International Journal of Physical
Education, Fitness and Sports
A International Level Quarterly Journal on Physical Education
International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports-IJPEFS
EFFECT OF HANDBALL SPECIFIC REPEATED – SPRINT TRAINING ON AEROBIC CAPACITY OF MALE HANDBALL PLAYERS
B. CHITTIBABU
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SELECTED PSYCHOMOTOR ABILITIES BETWEEN MALE BASEBALL PITCHER AND CRICKET FAST BOWLER
BALJINDER SINGH BAL, RANJEET SINGH SANDHU
ANALYSIS OF SELECTED HAND ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS AMONG SOUTH WEST ZONE INTER UNIVERSITY MALE HANDBALL PLAYERS
C. JAYAKUMAR, S. RAMESHKANAN AND B. CHITTIBABU
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON LEG LENGTH AND LEG EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH OF 12-16 YEARS BOYS
PRADIP KUMAR PAUL
EFFECT OF BASKETBALL SPECIFIC ENDURANCE CIRCUIT TRAINING ON AEROBIC CAPACITY AND HEART RATE OF HIGH SCHOOL MALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS
B. CHITTIBABU AND N. AKILAN
EFFECT OF ELASTIC STRENGTH TRAINING ON SELECTED PHYSICAL FITNESS VARIABLES OF NOVICE COLLEGE MEN HIGH JUMPERS
J. MUTHUSUBRAMANIAN
THE CHANGES ON CREATINE KINASE IN RESPONSE TO AEROBIC EXERCISE AMONG NOVICE AND TRAINED SOCCER PLAYERS OF DIFFERENT AGES
M. ELAMARAN AND MUHAMMED MUSTHAFA M.
ANALYSIS OF MODERATE ALTITUDE INDUCED CHANGES ON THE SYNTHESIS OF ERYTHROPOIETIN
M. ELAMARAN
ANALYSIS OF THE CHANGES IN SELECTED MOTOR FITNESS COMPONENTS WITH CONCURRENT STRENGTH AND PLYOMETRIC TRAINING
R. MUTHU ELECKUVAN
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ADOLESCENT MALE WRESTLERS IN KERALA N. MADHAVAN
EVALUATION OF ANAEROBIC CAPACITY AND FATIGUE INDEX AT DIFFERENT TIMES OF THE DAY ON MALE HANDBALL PLAYERS
N. AKILAN AND B. CHITTIBABU
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SELECTED PHYSICAL COMPONENTS OF MALE BOXERS, WRESTLERS AND JUDOKAS
N. ANILKUMAR
EFFECT OF ABDOMINAL STRENGTH TRAINING ON STRENGTH ENDURANCE AND EXPLOSIVE POWER OF WOMEN PLAYERS
It is assumed that the submitted manuscript has not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. By submitting A manuscript, the author agrees that the copyright for his articles is transferred to the publisher, if and when, the paper is accepted for publication. The publisher cannot take responsibility of any lose of manuscript. Therefore, authors are requested to maintain a copy at their end.
International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports-IJPEFS
EFFECT OF ABDOMINAL STRENGTH TRAINING ON STRENGTH ENDURANCE AND EXPLOSIVE POWER OF WOMEN PLAYERS
N. PREM KUMAR
ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL FITNESS STATUS OF RDT HOCKEY ACADEMY ADAPTED SCHOOLBOYS IN THE RAYALASEMA DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
P. JOHNSON, AND P.S. RAJA MARSION BABU
EFFECTS OF CIRCUIT TRAINING ON DIFFERENT SURFACES ON
SELECTED PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES OF SCHOOL BOYS ATUL MEETHAL AND DR.A.M.NAJEEB
EFFECT OF AEROBIC EXERCISES ON VITAL CAPACITY AND BODY MASS INDEX OF ADULTS
SHAHID BASHIR
EFFECTS OF PROGRESSIVE MUSCLE RELAXATION TECHNIQUE ON MENTAL SKILLS OF VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
VARUN SINGH BHADORI J.P. BHUKAR AND SHIKHA JADON
COMBINED EFFECT OF HIGH INTENSITY INTERMITTENT TRAINING AND WEIGHT TRAINING ON AEROBIC CAPACITY ANAEROBIC CAPACITY AND FATIGUE INDEX OF MALE HANDBALL PLAYERS
N. SESHAGIRI RAO, P. JOHNSON AND B. CHITTIBABU
EFFECT OF SILAMBAM PRACTICE ON BODY COMPOSITION AGILITY AND CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE AMONG COLLEGE GIRLS
P.MOHANAVALLI, K.SREEDHAR AND JOTHY
EFFECT OF SELECTED YOGIC PRACTICES AND AEROBIC DANCE ON HEALTH RELATED PHYSICAL FITNESS VARIABLES AMONG NICOBARI WOMEN STUDENTS
S.USHA RANI AND SATYANDER PAL SING
ATTITUDE OF HIGHER SECONDARY LEVEL STUDENT TOWARDS GAMES AND SPORTS
R. K. CHANDRAKUMAR SINGH AND KHURAIJAM SANATOMBI DEVI
EFFECT OF ENDURANCE TRAINING PROGRAM ON BODY COMPOSITION AND BLOOD GLUCOSE AMONG MEDICAL COLLEGE STUDENTS
SADEEP K AND K SREEDHAR
COMPARISON OF LEADERSHIP BEHAVIOR PSYCHOLOGICAL
CHARACTERISTICS MALE AND FEMALE WRESTLING PLAYERS IN MINI OLYMPIC STATE LEVEL COMPETITION CHHATTISGARH.
It is assumed that the submitted manuscript has not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. By submitting A manuscript, the author agrees that the copyright for his articles is transferred to the publisher, if and when, the paper is accepted for publication. The publisher cannot take responsibility of any lose of manuscript. Therefore, authors are requested to maintain a copy at their end.
