I
16
Pelaksanaan Kemahiran Pemikiran Sejarah dalam
Pengajaran Guru-guru Sejarah: Satu Kajian
Kes di Daerah Hilir Perak
B aharuddin Jabar
Abstrak
K a j i a n i n i b e r t u j u a n u n t u k m e l i h a t p e l a k s a n a a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e ja ra h
d a l a m p e n g a j a r a n g u r u - g u r u S e j a r a h . K e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h y a n g d ik aji
in i d i b a h a g i k a n k e p a d a l i m a k a t e g o r i u t a m a , i a i t u m e m a h a m i k r o n o l o g i , m e m b u a t
i m a g i n a s i , m e n e r o k a b u k t i, m e m b u a t i n t e r p r e t a s i d a n m e m b u a t r a s i o n a li s a s i.
K a j i a n i n i j u g a b e r t u j u a n m e l i h a t s a m a a d a t e r d a p a t h u b u n g a n y a n g s ig n if ik a n
a n t a r a p e l a k s a n a a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h d a l a m p e n g a j a r a n g u ru -g u r u
S e j a r a h d e n g a n l o k a s i s e k o l a h y a n g d i l i h a t d a r i s u d u t s e k o l a h y a n g t e r l e t a k di
b a n d a r d a n l u a r b a n d a r . K a j i a n i n i m e n g g u n a k a n k a e d a h s u r v e y d a n d a t a u n tu k
k a j i a n i n i d i k u m p u l k a n d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n s o a l s e l i d i k . S a m p e l k a j i a n ini
t e r d i r i d a r i p a d a 3 0 0 o r a n g p e l a j a r t i n g k a t a n e m p a t d a r i p a d a e n a m b u a h s e k o la h
m e n e n g a h d i d a e r a h H i l i r P e r a k , P e r a k . D a t a d i a n a l i s i s m e n g g u n a k a n p e ris ia n
S t a t i s t i c a l P a c k a g e f o r S o c i a l S c i e n c e ( S P S S ) v e r s i 1 0 .0 . D a p a t a n k a jia n
m e n u n j u k k a n , g u r u m e l a k s a n a k a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h b a g i s e ti a p item
d a l a m s e ti a p k a t e g o r i k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h . W a l a u b a g a i m a n a p u n , tah ap
p e l a k s a n a a n n y a itu b e r b e z a m e n g i k u t i t e m k e r a n a t e r d a p a t i t e m y a n g b e r a d a p a d a
s k o r m in t a h a p t in g g i ( 2 .6 7 - 4 .0 0 ) d a n j u g a t e r d a p a t i t e m y a n g b e r a d a p a d a skor
m i n t a h a p s e d e r h a n a ( 1 .3 4 - 2 .6 6 ) . T i d a k a d a i t e m y a n g d i u j i b e r a d a p a d a s k o r m in
t a h a p r e n d a h ( 0 - 1 .3 3 ). D a r i s e g i k a t e g o r i k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h y an g
p a l i n g k e r a p d i j a l a n k a n , k a j i a n m e n d a p a t i k a t e g o r i m e n e r o k a b u k t i seialu
d i j a l a n k a n ( 6 7 .4 % ) b e r b a n d i n g k a t e g o r i m e m b u a t i m a g i n a s i ( 1 8 .6 % ) . A k h ir
s e k a l i , k a j i a n m e n d a p a t i t i d a k a d a h u b u n g a n y a n g s i g n i f i k a n a n t a r a l o k a s i s ek o la h
s a m a a d a s e k o l a h d ' b a n d a r a ta u s e k o l a h d i l u a r b a n d a r d e n g a n p e la k s a n a a n
k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h k a t e g o r i m e n e r o k a b u k t i d a l a m p e n g a j a r a n guru-
Pelaksanaan Kemahiran Pemikiran Sejarah dalam. Pengajaran Guru-guru Sejarah / 229
Latar Belakang
M e n in g k a tk a n k e m a h i r a n b e r f i k i r m e r u p a k a n s a tu m a t l a m a t p e n ti n g d a la m
p e n d id ik a n . S e k o l a h d a n i n s t i t u s i p e n d i d i k a n y a n g la in m e r u p a k a n t e m p a t u n t u k
k e m a h i r a n b e r f i k i r d i k e m b a n g k a n . J u s t e r u i t u , s e k o l a h b e r t a n g g u n g j a w a b
m e n y e d i a k a n d a n m e l a h i r k a n p e l a j a r y a n g d a p a t b e r f i k i r b a g i m e m e n u h i
m a tla m a t d a n a s p i r a s i n e g a r a .
K e m a h ir a n b e r f i k i r s a n g a t p e n t i n g k e r a n a d a p a t m e m b a n tu m e m p e r t in g k a t k a n
p e n g u a s a a n p e l a j a r t e r h a d a p i s i p e l a j a r a n d e n g a n le b i h m e n d a l a m d a n a s p e k la in
y a n g b e r k a i ta n d e n g a n p e m b e l a j a r a n . P e n e k a n a n te r h a d a p p e r a n a n s e k o la h d a la m
m e n g e m b a n g k a n k e m a h i r a n b e r f i k i r d i k a la n g a n p e la j a r s e m e m a n g n y a d i b e r i
p e rh a tia n s e j a k b e b e r a p a t a h u n k e b e l a k a n g a n in i ( L i n k , 1 9 8 5 ) . I n i a m a t
b e rs e s u a ia n d e n g a n p a n d a n g a n y a n g m e n y a t a k a n p e n d id i k a n b u k a n la g i h a n y a
u n tu k m e n g a j a r k a n a p a y a n g s e p a t u t n y a d i k e t a h u i o l e h p e la j a r te ta p i b a g a im a n a
u n tu k m e r e k a m e n g e t a h u i n y a ( E g g e n & K a u c h a k , 1 9 8 8 ). '
K e m a h ir a n b e r f i k i r m e r u p a k a n s a tu i s u y a n g m e n a r i k m in a t p a r a p e n d id ik . In i
k e ra n a , p e r k e m b a n g a n y a n g b e r l a k u k i n i s e m e m a n g n y a m e m e r l u k a n p e n g a ja r a n
y a n g b e r m a t l a m a t k a n u n t u k m e n i n g k a t k a n k e m a h i r a n b e rf ik ir . T a m b a h a n p u la ,
k e a d a a n m a s y a r a k a t y a n g b e r o r i e n t a s i k a n m a k l u m a t , m a k l u m a t y a n g b e g it u
b a n y a k , i lm u p e n g e t a h u a n y a n g s e m a k i n b e r k e m b a n g , p e r s a i n g a n y a n g h e b a t
d a la m k e h i d u p a n s e r t a k e p e r l u a n m e n g h a s i l k a n t e n a g a m a n u s i a y a n g b e r k u a l it i
u n tu k m e n a n g a n i s e g a l a c a b a r a n , m e m e r l u k a n s e s e o r a n g y a n g m a m p u d a n
b e rk e b o le h a n u n t u k m e n y e l e s a i k a n m a s a l a h s e r t a m e m b u a t k e p u t u s a n y a n g te p a t.
In i b e r e r ti , g u r u p e r l u m e m b a n g u n k a n p o t e n s i i n te le k t u a l p e l a j a r d e n g a n
m e n e k a n k a n k e m a h i r a n b e r f i k i r d a l a m p r o s e s p e n g a j a r a n d a n p e m b e l a j a r a n .
P e n e k a n a n d a n t u m p u a n k e p a d a p e n g u a s a a n f a k t a s a h a j a t id a k m e m a d a i t a n p a
m e lib a tk a n p e n d e k a t a n k e m a h i r a n b e r f i k ir . P e l a j a r p e r l u d i la ti h s u p a y a m a m p u
m e n ila i d a r i p e l b a g a i s u d u t p a n d a n g a n b a g i m e n j a d ik a n p e m b e l a j a r a n le b i h
b e rm a k n a d a n m e m b e r i k e s a n y a m g m e n d a l a m d a la m k e h id u p a n m e r e k a .
M a ta p e l a j a r a n S e j a r a h d a l a m K u r i k u l u m B e r s e p a d u S e k o l a h M e n e n g a h
(K B S M ) m e m p e r l i h a t k a n k e s e p a d u a n u n s u r - u n s u r p e n g e ta h u a n , p e n in g k a t a n
d a y a in te le k , p e m u p u k a n n i l a i - n i l a i m u r n i d a n p e r k e m b a n g a n k e m a h i r a n b e la ja r.
D a la m u s a h a u n t u k m e l a h i r k a n g e n e r a s i y a n g d a p a t m e m e n u h i m a t la m a t d a n
a s p ira si n e g a r a , p e n d e k a t a n p e n g a j a r a n d a n p e m b e l a j a r a n p e n d id i k a n s e ja r a h
p erlu m e n ju r u s k e p a d a p e m u p u k a n k e m a h i r a n b e r f i k i r d a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k ir a n
se ja rah d i k a l a n g a n m u r i d d i s a m p i n g n i l a i - n i l a i m u r n i d a n s e m a n g a t p a tr i o ti k
(K e m e n te r ia n P e n d i d i k a n M a l a y s i a , 2 0 0 3 ) .
M a ta p e l a j a r a n S e j a r a h m e r u p a k a n s a t u m a t a p e l a j a r a n y a n g d a p a t
m e ra n g s a n g p e m i k i r a n . M a t a p e l a j a r a n ins m e m b o l e h k a n m u r i d - m u r id m e l ih a t
s ecara e m p a ti d a n m e n g a n a l i s i s b a g a i m a n a m a n u s i a m e n g g u n a k a n m a s a , ru a n g ,
p e ru b a h a n d a n k e s i n a m b u n g a n . P e m a h a m a n s e j a r a h p u l a d a l a m k o n t e k s
230 / M enanggapi Keberkesanan dan Pern bahan
t e n t a n g s e g a l a a s p e k k e h i d u p a n m a n u s i a s i l a m d a n k i n i . P e m a h a m a n i n i b o leh
d i k u a s a i o l e h p e l a j a r j i k a k e s e m u a a s p e k d i k a j i d a n p e l b a g a i f a k t o r d ia n a lis is
s e r t a d i l i h a t s e c a r a k e s e l u r u h a n .
