VISUAL AND VERBAL REPRESENTATION OF INDONESIAN TOURISTS IN “TIGA MANULA JALAN-JALAN KE SINGAPURA”.

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Mia Karmila, 2014

VISUAL AND VERBAL REPRESENTATION OF INDONESIAN TOURISTS IN “TIGA MANULA JALAN-JALAN KE SINGAPURA”

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

VISUAL AND VERBAL REPRESENTATION OF INDONESIAN TOURISTS

IN “TIGA MANULA JALAN-JALAN KE SINGAPURA”

A Research Paper

Submitted to the English Education Department

Faculty of Language and Arts Education Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree

By:

Mia Karmila

(0807521)

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA

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Visual and Verbal Representation of

Indonesian Tourist

s in Tiga Manula

Jalan-

Jalan ke Singapura

Oleh Mia Karmila

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

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i

VISUAL AND VERBAL REPRESENTATION OF INDONESIAN TOURISTS IN “TIGA MANULA JALAN -JALAN KE SINGAPURA”

PAGE OF APPROVAL

Visual and Verbal Representation of Indonesian Tourists

in “Tiga Manula Jalan-Jalan ke Singapura”

A Research Paper

Approved by:

Main Supervisor

Prof. Dr. Didi Sukyadi, M. A.

NIP. 196706091994031003

Co-Supervisor

Budi Hermawan, S.Pd., M.PC.

NIP. 197308072002121002

Head of Department of English Education

Faculty of Language and Arts Education

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed.

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VISUAL AND VERBAL REPRESENTATION OF INDONESIAN TOURISTS IN “TIGA MANULA JALAN-JALAN

KE SINGAPURA”

ABSTRACT

Main Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Didi Sukyadi, M.A. Co-Supervisor: Budi Hermawan, S.Pd, M.PC.

This paper entitled “Visual and Verbal Representation of Indonesian Tourists in Tiga Manula Jalan-Jalan ke Singapura” aims to reveal how Indonesian tourists’ characteristics are represented in the investigated comic book and its significations. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method. The theories that are used in this study are visual grammar theory as proposed by Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) and transitivity system theory by Halliday (2004). The study analyzes 12 pictures from the comic book. The results of the study show that Indonesian tourists’ characteristics are represented in two ways; negative and positive ways. Negatively, Indonesian tourists’ are represented as shopaholic, consumptive, conceited, ignorant, indifferent and indisciplined. On the other hand, positively, Indonesian tourists are represented as careful, obedient, observant, critical and adaptive.

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ABSTRAK

Main Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Didi Sukyadi, M.A. Co-Supervisor: Budi Hermawan, S.Pd, M.PC.

Penelitian berjudul “Representasi Visual dan Verbal Turis Indonesia dalam Komik Tiga Manula Jalan-Jalan ke Singapura” ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap bagaimana karakteristik dan perilaku orang Indonesia direpresentasikan dalam buku komik karya Benny Rachmadi yang berjudul “Tiga Manula Jalan-_{Jalan ke Singapura” dan} makna dari representasi tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Teori-teori yang digunakan adalah teori tata bahasa visual yang diusulkan oleh Kress dan van Leeuwen (2006) dan teori sistem transitivitas yang diusulkan oleh Halliday (2004). Terdapat 12 gambar terpilih yang mengandung teks verbal di dalamnya yang digunakan sebagai data dari penelitian ini. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik dan perilaku orang Indonesia direpresentasikan melalui dua sisi; negatif dan positif. Secara negatif, orang Indonesia digambarkan sebagai gila belanja, konsumtif, angkuh, tidak berpengetahuan, acuh dan tidak disiplin. Sebaliknya, secara positif, Indonesia digambarkan sebagai orang yang berhati-hati, patuh, pengamat, kritis dan dapat beradaptasi.