EFFECT OF HANDBALL SPECIFIC REPEATED
–
SPRINT TRAINING ON AEROBIC CAPACITY OF
MALE HANDBALL PLAYERS
B. Chittibabu
Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai
University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram, India.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of handball specific repeated – sprint training on aerobic capacity of male handball players. To achieve the purpose of the study thirty male handball players were selected randomly from Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu. The selected subjects were assigned into 2 groups: handball specific repeated - sprint training group (n=15) and control group (n=15). The selected subjects mean age: 23.15±3.00 years; weight: 68.74±7.25 kg and height: 176.37±7.67 cm. The criterion variable selected in this study was aerobic capacity which was measured by multistage fitness test. The handball specific repeated - sprint training group underwent eight weeks of training. Pre and post aerobic capacity was measured on the indoor. The data was analysed using Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA). The result of the study showed post test (F = 20.13) and adjusted post test mean (F = 10.68) showed significant (p < 0.05) difference among repeated – sprint training group and control group on aerobic capacity. It is concluded that handball specific repeated sprint training for eight weeks is more effective in increasing aerobic capacity of men handball players. The training load adopted in repeated – sprint training which resulted in 11.79% of changes in aerobic capacity.
Keywords: Repeated, Sprint, Handball, Aerobic capacity
Introduction
Handball is a modern ball game which belongs to the family of team sports. It combines the best features of different branches of sport, that is, the advantages of physical abilities, technical skills and tactical knowledge. It is a strenuous body contact Olympic team sport that places emphasis on running, jumping, sprinting, throwing, hitting, blocking, and pushing. It‟s a team sports which require a high standard of preparation in order to complete sixteen minutes of competitive play and to achieve success. In this game movement patterns are characterized as intermittent and change continuously in response to different offensive and defensive situations in which anthropometric characteristics and high levels of strength, muscle power, aerobic capacity and handball throwing velocity are the most important factors that give a clear advantage for successful participation in elite levels of handball leagues (Bobbert and Van Ingen Schenau, 1988).
Training is any organized and regular activity done for increasing the performance of athletes and are divided into different kinds considering the performance requirements of athletes. Repeated-sprint ability (RSA)-based training is characterized by performing repeated sprints with minimal recovery between sprint bouts (i.e., 10–20 maximal sprints or shuttle sprints of ≤ 10 seconds, with brief recovery periods (≤ 60 seconds); work : rest ratio of 1:4 or 1:6) (Fernandez-Fernandez et al. 2012). During such training, there is an increase in the activity of some anaerobic enzymes, which leads to a higher rate of anaerobic energy turnover and increases the number of muscle membrane transport proteins involved in pH regulation and muscle capillarization and in some cases enhances the muscle buffering capacity. Also, the performance of maximal or near-maximal short-term can lead to higher VO2max values and an increased aerobic enzyme activity (Fernandez-Fernandez et al.
2012). These findings suggest the effectiveness of repeated-sprint for enhancing aerobic capacity. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of handball specific repeated – sprint training on aerobic capacity of male handball players.
Methods
Subjects and variable
To accomplish the purpose of the study thirty male handball players were selected randomly from Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu. The selected subjects were assigned into 2 groups: handball specific repeated - sprint training group (n=15) and control group (n=15). The selected subjects mean age: 23.15±3.00 years; weight: 68.74±7.25 kg and height: 176.37±7.67 cm. The criterion variable selected in this study was aerobic capacity which was measured by multistage fitness test.
Training
repetitions and 150 seconds rest between the set. The players were instructed to perform at high intensity. In this the players passing, dribbling and shooting abilities were incorporated simultaneously along with sprint (Figure 1).
Statistical technique
The experimental design used for the present investigation was Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Since two groups are involved post hoc test was not applied to determine the significant paired mean differences. The level of confidence was fixed at 0.05 to test the significance. The data was analysed in computer system by using statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 17.
Figure 1
Handball specific repeated sprint training
Results
It is clear from the table 1 that there is no significant difference between handball specific repeated sprint training and control group on aerobic capacity before commencement of training, as obtained F ratio of 3.79 is less than the required table value of 4.196 at = 0.05 for the df of 1 and 28. It denotes that the random assignment of subjects for the two groups is successful, however initial difference not elicited. Table 2 also reveals that there is a significant difference on aerobic capacity during post test. The obtained F ratio of 20.13 is greater than the required table value of 4.196 at = 0.05 for the df of 1 and 28. Thereby it infers that the aerobic capacity found increase significantly before and after eight weeks of handball specific repeated sprint training.
Table 1
Summary of ANCOVA on aerobic capacity Testing
Conditions SOV SS df MS F
Pre (M ± SD)
Between 73.54 1 73.54
3.79
Within 53.28 28 19.40
Post (M ± SD)
Between 72.27 1 72.27
20.13*
Within 100.7 28 3.59
Adjusted (M)
Between 22.04 1 22.04
10.68*
Within 55.72 27 2.063
*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence
Figure 2
Graphical representation of the data on aerobic capacity
Discussion
In the present study handball specific repeated sprint training protocols elicited improvements in aerobic capacity. In this regard, recent studies using sprint training have reported significant increases in both anaerobic and aerobic power (Ferrauti, Kinner & Fernandez-Fernandez 2011), which can be related to increases in glycolytic (Linossier et al. 1997) and oxidative enzyme activities (Burgomaster, Heigenhauser & Gibala 2006; Burgomaster et al. 2008; Burgomaster et al. 2005), muscle buffering capacity (Bishop et al. 2009; Dawson et al. 1998; Edge et al. 2006), and/or ionic regulation (Burgomaster et al. 2008; Rodas et al. 2000). The improvement in aerobic fitness after the handball specific repeated sprint training protocol is consistent with the findings of previous studies using sprint-based training protocols (Dawson et al. 1998; Ferrari-Bravo et al. 2007; Hazzell et al. 2010; MacDougall et al. 1998; Rodas et al. 2000). The present results support the conclusions of Gibala et al. (2004) that handball specific repeated sprint training might be a time-efficient training strategy in enhancing aerobic adaptations and maintenance of skill ability in handball players.