K e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h p u l a a d a l a h m e r u p a k a n s a t u b e n t u k p ro ses
k o g n i t i f y a n g m e m e r l u k a n m u r i d - m u r i d m e n e r o k a i d e a y a n g k o m p l e k s dan
a b s t r a k d e n g a n b i m b i n g a n g u r u . J u s t e r u , m u r i d - m u r i d d a p a t m e m a h a m i secara
k r i t i s d a n i m a g i n a t i f t e n t a n g s e g a l a a s p e k k e h i d u p a n m a n u s i a s i l a m s e h in g g a ke
h a r i in i ( K e m e n t e r i a n P e n d i d i k a n M a l a y s i a , 2 0 0 3 ) .
D a l a m h a l i n i, k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h a d a l a h l e b i h s p e s i f i k k e p a d a
d i s i p l i n i l m u s e j a r a h i t u s e n d ir i. I n i k e r a n a k e m a h i r a n t e r s e b u t p e r l u d ip u p u k di
k a l a n g a n m u r i d b a g i m e m b o l e h k a n m e r e k a m e m a h a m i b a g a i m a n a s e ja raw a ii
m e r e k o n s t r u k s i p e r i s t i w a l a l u d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n s u m b e r y a n g m e n j a d i bukti
u n t u k m e n e n t u k a n s i g n i f i k a n s e s u a t u t a r i k h , t o k o h , p e r i s t i w a , l o k a s i d a n ak tiv iti
m a n u s i a m a s a la lu . M u r i d - m u r i d d i a j a r m e m a h a m i c i r i - c i r i s e j a r a h s u p a y a m ere k a
d a p a t m e n i n g k a t k a n p e m i k i r a n m e r e k a d e n g a n l e b i h k r i t i s d a n a n a l i t i s . T erd ap at
b e b e r a p a k e m a h i r a n y a n g p e r l u d i p u p u k d a n d i p e r k e m b a n g k a n d a l a m k a la n g an
m u r i d - m u r i d s e p e r t i k e m a h i r a n m e m a h a m i k r o n o l o g i , m e n e r o k a b u k t i , m e m b u a t
i n t e r p r e t a s i , m e m b u a t i m a g i n a s i d a n m e m b u a t r a s i o n a l i s a s i .
Penyataan Masalah
T e l a h d i n y a t a k a n d a l a m k u r i k u l u m m a t a p e l a j a r a n S e j a r a h K B S M bah aw a,
p e n d e k a t a n p e n g a j a r a n d a n p e m b e l a j a r a n p e n d i d i k a n s e j a r a h p e r l u m en ju ru s
k e p a d a p e m u p u k a n k e m a h i r a n b e r f i k i r d a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e ja ra h di
k a l a n g a n m u r i d . M e n i n g k a t k a n k e m a h i r a n b e r f i k i r d i n y a t a k a n d a l a m s e b a h a g ia n
d a r i p a d a o b j e k t i f p e n d i d i k a n S e j a r a h , i a i t u u n t u k m e m b o l e h k a n p e la ja r
m e n g a n a l i s i s , m e r u m u s d a n m e n i l a i f a k t a - f a k t a s e j a r a h n e g a r a s e c a r a ra s i o n a l dan
m e n i n g k a t k a n d a y a p e m i k i r a n d a n k e m a t a n g a n y a n g b e r a s a s k a n i k t i b a r d a rip a d a
p e n g a l a m a n S e j a r a h ( K e m e n t e r i a n P e n d i d i k a n M a l a y s i a , 2 0 0 3 ) .
D a l a m o r g a n i s a s i k u r i k u l u m p e n d i d i k a n s e j a r a h j u g a t e l a h d in y a ta k a n
b a h a w a , k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h m e r u p a k a n u n s u r k e m a h i r a n y a n g ingin
d i p u p u k d i k a l a n g a n p e l a j a r d a n k e m a h i r a n i n i t e r k a n d u n g d a l a m s t r u k t u r disiplin
p e n d i d i k a n s e j a r a h d i s a m p i n g d u a u n s u r y a n g l a i n , i a i t u i l m u ( k a n d u n g a n ) dan
p e n e r a p a n n i l a i ( p a t r i o t i s m e ) . K e s e m u a u n s u r iu i b e r j a l a n s e r e n t a k dalam
p e n g a j a r a n d a n p e m b e l a j a r a n d a n s e c a r a b e r t e r u s a n .
P e n g a j a r a n k e m a h i r a n b e r f i k i r t e l a h d i p e r k e n a l k a n d a l a m s e m u a m ata
p e l a j a r a n s e k o l a h d i M a l a y s i a . N a m u n b e g i t u , d a r i s e g i p e l a k s a n a a n n y a , k hasnya
b a g i m a t a p e l a j a r a n S e j a r a h , m a s i h k u r a n g d i a m a l k a n . G u r u m i s a l n y a m a s ih tidak
b e g i t u m e n e k a n k a n a s p e k m e m b i m b i n g p e l a j a r u n t u k m e n g u a s a i b eb erap a
k e m a h i r a n y a n g s e m e m a n g n y a t e r d a p a t d a l a m k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n sejarah
s e p e r t i m e n g u m p u l d a ta , m e n e r o k a b u k t i , m e m b u a t t a f s i r a n , m e m b u a t im ag in asi,
Pelaksanaan Kemahiran Pemikiran Sejarah dalam Pengajaran Guru-guru Sejarah/2 3 1
B e b e r a p a a n d a i a n d i b u a t t e n t a n g s e b a b - s e b a b p e n g a j a r a n k e m a h i r a n b e r f i k ir
tid a k d i p r a k t i k k a n . A n t a r a n y a i a l a h , b a h a w a p e l a j a r p e r l u m e n g u a s a i f a k t a
s e b elu m d i a j a r d e n g a n k e m a h i r a n b e r f i k i r d a n p e n e k a n a n p e p e r i k s a a n y a n g
m e m e n ti n g k a n p e n g u j i a n k e b o l e h a n p e l a j a r m e n g i n g a t k e m b a l i f a k t a (P h il lip s ,
1992). P e n d e k a t a n s o a l a n d a l a m p e p e r i k s a a n j u g a t u r u t b e r u b a h . L e b i h b a n y a k
so alan y a n g b e r b e n t u k k e m a h i r a n b e r f i k i r t e l a h d a n a k a n d i k e m u k a k a n d a la m
s e m u a p e p e r i k s a a n a w a m d i s e k o l a h . P e n e k a n a n t e r h a d a p k e m a h i r a n b e r f i k ir
d ala m p r o s e s p e n g a j a r a n d a n p e m b e l a j a r a n t i d a k la g i b o l e h d i a b a i k a n k e r a n a
k u r a n g n y a p e n e k a n a n t e r h a d a p k e m a h i r a n b e r f i k i r in i m e m b e r i k e s a n p a d a
p e n c a p a ia n p e l a j a r d a l a m p e p e r i k s a a n .
K e m a h ir a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h d a l a m e d is i s u k a ta n p e l a j a r a n s e ja r a h y a n g
d is e m a k s e m u l a j e l a s m e n u n j u k k a n i a m e r u p a k a n a s p e k k e m a h i r a n y a n g p e r l u
d ip u p u k d i k a l a n g a n p e la j a r . O l e h y a n g d e m i k ia n , p e n g k a ji b e r p e n d a p a t p e r l u
d ija la n k a n s a tu k a j i a n b e r k a i t a n p e l a k s a n a a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k ir a n s e ja r a h d i
s e k o la h u n t u k m e l i h a t s e j a u h m a n a k a h k e m a h i r a n ini d i b e r i p e n e k a n a n d a la m
p ro se s p e n g a j a r a n d a n p e m b e l a j a r a n m a t a p e l a j a r a n s e ja r a h d i d a la m b i l i k d a rj a h ,
di s a m p in g d a p a t m e n a r i k m i n a t p e l a j a r t e r h a d a p m a t a p e la j a r a n in i d a n
s e te r u s n y a d a p a t m e n i n g k a t k a n p e n c a p a i a n a k a d e m i k p e l a j a r d a l a m m a t a
p e la ja ra n b e r k e n a a n . K a j i a n s e p e r t i in i j u g a a m a t b e r s e s u a ia n d a la m k o n t e k s
k e p e rlu a n M a l a y s i a u n t u k m e l a h i r k a n g e n e r a s i y a n g m a m p u b e r f i k i r d a n
s e te r u s n y a d a p a t m e m e n u h i m a t l a m a t d a n a s p ir a s i n e g a r a b a g i m e m b o le h k a n
m e re k a b e r s e d i a m e n g h a d a p i s e g a l a c a b a r a n d a la m u s a h a m e n c a p a i m a t la m a t
W a w a sa n 2 0 2 0 .
O b j e k t i f K a j i a n
K a jia n n i b e r t u j u a n u n t u k m e n g k a j i s e ja u h m a n a k a h k e m a h i r a n p e m i k ir a n
s eja rah d i l a k s a n a k a n o l e h g u r u - g u r u s e ja r a h d a la m p r o s e s p e n g a ja r a n d a n
p e m b e la ja ra n s e j a r a h d i d a l a m b i l i k d a r j a h . K a jia n a d a la h b e r d a s a r k a n p a d a
p e rs p e k tif p e l a j a r t e r h a d a p p e n e k a n a n y a n g d i b e r i k a n o l e h g u r u u n t u k m e n a n a m
d an m e m u p u k k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h d i k a la n g a n p e la ja r. D i s a m p i n g itu ,
k a jian j u g a a k a n m e n g e n a i p a s t i a d a k a h t e r d a p a t h u b u n g a n a n ta r a p e la k s a n a a n
k e m a h ira n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h d a l a m p e n g a j a r a n g u r u - g u r u s e ja r a h m e n g i k u t
lo k asi s e k o la h , i a i t u s e k o l a h b a n d a r d a n s e k o la h l u a r b a n d a r.
Kajian Lampau
R a m a i a h li a k a d e m i k b e r p e n d a p a t b a h a w a k e m a h i r a n b e r f i k ir b o l e h d ia ja r.