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VISUAL AND VERBAL REPRESENTATION OF INDONESIAN TOURISTS IN “TIGA MANULA JALAN-JALAN KE SINGAPURA”

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page of Approval ………... i

Statement of Authorization……… ii

Preface………..…….…………... iii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION……… 1

1.1 _{Background………} 1

2.1 S_{ystemic Functional Linguistics………} 9

2.2 Multimodality ……….. 12

2.3 Visual Grammar ….……….. 15

2.3.1 Representational Meaning ……….. 16 2.3.2 Interactive Meaning ………. 20

2.3.3 Compositional Meaning ………. 23 2.4 Representation ...……… 25

2.5 Comics ……….. 26

2.5.1 Comics in Indonesia ………. 28

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2.6 Related Previous Studies ………... 30

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……… 34

3.1 Research Design ……… 34

3.2 Data Collection ………. 35

3.3 Data Analysis ……….……….. 35

3.4 Sample of Data Analysis ……….. 36 CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION……….. 40

4.1 Findings ………...……… 40

4.2 Findings of Visual Text Analysis ………..………. 40

4.2.1 Representational Meaning Analysis ……….. 41

4.2.2 Interactive Meaning Analysis ………. 42

4.2.3 Compositional Meaning Analysis ……….. 44

4.3 F_{indings of Verbal Text Analysis ………..………...} 47

4.4 Representation of Indonesian Tourist_{s’ Characteris}tics in the Investigated Comic Book _….._{………. 50}

4.4.1 The Representation of Indonesian Tourists as Shopaholic and Consumptive _………50

4.4.2 Representation of Indonesian Tourists as Passive, Observant and Critical_{………..…………} 54

4.4.3 Representation of Indonesian Tourists as Conceited and Ignorant ……….. 56

4.4.4 Representation of Indonesian Tourists as Indifferent and Indisciplined ……… 61

4.4.5 Representation of Indonesian Tourists as Obedient and Careful ………. 64

4.5. Discussion ………... 67

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS……… 72

5.1 Conclusions……… 72

5.2 Suggestions……… 75

REFERENCES……….. 76

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Summary of Transitivity System ……… 12

Table 2.2 Realizations of representational meaning ……….. 19

Table 2.3 Realizations of interactive meaning ……….. 22

Table 2.4 Realizations of compositional meaning ……… 24

Table 3.1 Sample of visual analysis ……… 36

Table 3.2 Sample of verbal analysis ……… 38

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Main types of representational structure ……… 16

Figure 2.2 Narrative process: Action process (left), Relational process (right) .. 18

Figure 2.3 Conceptual process: Classificational process (left), Analytical (center) and Symbolical (right)……… 19

Figure 2.4 Components of comics ……….. 27

Figure 4.1 Example of reactional process ………... 41

Figure 4.2 Example of interactive meaning analysis ………42

Figure 4.3 Example of compositional meaning analysis …..………. 45

Figure 4.4 Representation of Indonesians as shopaholic and consumptive ……. 50

Figure 4.5 Representation of Indonesians as _{passive, observant and critical ….} 54 Figure 4.6 Representation of Indonesians as conceited and ignorant _……..….. 56

Figure 4.7 Representation of Indonesians as indifferent and indisciplined _…… 61

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VISUAL AND VERBAL REPRESENTATION OF INDONESIAN TOURISTS IN “TIGA MANULA JALAN-JALAN

KE SINGAPURA”

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the introduction of this paper which discusses the general information of this study. It includes the background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, scope of the study, research methods, clarification of the terms, and organization of the paper.

1.1 Background

Reading comics is often related to a childish activity because people generally start reading comics when they are children. Since comics use images in sequences and words to communicate information, this requires less effort to read. Thus, children feel easier to engage in the story and make comics as their reading for pleasure. Comics also help children practicing making-meaning from material printed on the page and interpreting the symbols from the sequences in the story.

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collaboration of the verbal and visual elements which provide the reader with fundamental elements for interpretation.

Previous studies on comics often focus on the visual text analysis, for example Magnussen_‟s (2006) and Abbott and Forceville_‟s (2011) studies. Magnussen (2006) used semiotics framework to analyze the representation of the dictatorship in Argentine after the democratic transition in 1983 in Argentine comic series entitled Buscavidas which was published in 1981-1982. The representation of dictatorship is portrayed as a bleak and inhumane action which clarifies the distinction between the repressors and the victims. Meanwhile, Abbot and Forceville (2011) discussed the visual representation of emotion in manga (Japanese comics) Azumanga Daioh which is indicated by the loss of hands. The analysis shows that body parts can be indicators

of characters‟ expressions, regardless of the facial expressions. Both of this research focuses mainly on the facial expression, gestures and background.