Conclusion
It is concluded that handball specific repeated sprint training programs might be appropriate to optimize the development of cardiorespiratory fitness in handball players. In terms of practicability, it seems that handball specific repeated sprint training might be a time efficient training strategy in enhancing aerobic adaptations, given the better adaptations (i.e., handball specific endurance and skill).
References
[1] Bishop, D., Edge, J., Mendez-Villanueva, A., Thomas, C., and Schneiker, K. (2009). High-intensity exercise decreases muscle buffer capacity via a decrease in protein buffering in human skeletal muscle. Pflugers Arch, 458: 929–936. [2] Bobbert, M.F. and Van Ingen Schenau, G.J. (1988). Coordination in vertical jumping. J Biomech, 21:249-62.
[3] Burgomaster, K.A., Heigenhauser, G.J., and Gibala, M.J. (2006). Effect of short term sprint interval training on human skeletal muscle carbohydrate metabolism during exercise and time-trial performance. J Appl Physiol, 100: 2041–2047. [4] Burgomaster, K.A., Howarth, K.R., Phillips, S.M., Rakobowchuk, M., MacDonald, M.J., McGee, S.L., and Gibala,
M.J. (2008). Similar metabolic adaptations during exercise after low volume sprint interval and traditional endurance training in humans. J Physiol, 586: 151–160.
[5] Burgomaster, K.A., Hughes, S.C., Heigenhauser, G.J., Bradwell, S.N., and Gibala, M.J. (2005). Six sessions of sprint interval training increases muscle oxidative potential and cycle endurance capacity in humans. J Appl Physiol, 98: 1985–1199.
[6] Dawson, B., Fitzsimons, M., Green, S., Goodman, C., Carey, M., and Cole, K. (1998). Changes in performance, muscle metabolites, enzymes and fibre types after short sprint training. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 78: 163–169. [7] Edge, J., Bishop, D., Hill-Haas, S., Dawson, B., and Goodman, C. (2006). Comparison of muscle buffer capacity and
repeated-sprint ability of untrained, endurance-trained and team-sport athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol, 96: 225–234. 47
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
Pre Post
m
l/
kg/m
in
[8] Fernandez-Fernandez, J., Zimek, R., Wiewelhove, T., and Ferrauti, A. (2012). High-intensity interval training vs. repeated-sprint training in tennis. J Strength Cond Res, 26(1): 53–62.
[9] Ferrari-Bravo, D., Impellizzeri, F.M., Rampinini, E., Castagna, C., Bishop, D., and Wisloff, U. (2007). Sprint vs. interval training in football. Int J Sports Med, 29: 668–674.
[10]Ferrauti, A., Kinner, V., and Fernandez-Fernandez, J. (2011). The hit and turn tennis test: An acoustically controlled endurance test for tennis players. J Sports Sci, 29: 485–494.
[11]Gibala, M.J. and McGee, S.L. (2008). Metabolic adaptations to short-term high-intensity interval training: A little pain for a lot of gain?. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 36: 58–63.
[12]Hazzell, T.J., MacPherson, R.E., Gravelle, B.M., and Lemon, P.W. (2010). 10 or 30-s sprint interval training bouts enhance both aerobic and anaerobic performance. Eur J Appl Physiol, 110: 153–160.
[13]Linossier, M.T., Dormios, D., Geyssant, A., and Denis, C. (1997). Performance and fibre characteristics of human skeletal muscle during short sprint training and detraining on a cycle ergometer. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 75: 491–498.
[14]MacDougall, J.D., Hicks, A.L., MacDonald, J.R., McKelvie, R.S., Green, H.J., and Smith, K.M. (1998). Muscle performance and enzymatic adaptations to sprint interval training. J Appl Physiol, 84: 2138–2142.
[15]Rodas, G., Ventura, J.L., Cadefau, J.A., Cusso`, R., and Parra, J. (2000). A short training programme for the rapid improvement of both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. Eur J Appl Physiol, 82: 480–486.
A Comparative Study on selected psychomotor abilities
between male baseball pitcher and cricket fast bowler
Baljinder Singh Bal
1,Ranjeet Singh Sandhu
21
Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Guru Nanak Dev University,
Amritsar,143005 India
2
Research
Scholar, Department of Physical Education, Guru Nanak Dev University,
Amritsar,143005, India
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to find out the significant differences of selected Psychomotor Abilities between male Baseball pitcher and cricket fast bowler .A group of thirty (N=30) male subjects aged between 18-28 years, who participated in intercollege competitions organized by the Department of Sports, Guru Nanak Dev University, volunteered to participate in this study were selected for this study. The purposive sampling technique was used to attain the objectives of the study. All the subjects, after having been informed about the objective and protocol of the study, gave their consent and volunteered to participate in this study. They were further divided into two groups of 15each (i.e., N1=15; pitcher and N2=15; fast bowler). The„t‟ test was applied to find out the significant differences between male Baseball pitcher and cricket fast bowler. To test the hypotheses, the level of significance was set at 0.05. The results revealed significant differences between Baseball pitcher and cricket fast bowler on the sub-variables i.e. speed, agility and Cardiovascular Endurance. However, no significant differences were noticed with regard to the sub-variables i.e. strength and static balance.
KEY WORDS: Pitcher, Fast bowler, Speed, Strength, Agility, endurance and static balance.
