YOGYAKARTA SPECIAL DISTRICT SPRINTER PROFILES OF THE YEAR 2009

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YOGYAKAR'TA SPECIAL DISTRICT SPRINTER PROFILES OF THE YE-AR 2oo9

By

Endang

Rini

Sukamti And Yuni

Andriyani

Yo g y o,koirt a S t st e Uniu er

sitg

The aim

of

this research is to id,entifu

,"*t!"rffimter

of Daerah Istimetaa Yogyakarta of the Aear

2oog.

The research methodologA uses

a

descriptiue one tuith the population

uith

the

population and sample amount 25 athletes; they are senior and junior uhole in Daerah Istimeua

Yoggakarta

(t8

males _{and Tfemales).} The research instrument is using test and measurement by the technique of data analysis descriptiue

presenting.

The result of this research is _{female sprinter}

qthletes uhich haue ideatr body is one person (t4-zg%), the ideal approach amount three people (+2.86%) and

far

auag from ideal amount three people (+2.86%). Male sprinter athletes tuho haue

ideal body are three people

(t6.6/o),

ideal approach amount ten people (66.6f/4. Ideal bodu

for

female sprinter is central type that is balance befi"ueen ectomorph, mesomorph, and endomorph.

Ideal body

for

male sprinter is ectomorphic mesomorphy, that is mesomorTth more dominant and

endonorphy is bigger than ectomorphy.

Ke;rwords : Somatotype, Sprinter

INTRODUCTION

There are various numbers

in

athletic branches; among them are running, jumping and

throwing. Running, jumping and throwing need different energy requirement. Running requires the

strength and speed, jumping requires the strength while throwing requires the good coordination and

strength.

Beside that required energy,

it

needs also the different body types on each branch so that

it

connects each other and creates some effective and efficient rnove. It is differed in determining the bodytypes of

each athletics branch. The body type determination which precise for athletics branches usually uses

anthropometric measurement. Anthropometry is chosen because

it

uses save methods because

it

is

treated without including any equiprnent into the body.

This body tlpe and body part measurement by anthropometry is having less precise treatment

even though

it

requires some body type with certain characteristics to achieve the top achievement of

each athletics branch. For each athletic branch needs existing harmony with body type comparison

and consideration either.

The body

tlpe

and its quality are the most important thing in doing activities. The body form

and its quality will have a positive effect when adapted to activities which is conducted to reach the

maximal result. The body type for an athlete of sprint represents the determining factor in reaching

the achievement because in sprfnt running, besides movement speed and muscle strength, and good

coordination

it

is

needed also

to

consider the matter of body posture,

with

good body posture

combined with the speed and strength hence it can assist the sprinter to reach the perfect movement.

During the time

in

Yograkarta there is no identification of somatotype sprirter of whole Daerah

Istimewa Yogyakarta. The intention of this study is

to

identifu the somatotype sprinter of whole

Daerah Istimewa Yoryakarta in the Year of zoo9.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Somatotype

is

a

body

system

which

is

classified

into

three

categories; endomorphy,

mesomorphy

and

ectomorphy. Everyone can

be

classified

into

those categories.

As

for

the

characteristics of them are: (a) Endomorphy is fat body, tending to big on whole parts of the body,

short and thick neck, short arm and leg, tending to save a

lot

of body fat, generally this

tlpe

has

difficulties when doing any physical test, (b) Mesomorphy is wide muscles

in

chest and shoulder,

strong arm and leg muscles, has less fat

in

the body, generally this type has good strength and

endurance, (c) Ectomorphy is tall and thin figure, narrow body width, small arm and 1eg, tending to

have less

fat

and

has

long

muscles, generally

this tlpe

has good flexibility and endurance.