N ik e rs o n e t a l. ( 1 9 8 5 ) m i s a l n y a m e n g a n g g a p b a h a w a k e m a h i r a n b e r f i k ir b o l e h
d iajar k e r a n a i a m e r u p a k a n s a t u k e m a h i r a n , s a m a s e p e rti k e m a h i r a n - k e m a h ir a n
lain. S a tu s iri k a j i a n t e n t a n g k e m a h i r a n b e r f i k i r t e l a h d i ja la n k a n o l e h H u d g i n s
2 5 2 / M enanggapi Keberkesanan dan Perubahan
E d e l m a n ( 1 9 8 8 ) c u b a m e m b u k t i k a n s a m a a d a k e b o l e h a n b e r f i k i r s e c a r a kritis
d a p a t d i t i n g k a t k a n m e l a l u i p e n g a j a r a n g u r u k e t i k a m e n g e n d a l i k a n p e rb in c a n g a n
k u m p u l a n k e c il . S e p u l u h o r a n g g u r u t e l a h d i p i l i h d a n d i b e r i l a t i h a n untuk
m e n g e n d a l i k a n k u m p u l a n p e r b i n c a n g a n . G u r u t e l a h d i a r a h u n t u k m e n g u r a n g k a n
a m a l a n m e m b e r i m a k l u m a t d a n c u b a m e n g g a l a k k a n p e l a j a r m e m b e r i b u k t i untuk
m e n y o k o n g k e s i m p u l a n m e r e k a . D a p a t a n k a j i a n m e n u n j u k k a n k u m p u la n
e k s p e r i m e n l e b i h a k t i f d a l a m p e r b i n c a n g a n .
S e l a i n itu , H u g o ( 1 9 8 9 ) t e l a h m e n j a l a n k a n k a j i a n d i A m e r i k a S y a rik a t
m e l i b a t k a n s a m p e l e m p a t o r a n g g u r u d e n g a n 3 0 0 o r a n g p e l a j a r s e k o l a h d i sebuah
b a n d a r m e t r o p o l i t a n . H u g o t e l a h m e n g g u n a k a n s a t u p r o g r a m y a n g d ik en ali
's e b a g a i ' " D i a l o g u e w i t h T h i n k i n g S k i l l s ” d a n e k s p e r i m e n y a n g d i j a l a n k a n adalah
d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n k a e d a h k u a l i t a t i f , i a i t u m e n g u m p u l d a t a d a rip a d a
p e m e r h a t i a n . t e m u b u a l d a n r a k a m a n a u d i o t i n g k a h l a k u p e l a j a r . D a p a t a n kajian
t e l a h m e m b u k t i k a n t e r d a p a t n y a p e n i n g k a t a n d a l a m p e n c a p a i a n a k a d e m i k pelajar.
M a x i m ( 1 9 9 5 ) m e n y a t a k a n b a h a w a , m e n i n g k a t k a n p e m i k i r a n k r it is kerap
d i j e l a s k a n s e b a g a i o b j e k t i f a k h i r d a l a m p e n d i d i k a n S a i n s S o s i a l . P e n d id ik a n
S e j a r a h s e b a g a i s a tu d a r i p a d a m a t a p e l a j a r a n d a l a m b i d a n g S a i n s S o s i a l tidak
t e r k e e u a l i d a r i p a d a k e n y a u u m in i. M e l a l u i p e n d i d i k a n S e j a r a h , p e l a j a r d ih a ra p k a n
b o l e h m e n g a n a l i s i s . m e r u m u s d a n m e n i l a i f a k t a - f a k t a s e j a r a h n e g a r a secara
rasional d a n k r i t i s ( K e m e n t e r i a n P e n d i d i k a n M a l a y s i a , 1 9 8 8 ) . K e m a h i r a n berfikir
s e c a r a k r it is d a l a m p e n d i d i k a n S e j a r a h d a p a t d i k e m b a n g k a n m e l a l u i aktivitip e m b e l a j a r a n s e p e r t i m e m a h a m i k o n s e p - k o n s e p s e j a r a h , m e n t a f s i r , m e n g e s a h k a n
fakta- fakta
s e j a r a h d a n m e n e a r i b u k t i - b u k t i s e j a r a h .S e s u n g g u h r i y a , m e m a n g t e r d a p a t b a n y a k k a j i a n t e n t a n g S e j a r a h s e b a g a i satu
d i s i p l i n s e c a r a u m u m N a m u n b e g i t u , k a j i a n y a n g m e n j u r u s k e p a d a k ep erlu an
k o g n i t i f d a l a m p e m b e l a j a r a n s s e ja ia h d i k a l a n g a n p e l a j a r a d a l a h s a n g a t sedikit
( Z a c c a r i a , 1 9 7 8 1 - B e g i t u j u g a p e n j e l a s a n t e n t a n g b a g a i m a n a u n t u k m en g ajar
p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h d a n p e m a h a m a n s e j a r a h a d a l a h s a n g a t k u r a n g . Z a c c a r i a (1978)
t e l a h m e n j a l a n k a n s a t u k a jig j* y a n g m e l i h a t k e p e n t i n g a n p r o s e s p s i k o l o g i dalam
p e m i k i r a n s e ja r a h . K a j ia n in i d a p a t m e m b a n t u g u r u - g u r u s e j a r a h m e n y e d ia k a n
p e l a ja r b a g i m e n c a p a i p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h m e n g i k u t t a h a p p e r k e m b a n g a n ko g n itif
m e re k a .
Pelaksanaan Kemahiran Pemikiran Sejarah dalam Pengajaran Guru-guru Sejarah / 233
s ecara i m a g i n a t i f d a n i n f e r e n t i f s e k i r a n y a p e m i k i r a n m e r e k a d i r a n g s a n g k a n
d e n g a n p e l b a g a i k a e d a h i n k u i r i , p e r b i n c a n g a n d a n p e n g g u n a a n p e lb a g a i s u m b e r.
S e t e r u s n y a S h e m i l t ( 1 9 8 0 ) t e l a h m e n j a l a n k a n k a ji a n p e n il a ia n te r h a d a p
k u rik u lu m k e b a n g s a a n d i U n i t e d K i n g d o m d a l a m “ S c h o o l C o u n c i l P r o je c t
H isto ry 13 - 1 6 ” . A p a y a n g d i t e k a n k a n d a l a m p r o j e k in i i a l a h s if a t s e m u la ja d i
sejarah , p e n g g u n a a n b a h a n s u m b e r d a n p e n g l i b a t a n a k t i f p e l a j a r m e m p u n y a i
k esan k e p a d a k o n s e p s e j a r a h d i k a l a n g a n r e m a ja . D a l a m k a ji a n n y a itu , S h e m il t
m e m b u a t p e r b a n d i n g a n p e n c a p a i a n a n t a r a 5 0 0 o r a n g p e l a j a r y a n g m e n g i k u ti
p ro je k in i d e n g a n 5 0 0 o r a n g p e l a j a r l a i n y a n g tid a k m e n g i k u ti p r o je k in i, D a p a t a n
k a jian S h e m il t ( 1 9 8 0 ) m e n u n j u k k a n b a h a w a p e l a j a r y a n g m e n g i k u ti p r o je k in i
d ap at m e n g u a s a i k o n s e p - k o n s e p p e n t i n g d a l a m s e ja r a h d e n g a n le b i h b a ik . O le h
itu S h e m ilt b e g i t u y a k i n t e n t a n g k e m a m p u a n p e l a j a r m e l ib a t k a n d iri d a la m
p e m ik ira n s e ja r a h .
T e r d a p a t j u g a k a j i a n t e n t a n g p e m i k i r a n s e ja r a h d a la m k a la n g a n g u r u - g u r u
y an g m e n g a j a r m a t a p e l a j a r a n i n i d a n b a g a i m a n a m e r e k a d a p a t
m e n y a m p a i k a n n y a m e l a l u i p e n g a j a r a n y a n g b e r k e s a n ( L e in h a r d t , B e c k &
S tain to n , 1 9 9 4 ; D o w n e y & L e v s t i k , 1 9 9 1 ). W a la u b a g a im a n a p u n , tid a k la h
s e m e stin y a g u r u - g u r u y a n g b a n y a k m e m p u n y a i f a k t a s e ja r a h a k a n m e n g a j a r
d e n g a n le b i h b a i k k e r a n a p e m a h a m a n d a n p e m i k i r a n s e ja r a h a d a la h s a m a
p e n tin g n y a d e n g a n p e n g e t a h u a n t e n t a n g f a k ta . M e n u r u t D o w n e y d a n L e v s ti k
(1 9 9 1 ), d e n g a n p e m a h a m a n d a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h , g u r u b o l e h m e m b u a t
in te rp re ta s i, m e n c a r i s e b a b m u s a b a b d a n m e n g k a j i s e s u a tu p e r i s t i w a d a la m
k o n tek s y a n g l e b i h l u a s .
K a jia n s e t e r u s n y a i a l a h t e n t a n g k e u p a y a a n p e l a j a r m e n a a k u l b u k t ; y a n g
b e rb e n tu k d o k u m e n t a r i y a n g d i j a l a n k a n o l e h R o u e t , B r itt , M a s o n d a n P e r f e tti
(1 9 9 6 ). A p a y a n g i n g i n d i l i h a t d a l a m k a j i a n in i i a l a h b a g a i m a n a p e l a j a r
m e n g k o o r d in a s ik a n a p a y a n g d i p e l a j a r i o l e h m e r e k a d a r i p a d a p e lb a g a i d o k u m e n
sejarah d a n m e n g g u n a k a n n y a u n t u k m e m b u a t p e n a a k u l a n d a n m e n y e l e s a i k a n
m a s a la h s e j a r a h . D a p a t a n k a j i a n m e n u n j u k k a n b a h a w a p e r l u n y a p e l a j a r
d id e d a h k a n d e n g a n p e l b a g a i j e n i s d o k u m e n k h u s u s n y a s u m b e r p e r t a m a k e r a n a in i
akan m e n g u b a h c a r a p e l a j a r m e m p e r s e m b a h k a n d a n m e m b u a t p e n a a k u l a n b a h a n -
b a h a n d o k u m e n d a l a m m e m b u a t p e n y e l e s a i a n m a s a l a h s e ja ra h .
S o a la n K a j i a n
S ecara k h u s u s , k a j i a n i n i a d a l a h u n t u k m e n j a w a b s o a la n - s o a l a n b e rik u t:
1. S e ja u h m a n a k a h k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e ja r a h d i la k s a n a k a n o l e h g u r u d a la m
p e n g a ja ra n m a t a p e l a j a r a n S e j a r a h ?