INTRODUCTION
Cricket and baseball are the best-known members of a family of related bat-and-ball games. Despite their similarities, the two sports also have many differences in play and in strategy. Even though cricket is one of the oldest organized sports, there are very few studies on the physical demands of the game (Woolmer & Noakes, 2008; Christie & King, 2008; Christie et al., 2008). Batting and bowling are intermittent in nature with the demands placed on the players being dictated by the type of match being played. Due to this stop-start nature of cricket and baseball, accurate assessments are often difficult and as such, research is sparse (Bartlett, 2003) and as a consequence, there are few scientifically sound training programmes for cricketers. In fact, the idea that cricketers need to be well trained is a relatively new one (Woolmer & Noakes, 2008). One of the first studies which attempted to assess the energy cost of cricket calculated that the mean energy expenditure of cricketers, during a five-match test series, was 86.4 kcal.m2.h-1 (Fletcher, 1955). Fletcher‟s data suggested that the energy demands of cricket are only slightly more than that required to stand (Christie et al., 2008) which led to the understanding that cricket was physically undemanding requiring more skill than “fitness” (Noakes & Durandt, 2000). Exercises in all forms of life change the atmosphere, attitude and bring the performances into excellent rhythm to enhance of better performances on and off the field. No doubt physical fitness especially aqua aerobics and aerobic dances keep the better performances on the board. Base Ball Players have to have of good strength in their arms to pitch and throwing to the bases. A Batter needs lots of strength to hits the ball to the home run. The Batter needs to connect the pitcher pitching the ball to hit a home run. Basically one needs to have good reflexes; good vision of eye builds up good flexibility and reflection. Research on the physiological demands of bowling is sparse with the only studies available being those which included some physiological measures when assessing other aspects of these games. A key element of fast bowling is ball-release speed or peak bowling speed (Vpeak). Ball-release speed in fast bowlers is influenced by various anthropometric, morphological, and kinematic factors. For example, higher ball release speeds in senior bowlers has been attributed to longer limb lengths and higher approach speeds than in junior bowlers.
MATERIAL AND METHODS Subjects:
Table: 1 Selection of variables
Variables Tests Criterion Measure
Speed 30 meter dash Recorded to the nearest 1/100th Second
Strength Push ups Total number of push-ups performed
Agility Illinois Agility Test Recorded to the nearest 1/100th Second
Cardiovascular Endurance 800 meter run Recorded to the nearest minutes /seconds Static Balance Stork Balance Stand Test Recorded to the nearest 1/100th Second
METHODOLOGY
50 Meter Dash was administered to determine acceleration and speed. The score is the t i m e recorded to the nearest 1/100th of a second. Push ups test was administered to determine strength. The score is the Total number of push-ups performed by the subjects. Illinois agility test was administered to test the running agility. The score is recorded to the nearest 1/10th of a second. Stork balance stand test was administered to assess the ability to balance on the ball of the foot. The score is the total time recorded in seconds. 800 meter run test was too administered to determine cardiovascular endurance. The score is the t i m e recorded to the nearest 1/100th of a second.
DATA ANALYSIS
Student‟s t-test for independent data was used to assess the between-group differences. The level of p≤0.05 was considered significant.
RESULTS
The results pertaining to significant difference, if any, between baseball pitcher and cricket fast bowler were assessed using the Student‟s t test and the results are presented in tables-2:
Table: 2 Mean Standard Deviation, Standard Error of the Mean, t-value and p-value of baseball pitcher and cricket fast bowler.
Variables Mean SD SEM
t-value
p-value Fast
Bowler
Pitcher Fast Bowler
Pitcher Fast Bowler
Pitcher
Speed 4.23 4.49 0.18 0.22 0.05 0.06 3.42 0.0019
Strength 24.9 25.67 3.26 2.66 0.84 0.69 0.674 0.5055
Agility 15.4 15.81 0.36 0.31 0.09 0.08 3.65 0.00107
Cardiovascular Endurance
3.11 3.25 0.17 0.11 0.04 0.03 2.59 0.0152
Static Balance 25.07 25.93 1.98 2.43 0.51 0.63 1.07 0.2939
*Significant at 0.05 level Degree of freedom=28 Speed
Table-2 presents the results of Baseball pitcher and cricket fast bowler with regard to the variable selected Psychomotor Abilities. The descriptive statistics shows the Mean and SD values of cricket fast bowler on the sub-variable Speed as 4.23 and 0.18 respectively. However, Baseball pitcher had Mean and SD values as 4.49 and 0.22 respectively. The Mean Difference and Standard Error Difference of Mean were 0.05 and 0.06 respectively. The„t‟-value 3.42 as shown in the table above was found statistically significant (P<.05). It has been observed that cricket fast bowler have demonstrated significantly better on speed than the Baseball pitcher. The comparison of mean scores of both the groups has been presented graphically in figure-3.
Strength
Agility
The descriptive statistics shows the Mean and SD values of cricket fast bowler on the sub-variable Agility as 15.4 and 0.36 respectively. However, Baseball pitcher had Mean and SD values as 15.81 and 0.31 respectively. The Mean Difference and Standard Error Difference of Mean were 0.09 and 0.08 respectively. The„t‟-value 3.65 as shown in the table above was found statistically significant (P<.05). It has been observed that cricket fast bowler have demonstrated significantly better on Agility than the Baseball pitcher. The comparison of mean scores of both the groups has been presented graphically in figure-3.
Cardiovascular Endurance
The descriptive statistics shows the Mean and SD values of cricket fast bowler on the sub-variable Cardiovascular Endurance as 3.11 and 0.17 respectively. However, Baseball pitcher had Mean and SD values as 3.25 and 0.11 respectively. The Mean Difference and Standard Error Difference of Mean were 0.04 and 0.03 respectively. The„t‟-value 2.59 as shown in the table above was found statistically significant (P<.05). It has been observed that cricket fast bowler have demonstrated significantly better on Cardiovascular Endurance than the Baseball pitcher. The comparison of mean scores of both the groups has been presented graphically in figure-3.