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tauendsp o rts.epm / te stinq

/

s s$tqts tltpe JttrL)

Besides those definitions above there are also some components

in

body gpes referring to

kinds, size, and composition of each type, they are:

In co[k\oration of Facuttl of Sport Scirnce (ogyafunta State 'Unhteritl, fllinistry of {outli anf Sport, ISOW, In[onesia

..

u,ffi"

Endomorphy Type, generally- _{this type has short arms and.legs, generally}

it

has large lung

capacity,

.strong lifting energy and able to inirease muscle mass

easierl;;h;tiili.uru

_{Jrrituut" to ao} any exercise requiring strength, but sometimes they can't do

""v

q"i"r. ""ither

"ondnoiij*orr"*"nt.

Srocee[ing of Intemationaf Conference on Sport 2009

a:.; 7

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[image:4.528.66.517.46.550.2]

{,ffitri

,#'i*

Figure tg. Ectomorphy _Tlpe

ffi

..i -.,:,:- -.j .i' !,? :,.!t:=tl:,

,: i : '.:'',,. i

.

. y"?oryorphy rype,

.on ,m,

Tffi'"*1ffiT,"TlJ

]135

_",.",.s,r,

physiological response, able

to

mainfain-low level rut, utt'rnorcles can

training.

and speed,

it

_has good

receive good progressir.e

na. t

ffii?

Ectom-orphy T1pe,, this type has thin _{and attenuate body, near to some accident, doesn,t ha'e}

::T"r,::::l?

naffow

il"j:

^q:l3.1ach,

atrenuate arm and

r!!,

uut with small bodv condition

thel-can

increase

the

body

_{endurance because}

of b"t#

temperature

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uws-&-tm)

According to Nanry clark (zoor: _{t46-r47), somatotape or body tlpe is differed into}

three ty'es.

they are: (t) Ectomorph, with characterization

orr.hti""1yffi

uil

_{ut a leg, short arm and leg} fingers.

and soft bones' sttuctutes, (z) Mesomorph, with

"tturu"turi?ution

of

dJ,r"lotdil;&

bones and

muscles, wide arms and muscled chest, (3) Endomorph,

*itrr

Ju"ucterization of soft and rounded bodv, slim wrist and leg ankle and slim face*iooking. _{Thil L ttte romcroc nart}

i{

iiial;t

;"diagram

In co[k6oration of Facutty of Sport Science toglafutrta State ,tJninersitl, Ma.inistry of {outfi anf Sport, ISOE!, Infonesia (Dean (Forum _{of Sport Science}

Facufty

[image:5.539.41.472.53.213.2] [image:5.539.40.475.383.593.2]

Qroceefrng of Internatinnaf6onference on Sport 2009

Figure 2.1. Somatochart diagram

Meanwhile, Carter and Heath (rSgo) stated that body type can be differed

into

thirteen

categories, they are: (r) Central is there is no component differing with one unil to tw9 others, (z)

Ectomorphic endomorph

is

endomorphy

is

more dominant

and

ectomorphy

is

bigger than

mesomorphy, (3) Balanced endomorph is endomorphy is more dominant, while mesomorphy is same

to ectomo-rphy,

(4)

Mesomorphic endomorph is endomorphy is more dominant and mesomorphy

i!

bigger thari ectomorphy, (S) Mesomorph endomorph is endomorph and mesomorph is_ the same and

ectomorph

is

smaller

(6)

Endomorphic mesomorph

is

mesomorphy

is

more dominant and

endomorphy is bigger than ectomorphy, (Z) Balanced mesomorph is mesomorph is more dominant,

while meiomorptry

is

same

to

ectomorphy, (B) Ectomorphic mesomorph is mesomorphy

is

more

dominant and ectomorphy is bigger than endomorphy, (9) Mesomorph-ectomorph is mesomorphy

and ectomorphy is the same and endomorphy is lower, (ro) Mesomorphic ectomorphis ectomorphy is

more dominitri, -eromorphy is bigger than endomorphy, (rr)Balanced ectomorph is _{ectomorphy is}

more dominant and endomorphy and mesomorphy are the same and low, (rz) ndomorphic ectomorph is ectomorphy is more dominant and endomorphy is bigger than mesomorPhY, anf (rg) Endomorph-ectomorph is endomorphy and ectomorphy is the same.