2. K a t e g o r i k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h y a n g m a n a k a h y a n g s e i a l u
d i la k s a n a k a n o l e h g u r u - g u r u s e j a r a h d a l a m p e n g a j a r a n m a t a p e l a j a r a n
234 / M enanggapi Keberkesanan dan Perubahan
3 . A d a k a h t e r d a p a t h u b u n g a n y a n g s i g n i f i k a n a n t a r a p e l a k s a n a a n k e m a h ira n
p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h k a t e g o r i m e n e r o k a b u k t i d a l a m p e n g a j a r a n g u ru -g u ru
s e j a r a h m e n g i k u t l o k a s i s e k o la h ?
Batasan Kajian
B i d a n g k a j i a n h a n y a t e r b a t a s k e p a d a k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h y a n g terdiri
d a r i p a d a l i m a k a t e g o r i k e m a h i r a n u t a m a , i a i t u m e m a h a m i k r o n o l o g i , m en e ro k a
b u k t i , m e m b u a t i n t e r p r e t a s i , m e m b u a t i m a g i n a s i d a n m e m b u a t ra s io n a lis a s i.
S e l a i n i t u t e r d a p a t p u l a b e b e r a p a s u b k e m a h i r a n b a g i s e t i a p k e m a h i r a n utama
t e r s e b u t . S a m p e l k a j i a n p u l a t e r d i r i d a r i p a d a p e l a j a r t i n g k a t a n e m p a t d i sekolah-
s e k o l a h m e n e n g a h d i D a e r a h H i l i r P e r a k , P e r a k .
Reka Bentuk Kajian
K a j i a n in i d i j a l a n k a n s e c a r a s u r v e y d a n p e n g u m p u l a n m a k l u m a t d a r i p a d a sampel
k a j i a n d i l a k u k a n d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n s o a l s e l i d i k . K a j i a n i n i m e m b e r i tum puan
k e p a d a p e l a k s a n a a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h o l e h g u r u - g u r u s e j a r a h dalam
p r o s e s p e n g a j a r a n d a n p e m b e l a j a r a n d i b i l i k d a r j a h m e n g i k u t p e r s p e k t i f pelajar.
K e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h i n i d i b a h a g i k a n k e p a d a l i m a k a t e g o r i , iaitu
m e m a h a m i k r o n o l o g i , m e m b u a t i m a g i n a s i , m e n e r o k a b u k t i , m e m b u a t interp retasi
d a n m e m b u a t r a s i o n a l i s a s i . P e n g k a j i m e n g g u n a k a n v a r i a b e l l a i n s e b a g a i variabel
b e b a s u n t u k m e l i h a t h u b u n g a n n y a d e n g a n v a r i a b e l b e r g a n t u n g y a n g telah
d i t e t a p k a n , i a i tu k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e ja r a h . V a r ia b e l b e b a s y a n g t e l a h dipilih
i a l a h l o k a s i s e k o la h , i a i t u b a n d a r d a n l u a r b a n d a r . V a r i a b e l b e b a s i n i i a itu , lokasi
s e k o l a h a k a n d i l i h a t h u b u n g a n n y a d e n g a n v a r i a b e l b e r g a n t u n g , i a i t u kem ahiran
p e m i k i r a n s e ja r a h .
Populasi Kajian
K a j i a n i n i m e l i b a t k a n p e l a j a r - p e l a j a r t i n g k a t a n e m p a t d a r i p a d a e n a m buah
s e k o l a h d i D a e r a h H i l i r P e r a k , P e r a k . S a m p e l k a j i a n p u l a t e r d i r i d a ri p a d a 300
o r a n g p e l a j a r d a r i p a d a k e e n a m - e n a m b u a h s e k o l a h b e r k e n a a n . P e m i l i h a n sampel
k a j i a n p u l a d i b u a t s e c a r a r a w a k .
Instrumen Kajian
I n s t r u m e n k a j i a n i n i t e r d i r i d a r i p a d a s a tu s e t s o a l s e l i d i k . P e n g g u n a a n s o a l selidik
i n i m e m b o l e h k a n p e n g k a j i m e l i h a t h u b u n g a n a n t a r a d u a v a r i a b e l y a n g berbeza.
M e n u r u t B a b b i e ( 1 9 7 5 ) , p e n g g u n a a n s o a l s e l i d i k m e r u p a k a n s a tu cara
m e n d a p a t k a n m a k l u m a t d i k a l a n g a n p o p u l a s i y a n g b e s a r . M o h d . M a j i d Konting
Pelaksanaan Kemahiran Pemikiran Sejarah dalam Pengajaran Guru-guru Sejarah / 235
d ig u n a k a n u n t u k p o p u l a s i y a n g b e s a r . S o a l s e l i d i k d a la m k a ji a n in i m e n g a n d u n g i
ite m -ite m b e r k a i t a n p e l a k s a n a a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e ja r a h y a n g d i b a h a g i k a n
k e p ad a l i m a k a t e g o r i , i a i t u k a t e g o r i m e m a h a m i k r o n o lo g i , m e m b u a t i m a g in a s i,
m e n e ro k a b u k t i , m e m b u a t i n t e r p r e t a s i d a n m e m b u a t r a s i o n a li s a s i . I te m - i te m i n i
m e n g g u n a k a n s k a l a L i k e r t 1 h i n g g a 5.
Pengumpulan Data
D a ta -d a ta t e l a h d i p e r o l e h d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n b o r a n g s o a l s e l i d i k y a n g
d ita d b irk a n s e n d i r i o l e h p e n g k a j i d e n g a n b a n t u a n g u r u - g u r u m a t a p e la j a r a n
S e jarah d i s e ti a p s e k o l a h y a n g t e r l i b a t . P e n e r a n g a n t e n t a n g c a r a m e m b e r i m a k l u m
b alas te r h a d a p i t e m - i t e m d a l a m s o a l s e l i d i k itu j u g a d ib e r i k a n k e p a d a s e m u a y a n g
terlibat.
Penganalisisan Data
D a ta -d a ta y a n g d i p e r o l e h d a r i p a d a s o a l s e li d ik d ia n a l is i s m e n g g u n a k a n p e r i s ia n
‘T h e S ta ti s ti c a l P a c k a g e f o r S o c i a l S c i e n c e ( S P S S ) ’ V e rsi 1 0 .0 . K a e d a h ‘c ro s s
ta b u l a tio n ’ d a n ‘n i l a i C h i - s q u a r e L i k e l i h o o d R a t i o ’ p u l a d i g u n a k a n u n t u k
m e n g a n a lis is h u b u n g a n a n t a r a v a r i a b e l d e n g a n a ra s s ig n i f ik a n p a d a p < 0 .0 5 d a n
k o relas i S o m e r s ’ d d i g u n a k a n p a d a a r a s p < 0 .0 5 . D a t a a s a l t e l a h d i k o d k a n s e m u la
m e n g g u n a k a n P r o g r a m S P S S V e rs i 1 0 .0 s u p a y a n i la i y a n g d ib e n t a n g k a n tid a k
terlalu k e c il u n t u k d i b i n c a n g k a n .
S k a la L i k e r t t e r s e b u t t e l a h d i k o d k a n k e m b a l i m e n g g u n a k a n s k o r m in s e p e r ti
di b a w a h :
J a d i, a n a li s is s e c a r a i n f e r e n s i s e t e r u s n y a a d a la h b e r d a s a r k a n s k o r m in t e r s e b u t
yang a k a n d i l a k u k a n d a l a m b a h a g i a n d a p a t a n k a ji a n . S k o r m in d ig u n a k a n u n tu k
m e n ja w a b s o a la n k a j i a n 1.
Dapatan Kajian
Soalan Kajian 1:
Sejauh manakah kem ahiran pemikiran sejarah dilaksanakan oleh guru
dalam pengajaran mata pelajaran Sejarah?
Tahap
Min
T in g g i R e n d a h
S e d e r h a n a
0 .0 1 h i n g g a 1.3 3
1 .3 4 h i n g g a 2 .6 6
2 .6 7 h i n g g a 4 .0 0
T ahap p e l a k s a n a a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e ja r a h k a te g o r i m e m a h a m i k r o n o lo g i
d alam p e n g a ja r a n g u r u - g u r u s e j a r a h d a p a t d i u k u r d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n s k o r m in
236 / Menanggapi Keberkesanan dan Perubahan
J a d u a l 1 m e n u n j u k k a n p e l a k s a n a a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h dalam
p e n g a j a r a n g u r u - g u r u s e j a r a h b a g i k a t e g o r i m e m a h a m i k r o n o l o g i b e rd a s a rk a n
k e k u a t a n m m . I t e m - i t e m i, v i, ii d a n iii b e r a d a p a d a t a h a p t i n g g i d a n ite m - ite m v
d a n i v b e r a d a p a d a t a h a p s e d e r h a n a . T i a d a i t e m y a n g b e r a d a p a d a s k o r m in tahap
r e n d a h . D a r i p a d a k e s e l u r u h a n i t e m t e r s e b u t m e n u n j u k k a n i t e m p e ristiw a -
p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h y a n g d i s a m p a i k a n o l e h g u r u a d a l a h m e n g i k u t u r u t a n sesuatu
p e r i s t i w a it u b e r l a k u m e m p u n y a i s k o r m i n y a n g p a l i n g t i n g g i ( 3 .4 6 ) d a n ite m guru
m e l a b e l k a n s e s u a t u p e r i s t i w a m e n g i k u t z a m a n t a n p a m e n y a t a k a n tah u n n y a ,
c o n t o h , Z a m a n D a r u r a t m e m p u n y a i s k o r m i n y a n g p a l i n g r e n d a h ( 2 .4 6 ) .
Jadual 1:
P e la k s a n a a n K e m a h ir a n P e m ik ir a n S e ja ra h d a l a m P e n g a j a r a n G u ru -g u ru S e ja r a h K a te g o r i M e m a h a m i K r o n o lo g i B e r d a s a r k a n K e k u a t a n M inItem Skor Min Tahap
i. P e r i s t i w a - p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h y a n g d i s a m p a i k a n o l e h g u r u
a d a l a h m e n g i k u t u r u t a n s e s u a t u p e r i s t i w a i t u b e r l a k u .
