject Finite Predicator Complement

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79 I was being amused.

I was being amused.

MOOD RESIDUE

I was having a fine time.

I was having a fine time.

MOOD RESIDUE

All right.

All right. Minor

I was trying.

I was trying.

MOOD RESIDUE

I said the mountains looked like white elephants.

I said the mountains looked like white elephants.

did look

Adjunct: Mood Subject Finite Predicator Adjunct: Circumstantial

MOOD RESIDUE

Wasn’t that bright?

Wasn’t that bright?

Finite Subject Complement

MOOD RESIDUE

I wanted to try this new drink.

I wanted to try this new drink.

did want to try

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That’s all we do, isn’t it – look at things and try new drinks?

That ‘s all we do, isn’t it –

Subject Finite Complement Finite Subject

MOOD RESIDUE MOOD

Look at things and try new drinks?

Predicator Adjunct: Circumstantial Predicator Complement

RESIDUE REDISUE

They’re lovely hills.

They ‘re lovely hills.

Subject Finite Complement

MOOD RESIDUE

They don’t really look like white elephants.

They don’t really look like white elephants.

Subject Finite Adjunct: Mood Predicator Adjunct: Circumstantial

MOOD RESIDUE

I just meant the colouring of their skin through the trees.

I just meant the colouring of their skin through the trees.

did mean

Subject Adjunct: Mood Finite Predicator Complement

MOOD RESIDUE

All right.

All right. Minor

It’s lovely.

It ‘s lovely.

Subject Finite Complement

MOOD RESIDUE

Then what will we do afterwards?

Then what will we do afterwards?

Adjunct: Conj WH/Compl. Fin Subj Predicat Adjunct: Circ

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81 What makes you think so?

What makes you think so?

does make

WH/Subject Finite Predicator Complement

MOOD RESIDUE

And you think then we’ll be all right and be happy.

And you think then we’ll be all right

and be happy.

do think

Adjunct:

Conjunctive Subject Finite Predicator

Adjunct:

Circumstantial Complement

MOOD RESIDUE

So have I.

Adjunct: conjunctive Finite Subject

MOOD

And afterwards they were all so happy.’

And afterwards they were all so happy.

Adjunct: Conjunctive

Adjunct:

Circumstantial Subject Finite

(part of Subject: they)

Complement

RE- MOOD -SIDUE

And you really want to?

And you really want to?

do want to? Adjunct: Conjunctive Subject Adjunct: Mood Finite Predicator

MOOD RESIDUE

And if I do it you’ll be happy and things will be like they were and you’ll love me?

And if I do it you ‘ll be happy

do do

Adjunct:

Conjunc Subj Finite Predicat Compl Subj Finite Predicat Comp

MOOD RESIDUE MOOD RESIDUE

and things will be like they were

and you ‘ll love me?

Subj Fin Pred Compl Subj Fin Pred Compl

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I know.

I know.

do know

MOOD RESIDUE

But if I do it, then it will be nice again if I say things are like white elephants, and you’ll like it?

But if I do it,

do do

Adjunct: Conjunc Subject Finite Predicator Complement

MOOD RESIDUE

then It will be nice again if I say things are like white elephants, do say

Adj:

Circ Subj Fin Pred Comp

Adjunct:

Circ Sub Fin Pred Compl

RE- MOOD -SIDUE MOOD RESIDUE

And you ‘ll like it?

MOOD RESIDUE

If I do it you won’t ever worry?’

If I do it you won’t ever worry?

do do

Subject Finite Predicator Complement Subject Finite Adjunct:

Mood Predicator

Then I’ll do it.

Then I ‘ll do it.

Adjunct: Circumstantial Subject Finite Predicator Complement

RESIDUE … MOOD … RESIDUE

Because I don’t care about me.

Because I don’t care about me.

Adjunct: Conjunctive Subject Finite Predicator Adjunct: Circumstantial

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83 I don’t care about me.