Static Balance
The descriptive statistics shows the Mean and SD values of cricket fast bowler on the sub-variable Static Balance as 25.07 and 1.98 respectively. However, Baseball pitcher had Mean and SD values as 25.93 and 2.43 respectively. The Mean Difference and Standard Error Difference of Mean were 0.51 and 0.63 respectively. The„t‟-value 1.07 as shown in the table above was found statistically insignificant (P>.05). It has been observed that Baseball pitcher have shown better Static Balance than the cricket fast bowler. The comparison of mean scores of both the groups has been presented graphically in figure-3.
Figure-3 Graphical representation of mean scores of baseball pitcher and cricket fast bowler on the variables i.e. Speed, strength, agility, cardiovascular endurance and static balance.
DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION
It is concluded from the above findings that The significant difference was found in the speed ability- 30m sprint test, the cricket fast bowler group had better speed in comparison to the Baseball pitcher group .Because fast bowler don't have the luxury of standing in one spot to deliver the ball. Fast bowlers run in, on average, 25 yards (22m) every delivery. The insignificant difference was found in the strength ability- push up test, the baseball Pitcher had better shoulder strength in comparison to the cricket fast bowler. While comparing the mean value of strength, it was found that pitcher have better shoulder strength as compared to fast bowler. The outcome of results might be due to the pitcher makes every pitch until a point where the coach replaces the tiring pitcher with a relief pitcher and a succession of pitchers may come into the game in sequence until it ends. Pitcher use their full arm strength in the practice and competition while pitching resulting which pitcher had perform better on
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Fast Bowler Pitcher
4.23 4.49
24.9 25.67
15.4 15.81
3.11 3.25
25.07 25.93
the push ups, while comparing the mean of fast bowler. In cricket, multiple bowlers begin the game, with those not actively bowling spending time as fielders. Bowlers alternate bowling over‟s of six balls each, moving to fielding positions to rest before returning to bowl again later in the game. The significant difference was found in the agility- Illinois Agility Test the cricket fast bowler group had better agility in comparison to the Baseball pitcher group. The significant difference was found in the Cardiovascular Endurance - 800 meter run Test the cricket fast bowler group had better Cardiovascular Endurance in comparison to the Baseball pitcher group. Fast bowlers run in, on average, 25 yards (22m) every delivery. In a day where a bowler sends down 15 over‟s (with 6 balls in each over), they've run 2250 yards (1980m). And it's not just a jog; either-every ounce of energy the bowler has goes into each delivery. The insignificant difference was found in the Static Balance - Stork Balance Stand Test the baseball Pitcher had better body Balance in comparison to the cricket fast bowler.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors would like to sincere thank to the subjects, coaches and physical education teachers who cooperated and whole hearted support in the completion of study.
References:
[1] Woolmer, B. & Noakes, TD. (2008). Art and Science of Cricket, Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa.
[2] Christie, CJ. & King, GA. (2008). Heart rate and perceived strain during batting in a warm and cool environment. International Journal of Fitness, Vol.4, No., pp 33- 38.
[3] Christie, CJ.; Todd, AI. & King, GA. (2008). The energy cost of batting during a simulated batting work bout. Science and Medicine in Sports and Exercise, Vol.11, pp 581-584.
[4] Fletcher (1955). Calories and cricket. Lancet Vol.1, pp 1165-1166.
[5] Noakes, TD. & Durandt, JJ. (2000). Physiological requirements of cricket. Journal of Sports Sciences, Vol.18, pp 919-929.
ANALYSIS OF SELECTED HAND ANTHROPOMETRIC
MEASUREMENTS AMONG SOUTH WEST ZONE
INTER UNIVERSITY MALE HANDBALL PLAYERS
C. Jayakumar, S. Rameshkanan and B. Chittibabu
Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai
University, Annamalainagar
–
608 002.
Assistant Professor Department Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai University
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to analyse the selected hand anthropometric measurements among south zone inter university male handball players. The selected players right and left hand length and width were measured on 144 male handball players who had right hand as dominant hand. These players took part in south west zone inter university handball tournament for the year 2010-2011 organized by S.R.T.M University, Nanded, Maharashtra. In this study date was collected from teams who reached quarter finals and Annamalai University team. The hand length and width was selected as criterion variable and measured by vernier caliper, gulick tape and measuring scale. The collected data was analysed using ANOVA, when F is found to be significant Tukey HSD post hoc test was applied. The result of the study showed that right hand length (F = 1.61, p = 0.126) and left hand length (F = 1.19, p = 0.308) show no significant difference between the groups. However, right hand width (F = 5.450, p = 0.000) and left hand width (F = 6.302, p = 0.000). It shows that Rajasthan university handball players showed greater hand width on both hands than other team players. It can be concluded that hand width shows significant variations among the south west zone inter university handball tournament. The criterion variables which are selected in the present study show significant impact on griping the ball.
Keywords: Grip strength, hand length, hand width, handball, players
Introduction
Handball is a fast body contact team game. Handball players require greater grip strength to hold the ball which prevents fumble and fall. In order avoid fumble and fall they require better hand anthropometric measurements. Human beings possess different hand anthropometric dimensions either narrow or broad which are distributed in the normal population, with slight male/female differences in the median and range values. One such dimension with these gender differences is hand shape. Hand shape has been defined in various ways, but often as simply the hand width/hand length ratio (W/L ratio). Thus hands with varying W/L ratios can be described as „long and narrow‟, „average looking‟, or „relatively square‟ by how long the hand is in relation to the width of the palm (Clerke, Clerke & Adams, 2005).
Numerous hand-grip strength studies with healthy adults have shown that anthropometric variables, such as height, weight, hand length, and hand width, are positively associated with grip strength, as are other anatomical variations, such as the presence of a flexor digitorum superficialis tendon in the little finger. Paediatric studies have shown that the anthropometric variables of body mass index, height, weight, hand length, palm length and palm width are highly correlated with grip strength in children (Clerke, Clerke & Adams, 2005). Though literature related to anthropometric characteristics of handball players are available, information in India context is scanty in this regard. To fulfill the lacunae of literature, the present study was planned. The purpose of this study was to analyse the selected hand anthropometric measurements among south zone inter university male handball players.