3 .4 6 T in g g i
v i. G u r u m e n g g u n a k a n i s t i l a h - i s t i l a h s e p e r t i a w a l , p e r t e n g a h a n
d a n a k h i r u n t u k m e r u j u k s e s u a t u t e m p o h m a s a , c o n t o h ,
a w a l a b a d k e - 2 0 .
3 .3 2 T in g g i
ii. G u r u m e n y a t a k a n t a r i k h b e r l a k u n y a s e s u a t u p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h it u .
3 . 2 6 T in g g i
iii. G u r u m e n y a t a k a n t e m p o h m a s a b e r l a k u n y a s e s u a t u
p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h itu .
3 .1 3 T in g g i
V. G u r u m e n y e b u t s e s u a t u ta r i k h d a n m e m i n t a p e l a j a r
m e n y a t a k a n p e r i s t i w a y a n g b e r l a k u p a d a t a r i k h b e r k e n a a n .
2 . 5 0 S e d e rh a n a
iv. G u r u m e l a b e l k a n s e s u a t u p e r i s t i w a m e n g i k u t z a m a n t a n p a
m e n y a t a k a n t a h u n n y a , c o n t o h , Z a m a n D a r u r a t .
2 .4 6 S ed erh a n a
D a p a t a n k a j i a n m e n u n j u k k a n b a g i k a t e g o r i m e m a h a m i k r o n o l o g i , p en g ajaran
g u r u - g u r u s e j a r a h t e l a h m e l a k s a n a k a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h b e rd a sa rk a n
s k o r m i n y a n g b e r a d a p a d a t a h a p t i n g g i d a n s e d e r h a n a .
T a h a p p e l a k s a n a a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h k a t e g o r i m e m b u a t im aginasi
d a l a m p e n g a j a r a n g u r u - g u r u s e j a r a h d a p a t d i u k u r d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n s k o r min
s e p e r t i d a l a m J a d u a l 2 d i b a w a h .
J a d u a l 2 m e n u n j u k k a n p e l a k s a n a a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e ja r a h dalam
p e n g a j a r a n g u r u - g u r u s e j a r a h b a g i k a t e g o r i m e m b u a t i m a g i n a s i b erd asark an
k e k u a t a n m i n . I t e m - i t e m i ii , ii, i d a n i v b e r a d a p a d a t a h a p s e d e r h a n a . T ia d a item
y a n g b e r a d a p a d a s k o r m i n t a h a p t i n g g i d a n t a h a p r e n d a h . D a r i p a d a k e selu ru h an
i t e m t e r s e b u t m e n u n j u k k a n i t e m g u r u m e m i n t a p e l a j a r m e m b u a t penilaian
Pelaksanaan Kemahiran Pemikiran Sejarah dalam Pengajaran Guru-guru Sejarah / 237
d a n ite m g u r u m e m i n t a b e b e r a p a o r a n g p e l a j a r m e m a i n k a n p e r a n a n w a t a k - w a t a k
te rte n tu d a l a m s e j a r a h m e m p u n y a i s k o r m i n y a n g p a l i n g r e n d a h (1 .4 6 ) .
D a p a t a n k a j i a n m e n u n j u k k a n b a g i k a t e g o r i m e m b u a t i m a g in a s i, p e n g a ja r a n
g u ru -g u ru s e j a r a h t e l a h m e l a k s a n a k a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e ja r a h b e r d a s a r k a n
sk o r m in y a n g k e s e m u a n y a b e r a d a p a d a t a h a p s e d e r h a n a .
Jadual 2: P e l a k s a n a a n K e m a h i r a n P e m i k i r a n S e j a r a h d a l a m P e n g a j a r a n G u r u - g u r u
S e j a r a h K a t e g o r i M e m b u a t I m a g i n a s i B e r d a s a r k a n K e k u a t a n M i n
Item Skor Min Tahap
iii. G u ru m e m i n t a p e l a j a r m e m b u a t p e n i l a i a n te r h a d a p
s e s u a tu p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h .
2 .6 1 S e d e r h a n a
ii. G u ru m e n g g u n a k a n g a m b a r - g a m b a r p e r i s t i w a S e ja r a h
b a g i m e m b a n t u p e l a j a r l e b i h m e m a h a m i s e s u a t u
to p i k y a n g d i p e l a j a r i .
2 .3 2 S e d e r h a n a
i. G u r u m e m i n t a p e l a j a r m e n y a t a k a n p e r a s a a n m e r e k a
te r h a d a p s e s u a t u p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h , c o n t o h , p e r i s t i w a
p e m b u n u h a n T o k J a n g g u t .
1 .9 6 S e d e r h a n a
iv. G u ru m e m i n t a b e b e r a p a o r a n g p e l a j a r m e m a i n k a n
p e r a n a n w a t a k - w a t a k t e r t e n t u d a l a m s e j a r a h .
1 .4 6 S e d e r h a n a
T a h a p p e l a k s a n a a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e ja r a h k a te g o r i m e n e r o k a b u k ti
d a la m p e n g a j a r a n g u r u - g u r u s e j a r a h d a p a t d i u k u r d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n s k o r m in
s ep erti d a l a m J a d u a l 3 d i b a w a h .
J a d u a l 3 m e n u n j u k k a n p e l a k s a n a a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k ir a n s e ja r a h d a la m
p e n g a ja ra n g u r u - g u r u s e j a r a h b a g i k a t e g o r i m e n e r o k a b u k t i b e r d a s a r k a n k e k u a ta n
m in. I te m - i te m v i, v, i, i i, v i i, iv , iii d a n v iii b e r a d a p a d a ta h a p tin g g i. T i a d a ite m
y a n g b e r a d a p a d a s k o r m i n t a h a p s e d e r h a n a d a n t a h a p r e n d a h . D a r ip a d a
k e s e lu r u h a n i t e m t e r s e b u t m e n u n j u k k a n i t e m s e b a b b e r l a k u n y a s e s u a tu p e r i s ti w a
d ije la s k a n o l e h g u r u k e p a d a p e l a j a r m e m p u n y a i s k o r m in y a n g p a li n g tin g g i
(3.6 4 ) d a n i t e m g u r u m e n y a t a k a n k e p a d a p e l a j a r t e n t a n g p e r i s ti w a s e ja r a h y a n g
a k an d i p e l a ja r i s e b e l u m m e m u l a k a n p e n g a j a r a n m e m p u n y a i s k o r m in y a n g p a li n g
re n d a h (2 .9 8 ) .
D a p a t a n k a j i a n m e n u n j u k k a n b a g i k a te g o r i m e n e r o k a b u k ti, p e n g a ja r a n g u r u -
g u ru s e ja r a h t e l a h m e l a k s a n a k a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k ir a n s e ja r a h b e r d a s a r k a n s k o r
m in y a n g k e s e m u a n y a b e r a d a p a d a t a h a p t in g g i.
T a h a p p e l a k s a n a a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h k a t e g o r i m e m b u a t
in te r p r e ta s i d a l a m p e n g a j a r a n g u r u - g u r u s e j a r a h d a p a t d i u k u r d e n g a n
238 / M enanggapi Keberkesanan dan Perubahan
J a d u a l 3 : P e la k s a n a a n K e m a h ir a n P e m ik ir a n S e ja r a h d a la m P e n g a ja r a n G u ru - g uru
S e ja r a h K a te g o ri M e n e r o k a B u k ti B e r d a s a r k a n K e k u a t a n M in
Item Skor Min Tahap
v i . S e b a b b e r l a k u n y a s e s u a t u p e r i s t i w a d i j e l a s k a n o l e h
g u r u k e p a d a p e l a j a r .
3 .6 4 T in g g i
v. T o k o h y a n g t e r l i b a t d a l a m s e s u a t u p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h
d i n y a t a k a n o l e h g u r u k e p a d a p e la j a r .
3 .6 2 T in g g i
i. D a r i a w a l la g i , g u r u t e l a h m e n j e l a s k a n a p a y a n g
d i m a k s u d k a n d e n g a n s u m b e r p e r t a m a .
3 .5 7 T in g g i
ii . D a r i a w a l la g i , g u r u t e l a h m e n j e l a s k a n a p a y a n g
d i m a k s u d k a n d e n g a n s u m b e r k e d u a .
3 .4 9 T in g g i
v ii . L o k a s i a t a u t e m p a t b e r l a k u n y a s e s u a t u p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h
d i n y a t a k a n o l e h g u r u k e p a d a p e l a j a r .
3 .4 8 T in g g i
iv . T a r i k h b e r l a k u n y a s e s u a t u p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h d i j e l a s k a n
o l e h g u m k e p a d a p e l a j a r .
3 .4 6 T in g g i
i i i. P e r b a n d i n g a n a n t a r a s u m b e r p e r t a m a d a n s u m b e r s e k u n d e r
d i j e l a s k a n o l e h g u r u k e p a d a p e l a j a r .
3 . 4 0 T in g g i
v i i i. G u r u m e n y a t a k a n k e p a d a p e l a j a r t e n t a n g p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h
y a n g a k a n d i p e l a j a r i s e b e l u m m e m u l a k a n p e n g a j a r a n .
2 .9 8 T in g g i
J a d u a l 4 m e n u n j u k k a n p e l a k s a n a a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h dalam
p e n g a j a r a n g u r u - g u r u s e j a r a h b a g i k a t e g o r i m e m b u a t i n t e r p r e t a s i b e rd a s a rk a n
k e k u a t a n m in . I t e m - i t e m v i, ii, iv , iii d a n v b e r a d a p a d a t a h a p t i n g g i d a n ite m i
b e r a d a p a d a t a h a p s e d e r h a n a . T i a d a i t e m y a n g b e r a d a p a d a s k o r m i n t a h a p rendah.
D a r i p a d a k e s e l u r u h a n i t e m t e r s e b u t m e n u n j u k k a n i t e m g u r u m e m b u a t ru m u s an
d a r i p a d a b u k t i - b u k t i s e j a r a h m e m p u n y a i s k o r m i n y a n g p a l i n g t i n g g i (3 .0 8 ) dan
i t e m g u r u m e m b a n t u p e l a j a r m e m b u a t i n t e r p r e t a s i d a r i p a d a g a r i s m asa
m e m p u n y a i s k o r m i n y a n g p a l i n g r e n d a h ( 2 .5 3 ) .
