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Masa lalu : Pembangunan dibatasi oleh
ketersediaan material,
pengetahuan konstruksi dan
ketersediaan tenaga terampil
Masa kini : Pembangunan dibatasi oleh
ketersediaan lahan, peraturan,
nilai komersial dan imajinasi
perancang tanpa batas wilayah
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bata tanah liat dibakar
BABYLONIA & PERSIA
bata lumpur dengan jerami
MASA SUMMERIAN
CHARTAGO & ROMAWI
bata tanah liat dibakar
YUNANI
batu limestone, marmer
4
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Masa Romanesque
Masa Gothic
Masa Rennaisance
Masa Baroque
Masa Classical Architecture
Masa Modern
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Era Romawi : Konstruksi busur
atau kubah
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Pantheon, 118-125 B.C.
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Menggunakan busur dan kubah
Struktur di ekspos, tampil dengan jelas
Segi elemen bangunan diperhatikan
Elemen-elemen struktur tidak dapat
menahan gaya tarik
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Untuk tinggi titik puncak yang
lebih, konstruksi busur setengah
lingkaran memerlukan bentang
yang besar. Lahirlah solusi
POINTED ARCH
(busur
runcing) yang berasal dari India
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Pemakaian busur runcing
Pembedaan struktur pilar pendukung
dengan dinding penutup non struktural
Pemakaian flying butress
Pembedaan rusuk pendukung
vault dengan panel perantara
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Gereja
St. Dennis
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Ekonomis dan Elegan
Bentang tengah tinggi
Elemen-elemen struktur diekspresikan secara
arsitektur dan menghasilkan bangunan-bangunan
elegan yang menjulang tinggi
Keseluruhan sistem adalah jalinan sub-sistem
dimana elemen-elemennya hanya dapat menahan
gaya tekan
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Penemuan calculus
Penemuan proyeksi geometri
Penekanan terhadap bentuk-bentuk
geometri baru dalam gedung seperti
muka gedung yang melengkung atau
kubah oval
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Di mulai di Inggris dengan
penemuan mesin uap
Pembuatan mesin-mesin
produksi dari besi tuang
1856 proses pembuatan baja
oleh Bessemer
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Era Modern
ISEMS, 7-8 November 2013
Perkembangan Gedung Tinggi
Perkembangan Gedung Tinggi
Perkembangan Gedung Tinggi
Perkembangan Gedung Tinggi
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Secara
struktur
,
gedung tinggi
adalah suatu
gedung dimana
rancangannya
ditentukan oleh
stiffness
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Stabilitas Struktur
Architectural Integrity
Occupant Comfort
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EVOLUSI GEDUNG TINGGI
Kemajuan Bahan Bangunan
Kemajuan Ilmu Pengetahuan
Market Driven
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Kemajuan Bahan Bangunan (I)
Masonry Structure
Iron Frame
Cage Construction
-
Rangka dalam dari kolom besi
tuang dan balok besi tempa
-
Dinding Masonry dengan
perkuatannya sebagai sistem lateral
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MONADNOCK BUILDING
CHICAGO
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Kemajuan Bahan Bangunan (II)
Structural Material
Curtain Wall
Fire Proofing Material
Sistem Transportasi
Mechanical / Electrical System
dan Sanitasi
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Seluruh kekuatan struktur terhadap gaya
gravitasi dan lateral ditahan kerangka portal
Penutup gedung hanya sebagai elemen
arsitektur saja
Untuk membantu menahan gaya lateral
digunakan bracing baja atau shearwall beton
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Gedung HOME LIFE INSURANCE
10 Lantai di Chicago
oleh William Le Baron Jenney
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The Flatiron
Building with 6
otis hydrolic
elevator
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WOOLWORTH BUILDING
60 LANTAI – 242 m
Tahun 1910
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CHRYSLER BUILDING
60 LANTAI – 242 m
Tahun 1929
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EMPIRE STATE BUILDING
102 LANTAI – 385 m
Tahun 1931
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Sistem tabung dan corewall
Mega diagonal di sisi / tepi gedung
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SEARS TOWER
110 Lantai – 443 m
Tahun 1974
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1967 Le Messurier
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Struktur tidak berguling
Struktur tidak patah
Struktur tidak
berdeformasi berlebihan
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Struktur tidak bergeser
Struktur tidak patah
Struktur tidak
berdeformasi berlebihan
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Material di sisi
paling luar
Kekakuan geser
Dinding beton atau
mega bracing system
Kekakuan lentur
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CO MP R ES SIO N NA T E N SIO N H CO MP R ES SION d d d N-AXIS d/2 d/2 -V +V LOAD-MOMENT fc (fc Ac) (d) = -Ma NOTE : MATERIAL EFFECTIVENESS DEPTH EFFECTIVENESS = 1 = 1
}
X =(1
)
NA T E NSIO N H = 1/2 = 2/3 N-AXIS LOAD-MOMENT 1/2 (fc Ac) 2/3 (d) = -Ma/3 DEPTH EFFECTIVENESS MATERIAL EFFECTIVENESS NOTE :1/3
(
}
X =)
ft t f d/2 d/2 -V +V 2/3 d fc fcDAVYSUKAMTA & PARTNERS Structural Engineers
Bank of China
Hong Kong
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T
H
E
P
E
A
K
J
A
K
A
R
T
A
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-
+
CORE
DIAGRAM
B.M.
OUTRIGGER
CORE +
B.M.
DIAGRAM
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E P I C E N T R A L D I S T A N C E
P - W A V E B E D R O C K F A U L T F O C A L D E P T H S - W A V E HY PO C EN TR A L D IST AN C EDAVYSUKAMTA & PARTNERS Structural Engineers
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METHODOLOGY
2. Selection of appropriate attenuation functions 3. Determination of a(max) and response spectra at bedrock 4. Development of synthetic ground motion 5. Analyses of dynamic soil response 6. Development of Iso acceleration map and response spectra at surfaceEpicenter
Bedrock
Surface of Jakarta
1. Identification of Seismic source
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Structural engineer
cannot make a poor
structural form behave
satisfactory in an
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Arsitektur gedung harus
memfasilitasi rancangan struktur
tahan gempa sebisa-bisanya.
Sebaliknya struktur harus dapat
mengakomodasi tujuan
fungsional dan estetis gedung
yang dirancang.
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Ada 3 kategori keputusan desain
arsitektural yang menentukan kinerja
ketahanan gempa suatu gedung
Konfigurasi
Detail khusus arsitektur
Komponen non-struktural
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Untuk mencapai gedung tahan gempa
yang handal, bentuk gedung harus
mempertimbangkan hal-hal sbb:
Sederhana dan simetris
Bentuk tidak terlalu memanjang
Bentuk teratur
Seragam dan kontinu dalam kekuatan
Distribusi beban merata
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Sederhana dan Simetris
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Bentuk tidak terlalu memanjang
Baik
Buruk
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Baik
Buruk
Keseragaman dalam tinggi gedung
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The L-Shaped
Building
Separated
Building
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Solusi terhadap masalah Re-Entrant Corner
Pisahkan gedung
Collector frames /
walls
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Tacome Narrows Bridge, 10 November 1940
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Menara “Kayu”
John Hancock
Di Boston
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Composite steel-RC core wall
Inner Facade
Outer Skin Structure
Outer Facade
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Manusia terus melakukan inovasi dan
eksperimen untuk membangun lebih tinggi,
membuat bentang lebih besar dengan
pemakaian bahan lebih ekonomis
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Salah satu kunci keberhasilan yang menghasilkan karya yang
mengagumkan adalah pemakaian material secara tepat guna
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