METHODS
Subjects and Variable
In this study the selected one hundred and forty four (144) male handball players, selected from south west inter university, handball tournament for the year 2010-2011, organized by S.R.T.M. University, Nanded, Maharashtra. In this study data was collected from teams who reached quarter finals and Annamalai University team. These selected subjects, who practice handball regularly and take part in competition. The mean SD of age, height, weight and BMI were 21.42 1.82 year, 1.76 0.074 m, 66.0 9.26 kg and 21.58 2.27 respectively on average, the players had 5.9 2.1 year of playing experience and represented various format of competition. The variable selected in this study was right and left hand length and width which were measured by vernier caliper, gulick tape and measuring scale. Statistical techniques
Result
The mean value and standard deviation on right and left hand length of various handball teams who reached quarter final in south west zone inter university handball tournament for the year 2010-2011 are presented in figure 1.
Figure 1
Graph shows hand length of various handball teams
It is clear from Table 1 that the obtained F ratio 1.614 and 1.192 (p > .126 and .308) respectively is less than the table value of 2.51 required at 8 and 144 degree of freedom for 0.05 level of confidence. It denotes that hand length of handball players remains same among the groups. Since F is not significant Tukey HSD post hoc test was not applied.
Table 1
ANOVA estimate for handball players on hand width
Variable SOV Sum of
*significant at 0.05 level of confidence
Table 2
ANOVA estimate for handball players on hand width
Variable SOV Sum of
*significant at 0.05 level of confidence
Since F is significant Tukey HSD post hoc test was applied and presented in Table 3. Tukey HSD post hoc test revealed significant differences on right hand width between MU and RU (p < .013), KU and OU (p < .026), RU and ANU (p < .003), RU and OU (p < .000), LNUPE and ANU (p < .020), LNUPE and OU (p < .000), OU and RDVU (p < .030). Remaining comparisons showed no significant difference on right hand width.
Similarly on left hand width between SRTU and RU (p < .028), MU and RU (p < .047), RU and ANU (p < .000), RU and OU (p < .000), LNUPE and ANU (p < .022), LNUPE and OU (p < .000). Remaining comparisons showed no significant difference on left hand width. Graphically hand width of various handball teams is presented in Figure 2.
Figure 2
Graph shows hand width of various handball teams
Table 3
Tukey HSD post hoc test on hand width
Team Teams to be compared
Right hand Left hand
Sig.
95% Confidence
Interval Sig.
95% Confidence Interval Lower
Bound
Upper Bound
Upper Bound
Lower Bound
SRTU MU = 1.00 -.3742 .5367 = 1.00 -.4842 .4342
KU = .942 -.6367 .2742 = 1.00 -.5154 .4029
RU = .070 -.8930 .0180 < .028 -.9467 -.0283
LNUPE = .280 -.8055 .1055 = .476 -.7654 .1529
ANU = .981 -.3055 .6055 = .920 -.2654 .6529
OU = .464 -.1492 .7617 = .189 -.0779 .8404
RDVU = .953 -.6305 .2805 = .832 -.6842 .2342
AU = 1.00 -.5055 .4055 = 1.00 -.5029 .4154
MU KU = .671 -.7180 .1930 = 1.00 -.4904 .4279
RU < .013 -.9742 -.0633 < .047 -.9217 -.0033
LNUPE = .079 -.8867 .0242 = .594 -.7404 .1779
ANU = 1.00 -.3867 .5242 = .853 -.2404 .6779
OU = .826 -.2305 .6805 = .128 -.0529 .8654
RDVU = .699 -.7117 .1992 = .906 -.6592 .2592
AU = .992 -.5867 .3242 = 1.00 -.4779 .4404
KU RU = .699 -.7117 .1992 = .084 -.8904 .0279
LNUPE = .962 -.6242 .2867 = .735 -.7092 .2092
ANU = .354 -.1242 .7867 = .735 -.2092 .7092
OU < .026 .0320 .9430 = .075 -.0217 .8967
RDVU = 1.00 -.4492 .4617 = .964 -.6279 .2904
AU = .992 -.3242 .5867 = 1.00 -.4467 .4717
RU LNUPE = 1.00 -.3680 .5430 = .945 -.2779 .6404
ANU < .003 .1320 1.0430 < .000 .2221 1.1404
OU < .000 .2883 1.1992 < .000 .4096 1.3279
RDVU = .671 -.1930 .7180 = .681 -.1967 .7217
AU = .164 -.0680 .8430 = .067 -.0154 .9029
LNUPE ANU < .020 .0445 .9555 < .022 .0408 .9592
OU < .000 .2008 1.1117 < .000 .2283 1.1467
RDVU = .953 -.2805 .6305 = 1.00 -.3779 .5404
AU = .494 -.1555 .7555 = .681 -.1967 .7217
ANU OU = .976 -.2992 .6117 = .933 -.2717 .6467
RDVU = .380 -.7805 .1305 = .104 -.8779 .0404
AU = .902 -.6555 .2555 = .786 -.6967 .2217
OU RDVU < .030 -.9367 -.0258 = .002 -1.0654 -.1471
AU = .258 -.8117 .0992 = .094 -.8842 .0342
RDVU AU = .994 -.3305 .5805 = .945 -.2779 .6404
Discussion
In our study it was reported that among nine teams they differ significantly in hand width. Earlier studies reported that body height, body mass, palm span and palm length were important for the performance enhancement of athletes and were considered as basic criterion for their selection in various playing positions (Srhoj 2002; Taborsky 2007). Skoufas (2003) reported that wider palm span and longer palm length influenced specific motor abilities such as dribble, passing, catching and ball throwing and contributed to maximizing throwing velocity.