D a p a t a n k a j i a n m e n u n j u k k a n b a g i k a t e g o r i m e m b u a t i n t e r p r e t a s i , p e n g a ja ra n
g u r u - g u r u s e j a r a h t e l a h m e l a k s a n a k a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h b e rd a s a rk a n
s k o r m i n y a n g b e r a d a p a d a t a h a p t i n g g i d a n s e d e r h a n a .
T a h a p p e l a k s a n a a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h k a t e g o r i m e m b u a t
r a s i o n a l i s a s i d a l a m p e n g a j a r a n g u r u - g u r u s e j a r a h d a p a t d i u k u r d e n g a n
m e n g g u n a k a n s k o r m i n s e p e r t i J a d u a l 5 d i b a w a h .
J a d u a l 5 m e n u n j u k k a n p e l a k s a n a a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h dalam
p e n g a j a r a n g u r u - g u r u s e j a r a h b a g i k a t e g o r i m e m b u a t r a s i o n a l i s a s i b e rd a sa rk a n
k e k u a t a n m in . I t e m - i t e m i, iii , ii, iv , v d a n v i b e r a d a p a d a t a h a p t i n g g i . T ia d a item
y a n g b e r a d a p a d a s k o r m i n t a h a p s e d e r h a n a d a n t a h a p r e n d a h . D a rip a d a
k e s e l u r u h a n i t e m t e r s e b u t m e n u n j u k k a n i t e m g u r u m e n j e l a s k a n k e p a d a p elajar
Pelaksanaan Kemahiran Pemikiran Sejarah dalam Pengajaran Guru-guru Sejarah / 239
Jadual 4:
P e l a k s a n a a n K e m a h ir a n P e m ik ir a n S e ja ra h d a la m P e n g a ja ra n G u ru - g u ru S e ja ra h K a te g o ri M e m b u a t In te r p re ta s i B e r d a s a r k a n K e k u a ta n M inItem Skor Min Tahap
vi. G u ru m e m b u a t r u m u s a n d a r i p a d a b u k t i - b u k t i s e j a r a h . 3 .0 8 T in g g i
ii. G u r u m e n e r a n g k a n p e r u b a h a n d a n k e s i n a m b u n g a n
p e r i s t i w a - p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h d a l a m u r u t a n m a s a .
3 .0 2 T in g g i
iv. G u r u m e m b u a t i n t e r p r e t a s i t e r h a d a p s u m b e r p e r t a m a d a n
s u m b e r s e k u n d e r .
2 .9 2 T i n g g i
iii. G u ru m e m b u a t p e r b a n d i n g a n s e c a r a p e r i o d i s a s i t e r h a d a p
p e r i s t i w a - p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h y a n g b e r l a k u .
2 . 8 8 T i n g g i
V. G u r u m e m b u a t r a m a l a n . j a n g k a a n a t a u h i p o t e s i s d a r i p a d a
b u k t i - b u k t i s e j a r a h .
2 .8 1 T i n g g i
i. G u r u m e m b a n t u p e l a j a r m e m b u a t i n t e r p r e t a s i d a r i p a d a
g a r is m a s a .
2 .5 3 S e d e r h a n a
y a n g p a li n g t i n g g i ( 3 .6 1 ) d a n ite m g u r u m e n j e l a s k a n k e p a d a p e l a j a r a g a r
m e n g g u n a k a n p e r i s t i w a - p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h t e r t e n t u s e b a g a i p a n d u a n d a l a m
m e m b u a t s e s u a t u t i n d a k a n m e m p u n y a i s k o r m i l y a n g p a li n g r e n d a h (2 .9 2 ).
D a p a t a n k a j i a n m e n u n j u k k a n b a g i k a t e g o r i m e m b u a t r a s i o n a l i s a s i ,
p e n g a ja ra n g u r u - g u r u s e j a r a h t e l a h m e l a k s a n a k a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e ja r a h
b e rd a s a rk a n s k o r m i n y a n g k e s e m u a n y a b e r a d a p a d a ta h a p tin g g i.
Jadual 5:
P e l a k s a n a a n K e m a h ir a n P e m ik ir a n S e ja ra h d a la m P e n g a ja ra n G u ru - g u ru S e ja ra h K a te g o ri M e m b u a t R a s io n a l is a s i B e r d a s a r k a n K e k u a ta n M inItem Skor Min Tahap
i. G u ru m e n j e l a s k a n k e p a d a p e l a j a r t e n t a n g s e b a b - s e b a b
s e s u a tu p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h it u b e r l a k u .
3 .6 1 T in g g i
iii. K e s a n d a n a k i b a t s e s u a t u p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h d i j e l a s k a n
o le h g u r u k e p a d a p e l a j a r .
3 .5 8 T in g g i
ii. G u ru m e n j e l a s k a n k e p a d a p e l a j a r t e n t a n g p e r u b a h a n d a n
k e s i n a m b u n g a n p e r i s t i w a - p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h y a n g b e r l a k u .
3 .4 0 T in g g i
iv. G u r u m e n j e l a s k a n k e p a d a p e l a j a r p e r s a m a a n a n t a r a
p e r i s t i w a - p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h y a n g b e r l a k u .
3 .2 8 T in g g i
v. P e r b e z a a n a n t a r a p e r i s t i w a - p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h d i j e l a s k a n
o le h g u r u k e p a d a p e l a j a r .
3 .0 9 T in g g i
vi. G u ru m e n j e l a s k a n k e p a d a p e l a j a r a g a r m e n g g u n a k a n
p e r i s t i w a - p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h t e r t e n t u s e b a g a i p a n d u a n
d a la m m e m b u a t s e s u a t u t i n d a k a n .
240 / M enanggapi Keherkesiman dun Perubahan
Soalan Kajian 2
Kategori kem ahiran pem ikiran sejarah yang m anakah yang seialu
dilaksanakan oleh guru-guru Sejarah dalam pengajaran mata pelajaran
Sejarah?
B a g i m e n j a w a b s o a la n k a j i a n in i, p e r b a n d i n g a n f r e k u e n s i d a n p e r a t u s a n d ib u at
b e r k a i t a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h d e n g a n m e r u j u k p e r n y a t a a n ‘s e i a l u ' bagi
s e t i a p k a t e g o r i k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h . F r e k u e n s i d a n p e r a t u s a n ini
d ip e r o le h i. d e n g a n m e n e a r i p u r a t a j u m l a h f r e k u e n s i d a n p e r a t u s a n p e rn y a ta a n
's e i a l u ' b a g i s e t i a p i t e m d a l a m s e t i a p k a t e g o r i k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s ejarah .
H a s i l n y a d a p a t d i l i h a t d a la m J a d u a l 6 d i b a w a h .
J a d u a l A: P e r b a n d in g a n P e n e k a n a n K e m a h ir a n P e m i k ir a n S e ja ra h d a l a m P e n g a ja ra n
G u r u - g u ru S e ja ra h M e n g i k u t K a te g o ri
K a t e g o r i I t e m % Pernyataan Purata (% )
Seialu
K a te g o iS i. P e r i s t i w a - K r i s f i j v s s e j a r a h y a n g d i s a m p a i k a n 6 3 .3
M e m a h a m i o l e h g u r u a d a l a h m e n g i k u t u r u t a n s e s u a t u
R i t i n s l o g i p e r i s t i w a itu b e r l a k u .
ii. G l i n t m e i i y a t a k a j i t a r i k h b e r l a k u n y a s e s u a t u
T p e r i s t i ^ a s e j a r a n u t u .
5 9 .3
1 L G u r u ^ f l e i i j a t a k a i u t e n i p e h m a s a b e r l a k u n y a
s e s u a t u p e r i s t i w a s q j a r a h it u .
4 9 . 7
I V .
V .
l a .
G u r u i « e V ' e i k ; p l % » ( ! p e r i s t i w a m e n g i k u t
H f l p n t a n p a m e n f f a t a k a n t a h u n n y a . c o n t o h , p fiam ai® D a r u r a t .
J f j i M n i e n y e b u t s e s u a t u t a r i d i d a n m e m i n t a
p e l a j a r m e n y a t a k a n p e r f c t i w a y a n g , b e r l a k u
p B b J a r i U i b e r k e o a a r u
G li'iii. jjlie fig g B lfa tB a i s 'f i l i i h - is r il a i r s e p e j r t i l 5 v a l.
p e r t e a g a t a n d a n a t t i c (Itit u k m e r u j u k s e s u a t u
t e m p t * m a s a , c @ ! K t L j Q M l a b a d k e - 2 0 .
17.0 46.1
2 7 . 3
6 0 . 0
K a t e g o r i L G t i n i i » c n i i n i a ; p e l a j ; i r m e n y a t a k a n p e r a s a a n 1 2 .3
M e m b u a t o w t f e t t e r h a d a p s e s u a t u p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h . fattg im siisi c o n t a l : , p e r i s t i w a p e n i b u n u h a n T o k J a n g g u t
i i G ttiU ' t i H h g g u n a k a n g a m b a r - g a m b a a f p e r i s t i w a
s e j a r a h h a g i n e K y j - l e b i h
( n e t n a tu u M s e s u a t u to p ik . y a n g d ip e l a j a r i '.
17.0 1 8.6
h j. Go t o m e m t t o a p l a j a r a i s t n l M l p e n i l a i a n t e r h a d a p H M l p e n x t i w * s e j a r a h .
' 3 0 3
m G u m m e i n i n t a b e b e r a p a © ra n g p e l a j a r n h a i p e r a n a n w a t a k - w a t a k t e r t e n t t i
d a l a m s e ja ra fc .
Pelaksanaan Kemahiran Pemikiran Sejarah dalam Pengajaran Guru-guru Sejarah / 241
S a m b u n g a n
Jadual 6
Kategori Item % Pernyataan Purata (%)
Seialu
K a te g o r i i. D a r i a w a l l a g i , g u r u t e l a h m e n j e l a s k a n a p a 7 0 .7
M e n e r o k a y a n g d i m a k s u d k a n d e n g a n s u m b e r p e r t a m a .