In contrast, the verbal analysis deals with the sentences and clauses in the comic_s‟ texts, such as in speech balloons and narrative commentaries. Pausacker (2003) analyzed the verbal text of the character of the tragic-comical fictional episodes and accompanying cartoons Ah..Tenane.. from Solopos newspaper using cultural studies approach. He also analyzed the accompanying cartoon as the illustration of the description of the episodes. The result revealed that the cartoons depict the riot of political events in 1998 and send their critic to this situation through the characters of Jon Koplo, Tom Gembus and Lady Cempluk.

Most comics are attributed to the _{term “comical” because} the early comic strips were humorous in nature (Saraceni, 2003). In fact, the term “comical” can

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which criticizes the American government; _{“Calvin & Hobbes” by Bill Waterson} (cited in Gopalakrishnan, 2007) which criticizes American culture; _{and “Dilbert” by} Scott Adams (cited in Doherty, 2011) which criticizes economic and social ideals in society. In Indone_{sian context, comics like “Panji Koming” by Dwi Koendoro,}

“Sukribo” by Faisal Ismail, “Timun” by Libra (Rachmat Riyadi) are the examples of

comics that contain criticism. These comics criticize Indonesian government from its social and political issues. The latest comic book written by Benny, the ex-duo with

Benny & Mice, entitled “Tiga Manula Jalan-Jalan ke Singapura (Three Senior Citizens Go to Singapore)” also contains criticism to the social issues of Indonesian,

especially its people.

The multi semiotic resources of comics which consist of visual texts and verbal texts make comics can be considered as multimodal texts or texts where meanings are realized through more than one semiotic code (Kress & van Leeuwen, 2006). As stated by Noth (1990: 472), comics are “a mass medium in which several semiotic codes are transformed in genre-specific ways, such as visual communication, nonverbal communication, language, narrativity, and hence text semiotics_”. Thus, comics are rich resources for the meaning-making.

As mentioned before, the previous studies on comics tend to focus on monomodal approaches either is visual or verbal elements. Nevertheless, as well as to comics studies, critical studies to cartoon - a closely similar art form with comics -, mostly deal with visual elements (e.g. Refaie, 2003; Wekesa, 2012). To date, there are only few studies which analyze both the visual (image) and verbal (text) elements in comics or cartoons (e.g. Helsby, 1996; Lemke, 1997; Savitri, 2006; Bounegru & Forceville, 2011; Ni, 2011; Embong & Hassan, 2013). Therefore, this present study tries to investigate the visual and verbal representation of Indonesian tourists‟

characteristics in an Indonesian comic book entitled “Tiga Manula Jalan-Jalan Ke

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approaches which focus on a semiotic mode to meaning making, such as those which consider only language when talking about the interpretation of texts and practices, or those which consider visual meaning largely in isolation from material manifestation (Iedema, 2003).

A number of studies have explored multimodality in very diverse genres, such as advertising (e.g. Horsbol, 2006; O „Halloran, 2008), news journalistic (e.g.

Economou, 2006), pedagogical use (e.g. Jewitt, 2002; Chen, 2010; Connors, 2013), poster (e.g. Teo, 2004), and picture book (e.g. Guijarro & Sanz, 2008; Guijjaro, 2010, 2011; Serafini, 2010, 2012; Young & Serafini, 2013). In terms of multimodal

analysis, Kress and van Leeuwen‟s visual grammar theory and Halliday‟s SFL theory

have been used to critically investigate the visual and verbal communication in texts. Therefore, this study uses the theory of Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) on visual grammar in order to investigate the images in the comic book. On the other hand, the

verbal texts will be investigated by using Halliday‟s (2004) transitivity theory in order to know the representational meaning of the texts.

1.2 Research Questions

This study is conducted to answer these following research questions:

1. How are Indonesian tourist_s‟ characteristics represented in the investigated comic book?

2. What does the representation signify?

1.3Aims of the Study

Based on the research questions above, the present study aims to:

1. Investigate the representation of Indonesian tourists‟ characteristics in the comic book investigated.

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1.4Scope of the Study

This study is limited to only investigate the representation of Indonesian tourist_s‟

characteristics in an Indonesian comic book entitled “Tiga Manula Jalan-Jalan Ke

Singapura” visually and verbally. Besides, this study is also aimed to reveal the signification of the representation of Indonesian tourists‟ characteristics as evidenced in the comic investigated.