The present study was conducted to compare hand length and width among inter university handball players. The major conclusion drawn from this study was that hand width showed significant difference between various handball team. Hand dimensions may influence handgrip strength and the athletes have biomechanical advantages (Visnapuu and Jürimäe, 2007). Hager-ross and Schieber (2000), investigating children at different ages, confirmed that hand length (the distance from wrist joint to the tip of middle finger) is an important variable for handgrip strength. Visnapuu and Jürimäe (2007) indicated that hand perimeters are the most important hand anthropometric variables in relation to handgrip strength. The present study showed that difference in hand width among handball players.
Conclusions
There was no difference in hand length among the selected handball team. On the other hand, Rajasthan University players dominated in right and left hand width. They possess biomechanical advantages than other teams and which influences the grip strength.
References
[1] Clerke, A.M., Clerke, J.P., Adams, R.D. (2005). Effects of hand shape on maximal isometric grip strength and its reliability in teenagers. Journal of Hand Therapy, 18(1): 19-29.
[2] Hager-Ross, Schieber, M.H. (2000). Quantifying the independence of human finger movements: Comparisons of digits, hands and movement frequencies. Journal of Neuroscience, 20(22): 8542-8550.
[3] Skoufas, D., Kotzamanidis, C., Hatzikotoylas, K., Bebetsos, G., Patikas, D. (2003). The relationship between the anthropometric variables and throwing performance in handball. J Hum Mov Sci, 45: 469-484.
[4] Srhoj, V., Marinovic, M., Rogulj, N. (2002). Position specific morphological characteristics of top-level male handball players. Coll Anthropol, 1: 219-227.
[5] Taborsky, F. (2007). The body height and top team handball players. EHF web Periodical. Available on http://activities.eurohandball.com.
[6] Visnapuu, M., Jürimäe, T. (2007). Handgrip strength and hand dimensions in young handball and basketball players. J Strength Cond Res, 21(3): 923-9.
Comparative Study on Leg length and Leg Explosive
Strength of 12-16 Years Boys
Pradip Kumar Paul
Assistant Teacher, Naihati Narendra Vidyaniketan, 24 Pgs (N), WB, India
Abstract: In this study an attempt has been made to find out the comparative changes on leg length and leg explosive strength of 12 to 16 years boys. The subjects of the present study were selected randomly from the school of Naihati Narendra Vidyaniketan,
24 Pgs (N), WB. Thirty students of each age group’s i.e.; 150 boy’s students were randomly selected for this purpose. The criteria measured in this article were leg length and leg explosive strength. The data on the leg length and leg explosive strength were analyzed by applying ANOVA to find out significant differences if any among the five age groups. Significant results were found in leg length and leg explosive strength.
KEYWORDS- leg length and leg explosive strength, Height & weight, 12- 16 years boys.
Introduction
Morphological characteristics have an important role to play in the performance of various physical activities. Research findings shows that performance is significantly related to body weight, height, arm length, thigh and calf circumference and other parameters. Sexual maturation should be used to assess the extent of biological growth and development and the individual nutritional needs of adolescents in place of chronological age. Children grow at different rates at different ages, and different children also develop at different rates, so there will be early and late developers. Not only are the rates of growth different, but also the changes in the body proportions can vary, and this will directly affect the ability to perform. A sound knowledge of processors of growth and development will enable coaches and physical education teaches who are working with children, to organize the training programs that will be more beneficial to the children from a physical and psychological perspective. The Purpose of the study
1) To observe the leg length status of 12 - 16 years boys. 2) To observe the jumping ability status of the said group of boys.
3) To analysis and compare the age wise differences, if any, the leg length and leg explosive strength among the 12 - 16 years boys.
4) To study the relationship between leg length and leg explosive strength of the said age group boys. Methodology
Subjects
The subjects of the present study were selected randomly from the school Naihati Narendra Vidyaniketan, 24 Pgs (N), WB. Thirty students of each age group‟s i.e. total 150 male students were selected for this purpose. According to facilities available and on the basis of contact with the school authorities the subjects were selected randomly.
Criterion Measured
Parameters Measured by
1) Height (cm) Stadiometer
2) Weight (kg) Weighing machine (Portable) 3) Leg length (cm) Standard measurement technique 4) Leg explosive strength Standing Broad Jump
Statistical Procedure
The data on the height, weight, leg length and leg explosive strength were analyzed by applying ANOVA to find out significant differences if any among the age groups.
Results & Discussion
Height
Table-1: Mean and SD of height (cm.) among the five groups (12, 13, 14, 15 & 16 year‟s boys).
Age of subjects Mean SD
12 years 145.23 6.45
13 years 150.91 12.93
14 years 151.03 5.95
15 years 155.94 5.60
16 years 160.10 4.35
Table-2: Analysis of variance among the five age groups for height (cm.)
Source of variance SS df MS F
Between Groups 3582.66 4 895.67
14.93**
Within Groups 8461.27 141 60.01
Total 12043.93 145
* Sig. at 0.05 levels
** Sig. at 0.01 levels, NS –Not significant. F0.05 (4,141) = 2.44, F0.01 (4,141) = 3.96
Higher the age higher was the height. Teeple and Massey (1976) had shown that the average height of 10, 11 and 12 years old boys were 143.6, 147.6 and 152.4 cm respectively.
Grassi et al. (2006) studied the relations between aerobic fitness and somatic growth of Italian adolescents and found that standing height was significantly increased with age. Comparing the observation of other leading researchers with the findings of the present study it may be concluded that 12 years boys were relatively smaller in height than other four groups.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
12 Yrs. 13 Yrs. 14 Yrs. 15 Yrs. 16 Yrs.
Cm.
Age (yrs.)