B u k ti ii. D a r i a w a l l a g i , g u r u t e l a h m e n j e l a s k a n a p a
y a n g d i m a k s u d k a n d e n g a n s u m b e r s e k u n d e r .
6 8 .3
iii. P e r b e z a a n a n t a r a s u m b e r p e r t a m a d a n s u m b e r
s e k u n d e r d i j e l a s k a n o l e h g u m k e p a d a p e la j a r.
6 4 .7
iv . T a r i k h b e r l a k u n y a s e s u a t u p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h
d i j e l a s k a n o l e h g u r u k e p a d a p e la ja r .
6 9 .0 6 7 .4
V. T o k o h y a n g t e r l i b a t d a l a m s e s u a t u p e r i s t i w a
s e j a r a h d i n y a t a k a n o l e h g u r u k e p a d a p e la j a r.
7 8 .3
v i. S e b a b b e r l a k u n y a s e s u a t u p e r i s t i w a d i j e l a s k a n o l e h g u r u k e p a d a p e la ja r.
7 8 .0
v ii . L o k a s i a t a u t e m p a t b e r l a k u n y a s e s u a t u
p e r i s t i w a d i n y a t a k a n o l e h g u r u k e p a d a p e la ja r .
6 7 .7 *
v i i i. G u r u m e n y a t a k a n p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h y a n g a k a n
d i p e l a j a r i k e p a d a p e l a j a r s e b e l u m m e m u l a k a n p e n g a j a r a n .
4 2 .3
K a te g o r i i. G u r u m e m b a n t u p e l a j a r m e m b u a t i n t e r p r e t a s i 2 1 .7 M e m b u a t d a r i p a d a g a r i s m a s a .
I n t e rp re t a s i ii. G u r u m e n e r a n g k a n p e r u b a h a n d a n k e s i n a m b u n g a n
p e r i s t i w a - p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h d a l a m u r u t a n m a s a .
4 3 .0
ii i. G u r u m e m b u a t p e r b a n d i n g a n s e c a r a
p e r i o d i s a s i t e r h a d a p p e r i s t i w a - p e r i s t i w a
s e j a r a h y a n g b e r l a k u .
3 2 .7 3 6 .3
iv . G u r u m e m b u a t i n t e r p r e t a s i t e r h a d a p s u m b e r
p e r t a m a d a n s u m b e r s e k u n d e r .
3 2 .7
v. G u r u m e m b u a t r a m a l a n , j a n g k a a n a ta u
h i p o t e s i s d a r i p a d a b u k t i - b u k t i s e j a r a h .
3 6 .7
v i . G u r u m e m b u a t r u m u s a n d a r i p a d a
b u k t i - b u k t i s e j a r a h .
5 0 .7
K a te g o ri i. G u r u m e n j e l a s k a n k e p a d a p e l a j a r s e b a b - 7 7 .7
M e m b u a t s e b a b s e s u a t u p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h i t u b e r l a k u
R asio n alis asi ii. G u r u m e n j e l a s k a n p e r u b a h a n d a n
k e s i n a m b u n g a n p e r i s t i w a - p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h
y a n g b e r l a k u k e p a d a p e l a j a r .
6 1 .7
ii i. K e s a n d a n a k i b a t s e s u a t u p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h
d i j e l a s k a n o l e h g u r u k e p a d a p e la j a r .
7 5 .7
iv. G u r u m e n j e l a s k a n p e r s a m a a n a n t a r a p e r i s t i w a -
p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h y a n g b e r l a k u k e p a d a p e la ja r.
5 3 .3 5 9 .0
V. P e r b e z a a n a n t a r a p e r i s t i w a - p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h
d i j e l a s k a n o l e h g u r u k e p a d a p e la j a r .
4 6 .3
v i. G u r u m e m b e r i p e n j e l a s a n k e p a d a p e l a j a r a g a r
m e n g g u n a k a n p e r i s t i w a - p e r i s t i w a s e j a r a h
t e r t e n t u s e b a g a i p a n d u a n d a l a m m e m b u a t
s e s u a t u t i n d a k a n .
242 /M en a n g g a p i Keberkesanan dan Perubahan
J a d u a l 6 m e n u n j u k k a n 6 7 .4 % p e l a j a r m e n y a t a k a n g u r u s e i a l u m e l a k s a n a k a n
k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h b a g i k a te g o r i m e n e r o k a b u k t i , d i i k u t i 5 9 .0 % b a g i
k a t e g o r i m e m b u a t r a s i o n a l i s a s i . 4 6 .1 % b a g i k a t e g o r i m e m a h a m i k r o n o lo g i,
3 6 .3 % b a g i k a t e g o r m e m b u a t i n t e r p r e t a s i d a n 1 8 .6 % b a g i k a t e g o r i m e m b u a t
i m a g i n a s i .
P e r a n g k a a n t e r s e b u t m e n u n j u k k a n p e l a k s a n a a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e ja ra h
y a n g t e r t i n g g i i a l a h k a t e g o r i m e n e r o k a b u k t i ( 6 7 .4 % ) d a n t e r e n d a h p u l a ialah
k a t e g o r i m e m b u a t i m a g in a s i ( 1 8 .6 % ) . P e r a n g k a a n j u g a m e n u n j u k k a n b a h a w a
g u r u m e l a k s a n a k a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h b a g i s e t i a p k a t e g o r i k e m a h ira n
p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h y a n g d i n y a t a k a n d a l a m k a j i a n in i. N a m u n b e g i t u , p e n e k a n a n
y a n g d i b e r i k a n a d a l a h b e r b e z a a n t a r a s a tu k a t e g o r i d e n g a n k a t e g o r i y a n g lain
s e p e r t i y a n g d a p a t d i l i h a t d a la m a n a l i s i s d i a ta s .
Soalan Kajian 3
Adakah terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara pelaksanaan kemahiran
pemikiran sejarah kategori meneroka bukti dalam pengajaran guru-guru
sejarah mengikut lokasi sekolah?
B a g i m e n j a w a b s o a l a n k a j i a n in i, k a e d a h c r o s s t a b u l a t i o n d a n C h i - s q u a r e
L i k e l i h o o d R a t i o d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e n g a n a l i s i s h u b u n g a n a n t a r a v a r i a b e l . T ahap
s i g n i f i k a n y a n g d i t e t a p k a n i a l a h p a d a a r a s 0 .0 5 (p < 0 .0 5 ) . B a g i m e l i h a t k o re la s i
a n t a r a d u a v a r i a b e l , n i la i S o m e r s ’ d d i g u n a k a n p a d a a r a s p < 0 .0 5 .
i.
Dari awm lagi
,guru telah menjelaskan apa yang dimaksudkan dengan
sumber pertama.
B e r d a s a r k a n n i l a i C h i - S q u a r e L i k e l i h o o d R a t i o = 4 . 7 8 9 , d f = 3 d a n p = 0.188
d a l a m J a d u a l 7 m e n u n j u k k a n t i d a k a d a h u b u n g a n y a n g s i g n i f i k a n an tara
l o k a s i s e k o l a h d e n g a n p e l a k s a n a a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h k a te g o ri
m e n e r o k a b u k t i b a g i i t e m d a r i a w a l l a g i , g u r u t e l a h m e n j e l a s k a n a p a yang
d i m a k s u d k a n d e n g a n s u m b e r p e r t a m a . N i l a i S o m e r s ’ d = 0 .0 5 3 d a n p = 0.338
m e n u n j u k k a n t i d a k a d a k o r e l a s i d i a n t a r a l o k a s i s e k o l a h d e n g a n p e la k s a n a a n
k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h k a t e g o r i m e n e r o k a b u k t i b a g i i t e m d a ri aw al
l a g i , g u r u t e l a h m e n j e l a s k a n a p a y a n g d i m a k s u d k a n d e n g a n s u m b e r p e rta m a .
P e r a n g k a a n i n i m e n u n j u k k a n l o k a s i s e k o l a h s a m a a d a d i b a n d a r a ta u luar
b a n d a r t i d a k m e m p e n g a r u h i p e l a k s a n a a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s ejarah
k a t e g o r i m e n e r o k a b u k t i b a g i i t e m d a ri. a w a l l a g i , g u r u t e l a h m e n j e l a s k a n apa
y a n g d i m a k s u d k a n d e n g a n s u m b e r p e r t a m a .