1.5Research Methods

1.5.1 Research Design

This study uses a qualitative descriptive method as the research design in order to describe, interpret, and analyze the visual and verbal representation of Indonesian in an Indonesian comic book. According to Denzin & Lincoln (1994), qualitative method is a multimethod research that uses an interpretative, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. To add more, qualitative method permits the researcher to explore the subject of the research in a deeper and more detail analysis than quantitative method (Jones, 1997).

Since this study focuses on the visual and verbal texts, qualitative method is appropriate because it mostly deals with data in forms of words _–description, accounts, opinions, feelings, etc.- rather than on number (Walliman, 2011).

Here, the Halliday‟s transitivity system is applied as a tool to analyze the verbal

text. On the other hand, Kress and Leeuwen‟s visual grammar is applied to analyze the visual text.

1.5.2 Data collections

The data are in the form of pictures and verbal texts taken from Benny

Rachmadi‟s comic book entitled “Tiga Manula Jalan-Jalan ke Singapura”

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representation of Indonesian_s‟ characteristics as the tourists when they travel to Singapore.

1.5.3 Data Analysis

In analyzing the data, the study uses two-step procedure. Firstly, the visual texts in the comic book “Tiga Manula Jalan-Jalan Ke Singapura” (Jakarta:

KPG, 2012) are analyzed based on Kress & Leeuwen‟s (2006) theory of visual grammar. Secondly, transitivity analysis as proposed by Halliday (2004) is used to analyze the verbal texts. The result of the data analysis serves as the base to make meaning of the representation.

1.6 Clarification of the Terms

In order to avoid misunderstanding and misconception, there are some terms that should be clarified. They are run as follows:

 Comics

Comics are “the juxtaposed pictorial and other images in deliberate sequence, intended to convey information and/or to produce the aesthetic response in the

viewer” (McCloud, 1993: 9).  Representation

Representation is something which stands for or in place of something else or semioticians called as sign (Chandler, 2002).

 Visual text

Visual text is “a text whose meanings are realized through paintings or photographs” (Kress and van Leeuwen, 1996: 15)

 Verbal text

Verbal text is “a text whose meanings are realized through linguistic code, such as

by means of speech, script and sign language (e.g., for use in deaf group)” (Kress

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 Indonesian Tourists

Indonesians are related to the characteristics of Indonesia, its people, or its languages (Collinsdictionary,com, 2013). Whilst, tourists refers to people who visit a place for pleasure, usually when they are on holiday (Collinsdictionary.com, 2013). In this study, Indonesian tourists refers to Indonesian people who tour to Singapore as represented by the characters in the investigated comic book, such as Liem, Sanip, Waluyo and some people who are considered as Indonesians based on the information on the verbal texts.

1.7Organization of the Paper

The paper of the study will be organized into five chapters as follows:

CHAPTER I: Introduction

This chapter covers the introductional part of this study. It consists of background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, scope of the study, clarification of key terms, and organization of the paper.

CHAPTER II: Literature Review

This chapter deals with theoretical review which provides which is relevant to the present study. This chapter provides the explanation and some important concepts of visual grammar, transitivity, representation and comic theory. Some previous studies are also illustrated in this chapter.

CHAPTER III: Research Methodology

This chapter focuses on the methods of how to analyze the data provided. It contains the research methodology that discussing the steps and procedures of the study, including data collection and data analysis in conducting the study.

CHAPTER IV: Findings and Discussions

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CHAPTER V: Conclusions and Suggestions

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the research methodology, which includes research questions, research design, data collection, data analysis and sample of data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

This study employs a descriptive qualitative method. This method is used to describe, to interpret and to analyze the visual and verbal representation of Indonesian tourists’

characteristics as evidenced in the comic investigated.

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In order to answer the research questions, the present study uses Kress and

van Leeuwen’s visual grammar to analyze the visual elements while Halliday’s

transitivity system is used to analyze the verbal elements in the comic investigated.