't

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Figure 2.2. Somatofupe categoies based on Carter and Health

Based on Kevin Norton and Tim Old (rgg6: r49), there are three methods in determining the body shape, they are (t) Anthrophemetric andphotospic method, that is combining the anthropometry

anda picture

*hi"h

is called ai size method, (z) Photospic method wgich is in the measurement

it

is

made

irom

a

picture, (S) Anthrospic method which

in

anthrophometry

is

used

to

measure the

somatotype size.

Anthrophmetric method proved that this method is the most precise for various applic*ion9.

Anthrophometric measurement needs data which required to be acknowledged, firstly from the body

weight, height, fat thickness, bone wideness and body roundness.

-

_{The iequired equipments are: (r) Weighing-machine, to measure the body weight with} accuracy

up to o.S fg. ihe setting used is Kg, (z) Stadiometer, a tool to measure the height of the subject that is

Uoay freigttiwith accuricy up to o.t cm the setting used is KS, _{q) Sliding caliper, a tool to measure the

wideness of the bone with

tle

setting is Cm, (4) Measuring ribbon, a tool to measure the circle (body

roundness) with the setting is Cm, and (S) Skin fold caliper, a tool to measure the fat thickness with the

setting is Mm.

In cofk\oration of Aacuftl of Sport Science toglaforta State 'Unirtersitl, fuIinistry of (outfr anf Sport, ISO8,!, In[onesin

Sroceefing of Intemationaf (onference on Sport 20A9

Sprint

Definition

- Fut"-d on Aip Syarifudin

(tggz

4r) short-distance running or sprint is a way of running where

an athlete ha9 t9 go _{through certain} distances with max that m"eans he/she has to use all of"his/her

power from the beginning.until pa*sing the end_ing line (finish). According to IAAF level z (zoori zo)

the spri-nt running events is going through the distance up _{from 5o} m whiih is divided senior athletes

race indoor gnly to the distance of _4oo m, the needs of eviry sprint running is the resuli

tf .t

ong urra

fast contraction of the muscles which is changed into smooth-and efficient-moves which are reqiired

by high speed runner.

Sprint as one of _lhe championship's branches which includes all distances up to 4oo meters, in

which 4oo meters is classified as

-long sprint. The running moves existing ott u""ry race includ.ed marathon, this is because the race distance increases from sltortest distance iprint to further distance. In short distance_sprint the demand towards the athletes is changing, athlete^s race with saved. enerry

supply (non aerobic capacity), this is because the race distance iricreases so that the demand towards

the athletes' non aerobic capacity increases also and the aerobic capacity is starting to be spent. Good

spnnf needs fast reaction, good acceleration and efficient running type, -beside thaispnnter also must

develop a gogd sprint start and maintain the top speed as long

is

posiUt*, for spnnt is an explosive race branch hence_sprinter shail do the warm-up properly before ali training

""rr'io1 and compietition

begin, this is to reduce the muscle tending so

thitlt

will not be broken .rot p"oll"d _{(GerryA. Calt ryg7:}

$-q).

SOMATOCIIART SF 5PORT$I€N $0M*TOC'{ART SF SFORTntOiirE!*

esffi

.Frgure 2.3. Jomatochart ot

sporknen

Figure 2.4. somatochart of Sportwomen

Based on some opinion above, tJre importance of spnnf in athletics is a branch of running races

which is all ru,nning races in which every contributor runi in maximum speed along the distanc"e to

jo

through, the distance _{is 5o} meters _{to 4oo} meters, the required powers qpe in atliletic especially

tte

branch of sprint are: Reactive power, Starting power, Acce[eration power uttd po*e, endurance.