Pelaksanaan Kemahiran Pemikiran Sejarah dalam Pengajaran Guru-guru Sejarah / 243
J a d u a l 7 : H u b u n g a n A n ta r a L o k a s i S e k o la h d e n g a n P e la k s a n a a n K e m a h ira n P e m ik ira n S e ja ra h K a te g o ri M e n e ro k a B u k ti d a la m P e n g a ja ra n G u ru -g u ru S ejara h
Item
Lokasi
Korelasi Bandar Luar Bandar Jumlah
i. D a ri a w a l la g i , T id a k P e r n a h 1 .3 % 1.3% 1.3% L ik e l ih o o d R a tio
g u ru te la h (2) m (4 ) = 4 .7 8 9
m e n je la s k a n K a d a n g - k a d a n g 9 .3 % 1 2 .0% 1 0 .7 % d f = 3
a p a y a n g ( 1 4 ) (1 8 ) (3 2 ) p = 0 . 1 8 8
d im a k s u d k a n T i d a k P a s ti 2 2 .0 % i a g p 1 7 .3 %
d e n g a n s u m b e r (3 3 ) (1 9 ) (5 2 ) S o m e r s ’ d
p e rta m a . S e ia lu 6 7 .3 % 7 4 .0 % 7 0 .7 % = 0 .0 5 3
(1 0 1 ) ' I n ii) (2 1 2 ) p = 0 . 3 3 8
J u m la h 1 0 0 .0 % 1 0 0 .0 % 1 00 .0 %
( 1 5 0 ) (1 5 0 ) (3 0 0 )
ii. D a ri a w a l la g i, T i d a k P e rn a h 2 .0 % 4 .0 % 3 .0 % L ik e l ih o o d R a tio
g u ru te l a h (3 ) (6 ) (9 ) = 1.635
m e n je la s k a n K a d a n g - k a d a n g 1 3 .3 % 1 4 .0 % 1 3 .7 % d f = 3
a p a y a n g (2 0 ) (2 1 ) (4 1 ) p = 0 . 6 5 8
d i m a k s u d k a n T i d a k P a s ti 1 6 .7 % 1 3 .3 % 1 5 .0 %
d e n g a n s u m b e r (2 5 ) (2 0 ) (4 5 ) S o m e r s ’ d
se k u n d er. S e ia lu 6 8 .0 % 6 8 .7 % 6 8 .3 % = -0 .0 0 5
(1 0 2 ) (1 0 3 ) (2 0 5 ) p = 0 .9 2 1
J u m l a h 1 0 0 .0 % 1 1 0 0 .0 % 1 0 0 .0 %
(1 5 0 ) |( 1 5 0 ) (3 0 0 )
iii. P e rb a n d in g a n T id a k P e r n a h 2 .7 % 6 .0 % 4 .3 % L ik e lih o o d R a ti o
a n ta ra s u m b e r (4 ) (9 ) (1 3 ) = 3 .9 0 1
p e rta m a d a n K a d a n g - k a d a n g 1 4 .0 % 1 8 .0 % 1 6 .0 % d f = 3
SOmber (2 1 ) [ (2 7 ) (4 8 ) p = 0 . 2 7 2
s e k u n d e r T i d a k P a s t i 1 7 .3 % 1 2 .7% 1 5 .0 %
d ije la s k a n (2 6 ) (1 9 ) (4 5 ) S o m e r s ’ d
o le h g u ru S e ia l u 6 6 .0 % 6 3 .3 % 6 4 .7 % = -0 .0 4 9
k e p ad a (9 9 ) (9 5 ) (1 9 4 ) p = 0 . 3 7 0
p elajar. J u m l a h 1 0 0 .0 % 1 0 0 .0 % 1 0 0 .0 %
(1 5 0 ) (1 5 0 ) (3 0 0 )
iv. T arik h T id a k P e r n a h 0 % 2 .7 % 1.3% L ik e l ih o o d R a ti o
b e rl a k u n y a (0) (4 ) (4 ) = 7 .1 6 0
se s u a tu K a d a n g - k a d a n g 1 8 .0 % 223% 2 0 .3 % d f = 3
p e ris tiw a (2 7 ) (3 4 ) (6 1 ) p = 0 .0 6 7
s eja rah T i d a k P a s t i 1 0 .7 % 8 .0 % 9 .3 %
d ije la s k a n (1 6 ) (1 2 ) (2 8 ) S o m e r s ’ d
o leh g u ru S e ia lu 7 1 .3 % 6 6 .7 % 6 9 .0 % = -0 .0 6 6
k e p a d a (1 0 7 ) (1 0 0 ) (2 0 7 ) p = 0 .2 3 6
p elajar. J u m la h r d o .m 1 0 0 .0 % 1 0 0 .0 %
244 / M enanggapi Keberkesanan dan Perubahan
S a m b u n g a n
Jadual 7
Item
Lokasi
Korelasi Bandar Luar Bandar Jumlah
v. T o k o h y a n g T id a k P e r n a h 0 % 5 .3 % 2 .7 % L i k e l i h o o d R a tio
te r l i b a t d a l a m (0 ) (8 ) (8 ) = 1 4 .8 4 0
s e s u a tu K a d a n g -k a d a n g oo o 1 2 .7 % 1 0 .3 % d f = 3
p e r i s ti w a (1 2 ) (1 9 ) (3 1 ) p = 0 . 0 0 2
s e j a r a h T id a k P a s ti 7 .3 % 1 0 .0 % 8 .7 %
d in y a t a k a n (1 1 ) (1 5 ) (2 6 ) S o m e r s ’ d
o le h g u ru S eia lu . 8 4 .7 % 7 2 .0 % 7 8 .3 % = -0 .1 5 7
k e p a d a (1 2 7 ) ( 1 0 8 ) (2 3 5 ) p = 0 .0 0 4
p e la ja r. J u m la h 1 0 0 .0 % 1 0 0 .0 % 1 0 0 .0 %
( 1 5 0 ) (1 5 0 ) ( 3 0 0 )
v i. S e b a b T id a k P e m a h 1 .3 % 0 .7 % 1 .0 % L i k e l i h o o d R atio
b e r l a k u n y a (2 ) (1 ) (3 ) = 4 .4 5 9
s e s u a tu K a d a n g -k a d a n g 1 0 .1 % 1 3 .3 % 1 2 .0 % d f = 3
p e r i s ti w a (1 6 ) (2 0 ) (3 6 ) p = 0 . 2 1 6
d ij e la s k a n T id a k P a s t i 6 .0 % 1 2 .0 % 9 .0 %
o l e h g u ru (9 ) (1 8 ) (2 7 ) S o m e r s ’ d
k e p a d a S e ia lu 8 2 .0 % 7 4 .0 % 7 8 .0 % = -0 .0 8 4
p e la ja r . (1 2 3 ) ( i i i ) ( 2 3 4 ) p = 0 . 1 2 9
J u m la h 1 0 0 .0 % 1 0 0 .0 % 1 0 0 .0 %
(1 5 0 ) (1 5 0 ) ( 3 0 0 )
v ii. L o k a s i a ta u T id a k P e r n a h 1 .3 % 0 % 0 .7 % L i k e l ih o o d R atio
t e m p a t c a (0 ) (2 ) = 6 .1 1 0
b e r l a k u n y a > K a d a n g - k a d a n g 1 6 .0 % 2 0 .7 % 1 8 .5 % d f = 3
S e s u a t u (2 4 ) (3 1 ) (5 5 ) p = 0 . 1 0 6
p e r i s ti w a T id a k P a s t i 1 0 .7 % 1 6 .0 % 1 3 .3 %
s e j a r a h (1 6 ) (2 4 ) (4 0 ) S o m e r s ’ d
d i n y a t a k a n S e ia lu 7 2 .0 % 6 3 .3 % 6 7 .7 % = -0 .0 7 9
o l e h g u ru (1 0 8 ) (9 5 ) ( 2 0 3 ) p = 0 . 1 5 4
k e p a d a J u m la h 1 0 0 .0 % 1 0 0 .0 % 1 0 0 .0 %
p e la ja r. (1 5 0 ) (1 5 0 ) ( 3 0 0 )
v iii.G u ru T id a k P e m a h 4 .7 % 5 .3 % 5 .0 % L ik e l ih o o d R atio
m e n y a t a k a n (7 ) (8 ) (1 5 ) = 2 .5 0 8
p e r i s ti w a s e j a ra h K a d a n g -k a d a n g 3 0 .7 % 3 8 ,7 % 3 4 .7 % d f = 3
y a n g a k a n (4 6 ) (5 8 ) ( 1 0 4 ) p = 0 .4 7 4
d i p e l a ja r i T id a k P a s t i 2 0 .0 % 1 6 .0 % 1 8 .0 %
k e p a d a p e l a j a r (3 0 ) (2 4 ) (5 4 ) S o m e r s ’d
s e b e l u m S e ia lu 4 4 .7 % 4 0 .0 % 4 2 .3 % = -0 .0 6 6
m e m u ia k a n ( 6 7 ) (6 0 ) ( 1 2 7 ) p = 0 . 2 2 0
p e n g a ja r a n J u m la h 1 0 0 .0 % 1 0 0 .0 % 1 0 0 .0 %
Pelaksanaan Kemahiran Pemikiran Sejarah dalam Pengajaran Guru-guru Sejarah / 245
B e r d a s a r k a n n i l a i C h i - S q u a r e L i k e l i h o o d R a t i o = 1 .6 3 5 , d f = 3 d a n p = 0 .6 5 8
d a la m J a d u a l 7 m e n u n j u k k a n t i d a k a d a h u b u n g a n y a n g s ig n if ik a n a n ta r a
lo k a s i s e k o l a h d e n g a n p e l a k s a n a a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k ir a n s e ja r a h k a te g o r i
m e n e r o k a b u k t i b a g i i t e m d a r i a w a l la g i, g u r u t e l a h m e n j e la s k a n a p a y a n g
d i m a k s u d k a n d e n g a n s u m b e r s e k u n d e r . N i l a i S o m e r s ’ d = - 0 .0 0 5 d a n p =
0 .9 2 1 m e n u n j u k k a n t i d a k a d a k o r e l a s i a n t a r a l o k a s i s e k o la h d e n g a n
p e l a k s a n a a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e j a r a h k a te g o r i m e n e r o k a b u k ti b a g i ite m
d a ri a w a l l a g i , g u r u t e l a h m e n j e l a s k a n a p a y a n g d i m a k s u d k a n d e n g a n s u m b e r
s e k u n d e r . P e r a n g k a a n i n i m e n u n j u k k a n l o k a s i s e k o la h s a m a a d a d i b a n d a r
a ta u l u a r b a n d a r t i d a k m e m p e n g a r u h i p e la k s a n a a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k ir a n
s e ja r a h k a t e g o r i m e n e r o k a b u k t i b a g i ite m d a ri a w a l la g i, g u r u te la h
m e n j e l a s k a n a p a y a n g d i m a k s u d k a n d e n g a n s u m b e r s e k u n d e r.
Perbezaan antara sumber pertama dan sumber sekunder dijelaskan oleh
guru kepada pelajar.
B e r d a s a r k a n n i l a i C h i - S q u a r e L i k e l i h o o d R a t io = 3 .9 0 1 , d f = 3 d a n p - 0 .2 7 2
d a la m J a d u a l 7 m e n u n j u k k a n t i d a k a d a h u b u n g a n y a n g s ig n i f ik a n a n ta r a
lo k a s i s e k o l a h d e n g a n p e l a k s a n a a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k ir a n s e ja r a h k a te g o r i
m e n e r o k a b u k t i b a g i i t e m p e r b e z a a n a n ta r a s u m b e r p e r t a m a d a n s u m b e r
s e k u n d e r d i j e l a s k a n o l e h g u r u k e p a d a p e la ja r . N i l a i S o m e r s ’ d = - 0 .0 4 9 d a n
p = 0 .3 7 0 m e n u n j u k k a n t i d a k a d a k o r e l a s i d i a n ta r a lo k a s i s e k o la h d e n g a n
p e l a k s a n a a n k e m a h i r a n p e m i k i r a n s e ja r a h k a te g o r i m e n