3.2Data Collection

The data are in the form of pictures of comics (visual texts) and clauses (verbal texts) critically selected from Benny Rachmadi’s comic-book entitled ―Tiga Manula Jalan-Jalan ke Singapura‖ (Jakarta: KPG, 2012). In this present study, the data are selected by critically selecting clauses and images on the comic pages investigated. There are 12 pictures containing verbal texts in form of speech balloons and narrative commentaries selected critically to answer the research questions.

3.3 Data Analysis

In analyzing the data, the study uses two-step procedure. Firstly, the visual texts in

the comic ―Tiga Manula Jalan-Jalan Ke Singapura‖ (Jakarta: KPG, 2012) are analyzed using Kress & Leeuwen’s (2006) theory of visual grammar. Secondly, the verbal texts accompanying the illustration are analyzed using transitivity analysis as proposed by Halliday (2004).

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3.4 Sample of Data Analysis

The sample of data analysis is represented in the following table. The data are put in the appendix of the paper.

Table 3.1 Sample of visual analysis

(Source: ―Tiga Manula Jalan-Jalan ke Singapura‖, published by KPG, 2012: 24)

Identification In this picture, there are a woman and a man who are walking

followed by the three senior citizens (Sanip, Liem and Waluyo_— from right to left). The woman is talking to the man while they are carrying branded sho_{p bags: ―D & G‖. The three senior} citizens are also talking to each other with their eyes are focusing on the shop bags which are carried by the woman and the man.

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process involved in this picture is reactional process. The vector

which moves from Sanip’s gaze to the man’s shopping bags

creates a transactional reaction. Sanip is the reacter while the man and the woman stand as the phenomenon (Kress & van Leeuwen, 2006: 47).

Interactive meaning: In this picture, there is no gaze made between them and the viewers which means it is an offer (Kress and van Leeuwen, 2006). This picture is taken from oblique angle and in a long shot which shows the full picture. Pictures taken in a long shot means there is a long distance between the represented participants and the viewers (Kress and van Leeuwen, 2006). In this sense, through this long shot and oblique angle, the viewers can see the represented participants as whole figures and identify them with the space and environment surrounding them. In addition, the offer gaze shows less intimacy between the represented participants and the viewers. It means that viewers are detached from the represented participants.

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to the picture, this means that the three senior citizens are depicted as more important information while the man and the woman are considered as more common or less important compared to the new.

Table 3.2 Sample of verbal analysis

Identification Data interpretation

Carrier [Attributive] Attribute

Di Jakarta (Modelnya) belum ada

In Jakarta (The models) are not available yet

Circ: place Carrier Attributive Attribute

Beli tas lagi?

Buying Bags Again?

Pr: Material Goal Circ: Frequency

Ini mah [] orang Jakarta..

They [] from Jakarta..

Token [Attributive] Attribute

Pantesan [mereka] belanjanya Seabrek

No wonder [they] buy A lot of things

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Mbok

ya

aku dishoppingin Liem

!

biar ada yang ditenteng

aku dibelikan [barang] Liem

!

biar ada

[barang] yang ditenteng Buy me something, Liem! So there are something to be carried by me

Beneficiary Material Actor Goal

Biar (saya) (terlihat) Pantes!

To make (me) Look proper

Pr: Material Goal Circ. Of manner

The next chapter will explain the result of the analysis discussed together with the interpretation of the data based on the related theory: Halliday’s transitivity

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter presents the conclusions of the study. This chapter also presents suggestions for further studies on related issues.

5.1. Conclusions

This study has investigated how Indonesian tourists‟ characteristics are represented in “Tiga Manula Jalan-Jalan ke Singapura” visually and verbally and significations of the representations. The visual analysis applies the theory of visual grammar proposed by Kress and van Leeuwen (2006). On the other hand, the transitivity theory proposed by _{Halliday‟s (2004)}has been applied to analyze the verbal texts.

Based on the findings, it is found that visually the way Indonesian tourist_s‟ characteristics represented is seen through three part of analysis; representational meaning, interpersonal meaning and compositional meaning. In terms of representational meaning, Indonesian tourists, as the represented participants, are mostly represented in reactional process, that is, a process in which represented participants are related by a reaction which usually involves a vector which is formed by an eye line. When Indonesians play the role of reacter, they act as an observer of the activities carried out by the phenomenon. Whilst, when Indonesian tourists play the role of phenomenon, they are being the objects that should be looked at by the viewer. They are also being the objects that are being gazed by the reacter.