RESEARCH METHOD

The research method is

a

description with the population is

the

sprinters

all

over Daerah Istim_ewa Yogyakarta. The sample used is purp osiue saip[ing, that is sampie determination which is

based on thg TAAF _{2oo7; to2, that is male and female Junioi athletes who aged r8-r9 years old, and} male and female Senior athletes aged zo years old or above.

The instruments used in the data collectio-n- are: (r) Weighing-machine, to measure the body

w-eight with accuracy up_to o.5 Kg. the setting used is Kg, (z) Stadiometer, a tooi to measure the height

of the subject that is body height with accuracy up to o.i

"m th" setting used is

fg,

3; Stiaing calipei, a

tool to measure the wideness of the bone

wittithe

setting is Cm, (-+) _{tvt"asurl"I-"iUUo"l a tool to}

measure the circle (body roundness) with the setting is Cm,

ind

(S) St<in tota cahpei, a tool to measure the fat thickness with the setting is millimeter.

on this research the dala analysis technique uses the descriptive analysis which is stated by data

presentation with regular table and_ frequency _{distribution eithei, lined giaphics and stick graphics} either, circle diagram, pictogram and percentage ofthe data analyzed.

Research Result and Discussion

. - T!"

dgscription about sprinter somatotype

-is- galn by anthropometric measurement including

weight,-height, and fat-qolp9n9nt

ltricepl

_{skinfold, bicep skinfofd, illiacrest skinfold, abdomin;l}

skinfold, supras?inale skinfold,fronthigh sklnfgld,media calf skinfold, mid axilla slcinyofa1,body size

(arm relaxed girth, _flexed and tenced arm girth, chest girth, tueist'girih, calf girth,

gtiteai

girtd,

ana

bone vi dth ( bi epicon dularh um erus uidth, bocond ularfem ur uzdti).

In co[k,oratian of Facutry of spott scicnce tog\afurta state'unh,vrsit1, %.inistry of {outfi anfsport, ISog,!, In[onesia (Dean _{$orum of Sport Sciznce}

lFacutry

34g

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l:i.* ! !irrlrir;tii;: ::,irij

Qrocee[ing of Internationaf Conference on Sport 2009

The Result

of

Ferno,le

SotnatotqpeCategory

a.

EndomorTth-Ectomorph

Endomorph-Ectomorph is endomorphy and ectomorphy is the same. On the data collecting which is nurnbered 7 female sprinter athletes of

All

Over Daerah Istimewa Yog'akarta on the Year of

zoog which then was calculated manually,

it

is gained

r

athlete who has endomorph-ectomorph

bodytlpe.

b.

Balance-Endomorph

Balanced endomorph

is

endomorphy

is

more dominant,

while

mesomorphy

is

same to

ectomorphy. On the data collecting which

is

numbered 7 female sprinter athletes of Al1 Over

Daerah Istimewa Yograkarta on the Year of zoog which then was calculated manually, it is gained 3 athletes who have balanced-endomorph body t1pe.

c.

Ectomorphic-End.omorph

Endomorphic ectomorph

is

ectomorphy

is

more dominant and endomorphy

is

bigger than

mesomorphy. On the data collecting which is numbered 7 female sprinter athletes of

All

Over

Daerah Istimewa Yoryakarta on the Year of zoog which then was calculated manually, it is gained z

athletes who have Ectomorphic-Endomorph body type.

d.

Central

Central is there is no component differing with one unit to two others. On the data collecting which is numbered 7 female sprinter athletes of

All

Over Daerah Istimewa Yoryakarta on the Year of

eoog which then was calculated manually, it is gained r athlete who have.Ectomorphie-Endomorph

body type.

The Result of

Male

Sornototgpe Category

a.

Central

Centrql is there is no component differing with one unit to two others. On the data collecting which

is numbered rB male

spinter

athletes of A1l Over Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta on the Year of zoog

which then was calculated manually, it is gained ₅ athletes who have cenfrcl body type.

b.