I don’t Care about me.

MOOD RESIDUE

Oh, yes.

Oh, yes.

Adjunct: Continuity Adjunct: Polarity MOOD

But I don’t care about me.

But I don’t care about me.

Adjunct: Conjunctive Subject Finite Predicator Adjunct: Circumstantial

MOOD RESIDUE

And I’ll do it and then everything will be fine.

And I ‘ll do it and then everything will be fine. Adj:

Conj Sub Fin Pred Comp

Adj:

Circ Subject Fin Pred Comp

And we could have all this.

And we could have all this.

Adjunct: Conjunction Subject Finite Predicator Complement

MOOD RESIDUE

And we could have everything and every day we make it more impossible.

And we could have every thing and

every day we

make

it more impossible. do make

Adj:

Conj Sub Fin Pred Comp

Adj:

Circ. Sub Fin

Pred Com Comp

MOOD RESIDUE RE- MOOD -SIDUE

I said we could have everything.

I said We could have everything.

Adjunct: Mood Subject Finite Predicator Complement

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No, we can’t.

No, we can’t.

Adjunct: Polarity Subject Finite

MOOD

No, we can’t.

No, we can’t.

MOOD

No, we can’t.

No, we can’t.

MOOD

It isn’t ours anymore.

It isn’t ours any more.

Subject Finite Complement Adjunct: Circumstantial

MOOD RESIDUE

No, it isn’t.

No, it isn’t.

MOOD

And once they take it away, you never get it back.

And once they take it away, you never get it back. do take

Adj:

Conj Sub Fin Pred Com

(part of pred: take)

Sub Adj:

Mood Pred Com

(part of pred:

get)

We’ll wait and see.

We ‘ll wait and see.

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85 I don’t feel any way.

I don’t feel any way.

Subject Finite Predicator Adjunct: Conjunctive

MOOD RESIDUE

I just know things.

I just know things.

do know

Subject Adjunct: Mood Finite Predicator Complement

MOOD RESIDUE

Nor that isn’t good for me.

Nor that isn’t good for me.

Adjunct:

Conjunction Subject Finite Complement

Adjunct: Circumstantial

MOOD RESIDUE

I know.

I know.

do know

MOOD RESIDUE

Could we have another beer?

Could we have another beer?

Finite Subject Predicator Complement

MOOD RESIDUE

I realize.

I realize.

do realize

MOOD RESIDUE

Can’t we maybe stop talking?

Can’t we maybe stop talking?

Finite Subject Adjunct: Mood Predicator

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Doesn’t it mean anything to you?

Doesn’t it mean anything to you?

Finite Subject Predicator Complement Adjunct: Circumstantial

MOOD RESIDUE

We could get along.

We could get along

MOOD RESIDUE

Yes, you know it’s perfectly simple.

Yes, you know it’s perfectly simple.

do know

Adjunct:

Polarity Subject Finite Predicator Complement

MOOD RESIDUE

Would you do something for me now?

Would you do something for me now?

Finite Subj Pred Compl Adjunct: Circumstantial

Adjunct: Circumstantial

MOOD COMPLEMENT

Would you please please please please please please please stop talking?

Would you please please please please please please please stop talking? Finite Subject Adjunct: Continuity Predicator

MOOD RESIDUE

I’ll scream.

I ‘ll scream

MOOD RESIDUE

What did she say?

What did she say?

RE- MOOD -SIDUE

All right.

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87 Then come back and we’ll finish the beer.

Then come back and we ‘ll finish the beer. Adjunct: Conjunctive Predicator Subject Finite Predicator Complement

RESIDUE MOOD RESIDUE

I feel fine.

I feel fine.

do feel

MOOD RESIDUE

There’s nothing wrong with me.

There ‘s nothing wrong with me.

Subject Finite Complement Adjunct: Circumstantial

MOOD RESIDUE

I feel fine.

I feel fine.

do feel