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presented. It implies that the viewers are only presented the information of how Indonesian tourists behave in the pictures. Furthermore, the long shots show the represented participants in a full length and against the background in which the actions are carried out. This kind of shot relates to „far personal distance‟ which imply that the distance between the viewers and the participant(s) in the comic book is not close and remain strangers. The feeling of detachment is also realized through the oblique angles. Since there is no involvement between the represented participants and the viewers, the viewers are only placed as an observer of the actions that are done by the represented participants. To add more, most pictures are represented from an eye-level angle, which signifies that the represented participants are at the same level as the viewer and therefore feel identified with them. It implies that the Indonesian tourists as the represented participants are depicted to be equal with the viewer.

In relation to the compositional meaning, the predominance of new-given layout shows that Indonesian tourists‟ characteristics are represented in both negative and positive ways. The representation of Indonesian tourists as the given information constructs a visual reality that convinces the viewers that what they see is the common or usual actions that are done by Indonesians. When Indonesian tourists are depicted in a given position, they bring information which is already assumed by the viewers. However, the representations are often negative, such as shopaholic, indifferent, indisciplined, ignorant, and passive. _{Consequently, the viewer‟s} perspective of the already assumed characteristics strengthens the existing stereotypes of Indonesians in general in a negative way.

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dulu [tombolnya], tunggu sampai lampunya ijo (if you want to cross the road, you should push [the button] and wait the traffic light turns into green) show the positive representation by Indonesian as an actor. In this clause, Indonesian is represented to have obedient characteristic as he obediently follow the Singapore‟s traffic rule before crossing the road. On the other hand, the example of the negative actions that the Indonesian does as an actor can be seen through the verbs beli (buy) and belanjanya (shop). The act of buying or shopping something might be considered as a normal activity, but these verbs are followed by the circumstance lagi (again) and seabrek (a lot of things) which means that the actor is represented to buy goods more than once after shopping excessively. Thus, they are portrayed as addicted to shop, which can also be called as a shopaholic.

Meanwhile, through relational process, Indonesians are attributed to certain qualities and identities, such as orang Jakarta (Jakartan), cuek (indifferent), stupid, and kagak ‘ngetrend (untrendy). In the context of the pictures, these certain attributes of Indonesians are asserted due to their actions, whether it is positive or negative. For instance, Indonesians is attributed negatively as stupid due to the action of jaywalking in Singapore.

In short, based on the visual and verbal analysis, I_{ndonesian tourists‟} characteristics are represented in two ways; negative and positive ways. Negatively, Indonesian tourists are represented as shopaholic, consumptive, conceited, ignorant, indifferent and indisciplined. On the other hand, positively, Indonesians are represented as careful, obedient, observant, critical and adaptive.

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less positive way. Furthermore, the positive representations of Indonesian tourist, such as careful, obedient, observer and adaptable are represented in ironical way which is used to criticize and to satirize the existing negative stereotypes of Indonesian tourists in a humorous way and less harm. These positive representations are used to visualize solutions or the right actions to the improper acts of Indonesian tourists for the betterment.

5.2. Suggestions

Based on the conclusions above, there are some suggestions proposed for further studies. Besides comics, the next researchers should try to explore the representation of Indonesians in other kinds of media, such as advertisements, cartoons, animations, etc. The next study can also compare the representation of Indonesians in comics made by other countries‟ comic artist or expand the number of pictures that will be analyzed. To add more, the next researcher may also combine the qualitative data with quantitative data in order to get more comprehensive description. The use of questionnaire or readers‟ response might be helpful in getting people‟s opinion on the representation.

Moreover, to support the visual analysis, the next researchers can try to focus on analyzing some of those visual elements as modality and color to produce a more in-depth analysis on those visual elements. _{Modality can be used to suggest „reality} status‟ of an image, whether it should be read as an abstraction or as a concrete objects. Whilst, color can add more meaning to the pictures investigated.

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VISUAL AND VERBAL REPRESENTATION OF INDONESIAN TOURISTS IN “TIGA MANULA JALAN

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