Ectomorphic-Mesomorph

Ectomorphic nrcsomorph

is

mesomorphy

is

more dominant and ectomorphy

is

bigger than

endomorphy. On the data collecting which

is

numbered rB male sprinter athletes of

All

Over

Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta on the Year of zoog which then was calculated manually, it is gained z

athletes who have .Ectomorphic-Mesomorphbody t1pe.

c.

Balsnced Ectomorph

Bqlqnced ectomorphis ectomorphy is more dominant, while endomorphy is same to mesomorphy. On the data collecting which is numbered r8 male sprinter athletes of All Over Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta on the Year of zoog which then was calculated manually,

it

is gained z athletes who

have B alanced-Ectomorph body type.

d.

Mesomorph-Ectomorph

Mesomorph-ectomorph is mesomorphy and ectomorphy are the same, and endomorphy is low. On

the data collecting which

is

numbered 18 male sprinter attrletes of AII Over Daerah Istimewa

Yoryakarta on the Year of zoog which then was calculated manually,

it

is gained ₃ athletes who

have Balanced-Ectomorph body type.

e.

BslancedMesomorph

Bqlanced mesomorph

is

mesomorphy

is

more

dominant,

while

endomorphy

is

same to

mesomorphy. On the data collecting which is numbered 18 male sprinter athletes of

All

Over Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta on the Year of zoog which then was calculated manually, it is gained ₃ athletes who have Bclanced-Mesomorph body t1pe.

In co[k1oration of

f

acufty of Sport Scicnce (oglafottta State 'tJniversity, grlinistry of {outfr ant Sport, ISOKI, In[onesia

o b.

h.

Mesomorph-Endomorph

Mesomorph-endomorphis mesomorph and endomorph are the same, and ectomorphy is smaller.

On the data collecting which is numbered r8 male sprinter athletes of AII over oaeratr Istimewa

Yoryakarta on the Year of zoog which then was calculated manually, it is gained

I

athlete who has

B alanced- Ectomorph body type.

Endomorphic-Ectomorph

Endomorphic-ectomorplt

is

-ectomorphy

is

more

dominant, endomorphy

is

bigger than

mesomorphy. On the data collecting which is numbered 18 male sprintei a-thletes oT

all

O.ret Daerah Istimewa Yograkarta on the Year of zoog which then was calculated manually, it is gained

r

athlete who has Endomorphic-Ectomorph body t1pe.

Mesomorphic-Ectomorph

Endomorphic-ectomorph

is

-ectomorphy

is

more

dominant, mesomorphy

is

bigger than

endomorphy.

on

the data collecting which is numbered 18 male sprintei aihletes oT-ail over

Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta on the Year of zoog which then was calculated manually, it is gained

r

atlrlete who has Mesomorphic-Ectomorph body type. One of the supporting factois

in

aJhieving sports achievement is body tlpe properly to the demands of each certain sport . branch. Beside thal

other factors are also influencing towards the achievement achieving: technical, tactical, physical,

mental and competing experiential skills.

,

The ideal body_type for female sprinter is central tlpe; here is no component differing with one

unit to two others (balance among ectomorph, mesomorph _{and endomorph). The ideal of female} sprinters is only t4.zg% or 1 person of 7 existing athletes. The athletes closing the ideal, they who tend

to _{_hav9} balance are 3 persons (42.86%). Otherwise the athletes avoiding the ideal, which th-ere is none to be the same of 3 components (ectomorph, mesomorph and endomorph) counts 3 persons (42-86%o),

they are Endomorph Ectomorph and Ectomorphic Endomorph.

