Sistem informasi di dalam
Organisasi/Perusahaan
Williams, B.K, Stacy C. Sawyer (2007).
Using Information Technology: A Practical Introduction to Computers & Communications. Seventh Edition,
McGraw-Hill, New York. ISBN-13:
978-0-Sumber:
Chapter 8. Databases & Information Systems: Digital
Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa
akan mampu :
• menjelaskan: pengertian dari sistem
informasi, sistem informasi yg umum
digunakan di dalam organisasi, serta
jenis-jenis sistem informasi; pengertian
artificial intelligence dan area
Outline Materi
Using Databases to Help Make
Decisions
• 6 computer-based information systems – Office information systems
– Transaction processing systems – Management information systems – Decision support systems
Using Databases to Help
Make Decisions
• Transaction Processing System (TPS)
– Transactions are recorded events of routine
business activities such as bills, orders, and
inventory
– TPS systems keep track of the transactions
needed to conduct a business
– TPS systems are used by operational
managers to track business activities
– Transactions database provides the basis for
management information systems and
decision support systems
Using Databases to Help
Make Decisions
• Management Information Systems (MIS)
– Computer-based information system that uses
data recorded by a TPS as input to programs
that produce routine reports as output
– Features
• Inputs are processed transaction data. Outputs are
summarized structured reports
• Designed for tactical managers
• Draws from all departments
Using Databases to Help
Make Decisions
• Decision Support Systems (DSS)
– Computer information system that provides a flexible
tool for analysis and helps management focus on the
future
– Features
• Inputs are external data and internal data such as summarized reports and processed transaction data. Outputs are demand reports
• Mainly for tactical managers • Produces analytic models
Using Databases to Help
Make Decisions
• Executive Support Systems
– An easy-to-use DSS made especially for
strategic managers to support strategic
decision-making
– Might allow executives to call up predefined
reports
– Includes capability to browse through
summarized information on all aspects of the
organization and drill down for detailed data
– Allows executives to perform “what-if”
Artificial Intelligence
• Expert System
– One of the most useful applications of Artificial
Intelligence (AI)
– AI is a group of related technologies used to develop
software and machines that emulate human qualities
such as learning, reasoning, communicating, seeing, and
hearing
– Areas include
• Expert systems
• Natural language processing • Intelligent agents
• Virtual reality and simulation devices • Pattern recognition
Artificial Intelligence
• Three components of an expert system
– Knowledge base
• An expert system’s database of knowledge about a
particular subject
– Inference engine
• The software that controls the search of the expert
system’s knowledge base and produces
conclusions
– User interface
Artificial Intelligence
• Natural language processing
– Allows users to interact with a system using normal
English
– The study of ways for computers to recognize and
understand human language
• Intelligent agents
– A form of software with built-in intelligence that monitors
work patterns, asks questions, and performs work tasks
on your behalf
• Pattern recognition
– Involves a camera and software that identify recurring
patterns in its vision and maps the pattern against
Artificial Intelligence
• Fuzzy logic
– A method of dealing with imprecise data and
uncertainty, with problems that have many answers
rather than one
– Has been applied in running elevators to determine
optimum times for elevators to wait
• Virtual reality
– A computer-generated artificial reality that projects a
person into a sensation of 3-D space
Artificial Intelligence
• Robotics
– The development and study of machines that
can perform work that is normally done by
people
– Commonly found in manufacturing plants and
also in situations where people would be in
danger
• Nuclear plants
• Assembly lines, especially paint lines
• Checking for land mines
Artificial Intelligence
• Weak vs. Strong A.I.
– Weak A.I. claims computers can be programmed to
simulate human cognition
– Strong A.I. claims that computers can think on a level
that is equal to or better than humans, and can also
achieve consciousness
• Cyc approach to strong A.I.
– A database in Austin, TX that holds 1.4 million basic truths – Plan is that Cyc will automatically make human-like
assumptions
– Hope is that Cyc will learn on its own • Cog approach to strong A.I.
– MIT project that is a humanoid robot
Artificial Intelligence
• Test for Human Intelligence
– In 1950, Allen Turing predicted computers would be able to mimic human thinking
– The Turing test determines whether the machine is human • Judge is in another location and doesn’t see the computer • If the computer can fool the judge, it is said to be intelligent – Ethics in A.I.
• Prof. William Wallace from R.P.I. says that computer software is subtly shaped by the ethical judgments of its creators