MALEATHLETES

The somatotype analysis results of female sprinters all over Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta of the year Sroceefing of Internatianaf Conference on Sport 2009

2OO9 are:

ble Anal

In co[k\oration of Aacuttl of Sport Scicnce'{oglafotrta State rJnioerity, %.inistry of {outfi andsport, ISoe,!, In[onesia

(Dean (Foram of Sport Science

lFacutty

₃₅₀

FEMALE ATHLETES

The somato$pe analysis results of female sprinters all over Daerah Istimewa yogyakarta of the

Year zoog are:

Table 18. Research Analvsis Result of Female Athletes

No. Category Frequency o/o

I Endomorph Ectomorph _{I t4.29}

t _{Balanced Endomorph}

3 42.86

3. Ectomorphic Endomorph

,

28.s7

4. Central 1 _L4.29

Total ₁₀₀

4ple 19. Research Analysls Result of t'emale Sprinter Athletes

No. Category Frequency o/o

1. Central _{3 t6.62}

t _{Ectomorphic Mesomorph}

3 16.67

.). Balanced Ectomorph ₃ t6.67

4. Mesomorph Ectomorph _{3 16.62}

5. BalancedMesomorph 2 11.11

6. Mesomorph Endomorph 1 _5.56

[image:8.549.74.521.358.488.2]

8.

I Mesomorphic Endomorph 2 11.11

Total r8 100

Qroceefing of Internationaf Conference on Sport 2009

The ideal body type for male sprinter is the ectomorphic mesomorph type, that is Mesomorphy

is more dominant and endomorphy is bigger than Ectomorphy. The total ideal male sprinters are only

t6.67% or 3 of 18 existing athletes. The athletes closing the ideal, they who tend to have mesomorph

more dominant are S persons (22.78"/o). Otherwise the athletes avoiding the ideal count

to

persons

(SS.SS%),they are Central, Balabced Ectomorph, Mesomorph Endomorph, Endomorphic Ectomorph

and M e s omorphic Endomorph.

Of the data above we can know that of the 7 female sprinters from all over Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta of the year zoog who have ideai body tlpe is r person while of all over those male athletes

who have the ideal body type are ₃ athletes, the totai ideal athletes are less than the total athletes

closing or avoiding the ideal of that conclusion that good body posture is not the only, factor the

running achievement of an athlete, this is influenced by physical, tactical, technical skills, training

pattern competing extrleriences, heaithy life style, and athletes' physiological factor.

CONCLUSION

Some matters which can be concluded are total ideal female sprinter is r person (t4,2996), the

athletes closing the ideal 3 persons (+2.86%), the athletes avoiding the ideal are 3 persons (+2.86%). The total ideal male sprinters are g persons (t6.67o/o), the athletes closing the ideal ₅ persons (zZ.ZB%),

the athletes avoiding the ideal are 10 persons (66.620/"). So the suggestions which can be delivered

based on the research results are: for athletes who have somatotype closing the ideai should improve

their desire to practice so that their growth and achievement can be maximized. For the DIY sprinters

constructing programs

to

be having special training

to

maximize

the

athletes' growth and the

development.

REFERENCES

Aip Syarifudin. (tggz). Atlerrk. Jakarta: DEPDIKBUD

Cirter

&

Heath. (rgSo). Somatotyping. Development and Application Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Clark, Nancy. (zoor). Petunjuk Gizi Untuk Setiap Cabang Olahraga. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo

Persada.

Gerry A. Carr. (r9g7).Atlefrk untuk Sekolah. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada.

IAAF RDC. (zoor). Sprint dan Lari Gqwang. Jakarta: Departemen Pengembangan IAAF-RDC.

1tr 9t. (zoo6-zooz). Peraturan LombaAtletik. Jakarta: PB. PASI.

Kevin Norton and Tim Old. (rqg6). Anthrophomernc. Sidney: University of New South Wales. kttp_:/./trqnsl*t-e."gailgl.e,po.id/trgtzSlate?l.tl=id&s|=qn&u.:http;l/LUwu,,tapq.-l:ldsportl.,gpftz/testing/sam

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In cofk\oration of Qacufty of Sport Science {ogyafurta State'Universitl, *Linistry of _{'foutfr an[} Sport, ISOS!, Infonesia