Fig-2 : Mean & SD of of height (cm.) for 12,13,14,15 & 16 years boys
Weight
Table-3: Mean and SD of weight (Kg.) among the five groups (12, 13, 14, 15 & 16 year‟s boys).
Age of subjects Mean SD
12 years 35.83 7.43
13 years 42.57 10.39
14 years 38.02 6.41
15 years 40.17 4.23
16 years 49.06 4.96
Table-4: Analysis of variance among the five age groups for weight (Kg.)
Source of variance SS df MS F
Between Groups 2850.87 4 712.72
14.24**
Within Groups 7058.42 141 50.06
Total 9909.29 145
Barabas and Eiben (1993) observed that 10, 11, 12 years old Hungarian boys carried the weight of 36.16, 35.39 and 39.49 Kg. Teeple and Massey (1976) found that the mean weight of 10, 11 and 12 years old boys were as 36.3, 39.5 and 44.3 Kg. respectively. Shephard (1982) had shown that the average body mass of 10, 11 and 12 years boys as 32.6, 35.2 and 38.3 Kg. Higher the age, higher was the body weight. So except 13 years boys, the present study was in close proximity to other researchers. It may further be inferred that body weight was related to the age of the subjects. Analyzing all the relevant data and statistical treatment it appeared that 13 years boys had significantly higher body weight than other three groups except 16 years boys.
Leg Length
Table-1: Mean and SD of leg length (cm.) among the five groups (12, 13, 14, 15 & 16 year‟s boys).
Age of subjects Mean SD
12 years 75.87 4.17
13 years 78.65 4.37
14 years 78.23 4.11
15 years 80.03 3.43
16 years 82.23 2.54
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
12 Yrs. 13 Yrs. 14 Yrs. 15 Yrs. 16 Yrs.
L
o
w
e
r
li
m
b
(C
m
.)
Age (yrs.)
Fig-4 : Mean & SD of Lower Limb (cm.) for 12,13,14,15 & 16 years boys
Table-2: Analysis of variance among the five age groups for Leg length (cm.)
From table-1 it was observed that the mean of height of the lower limb of 16 years boys was relatively higher than 12, 13, 14 and 15 years boys. Higher the age higher was the lower limb length. But the lower limb of the 13 years and 14 years boys group more or less same because in weight 13 years groups had better score than 14 years boys group. From table-6 it was observed that the mean of height of the lower limb of 16 years boys was relatively higher than 12, 13, 14 and 15 years boys. Higher the age higher was the lower limb length. But the lower limb of the 13 years and 14 years boys group more or less same because in weight 13 years groups had better score than 14 years boys group. After statistical analysis it was observed from table-2 that F value 10.64 was significant at both levels. Higher the age higher was the lower limb length. Sixteen years boys were relatively be higher than other groups.
Standing Broad Jump
Table-3: Mean and SD of SBJ (cm.) among the five groups (12, 13, 14, 15 & 16 year‟s boys).
Age of subjects Mean SD
Table-4: Analysis of variance among the five age groups for weight (Kg.)
Source of variance SS df MS F
Between Groups 50887.69 4 12721.92
62.03 **
Within Groups 28919.68 141 205.10
Total 79807.38 145
Higher the age higher was the leg explosive strength, except 14 years boys group. Ellis et al. (1975), Kansal (1982), Halder et al. (1987) found a significant increase on performance for all physical performance tests from 10 through 16 years of age. The largest percentage increase occurred between 14 and 15 years for Standing Broad Jump. Chauhan et al. (1987) studied to determine the role of anthropometric variables on performance in standing broad jump of 42 college women, aged 18 to 23 years. Age had been found to be positive and significant relationship with performance of standing broad jump. The mean scores among the five groups were not equal. ANOVA was calculated in Table-9(A) and „F‟ value was 62.03 which were found statistically significant. Therefore, from the mean difference it can conclude that in Standing Broad Jump for leg explosive strength performance 16 years boys were better than other four groups. It may not be out of place to mention that the mean height, weight and lower limb length of 16 years group were significantly higher than that of 12, 13, 14 and 15 years respectively. This morphological status had played significant role in motor performance of the higher age groups. Slaughter et al. (1982) observed that the average broad jump performance of 11.0-11.9 years old American boys were 60 inches (152.4 cm.).
0
Fig- 12 :Mean and S.D. of Standing Broad Jump for 12,13,14,15 & 16 years boys
So, from the findings of the present study it may be concluded that leg explosive Strength of boys increases with the increase in age except 14 years which corroborates with the findings of Chatterjee et al. (1992). Malina and Bouchard (1985) had also reported that shorter stature had a negative influence of jumping ability. Millicer (1964) and Winter (1976) has specifically mentioned that rapid increase in strength is largely limited to maximum strength and explosive strength. Some other factors like social and economic factors (Synder, 1970); intensity of habitual physical activity, participation in extramural and physical education program etc. might be the underlying reason which affected strength performances of lower extremities.
In modern sports, the anthropometric measurement and their relationship with various motor abilities are an important guide for coaches for classification and selection of sportsperson according to their age, ability etc. From this it may be concluded that morphological characteristics have an important role to play in the performance of various physical activities. Extensive studies available around the periphery were also insufficient to bridge the gap in the knowledge of the influence of multifarious factors on physical and motor performance development of the adolescent boys between 12-16 years of age. Furthermore, due to lack of tests as well as norms based on State variation were not readily available in India, which was a matter of great concern, while dealing with the developing the evaluation process of the secondary examination, the development of Physical Education extension program and also the selection of the talented boys for sports.
Conclusions Height-
Significant difference existed in height among the five groups and higher the age group, higher was the height. Height was related to the age of the subjects. 16 years boys were relatively higher than other four groups. Height
of the groups may be arranged as 16>15>14>13>12. Weight-
Significant difference existed in body weight among the five groups and higher the age, higher was the body weight.
13 years boys had significantly higher body weight than 12, 14, 15 years boys group except 16 years boys group. Leg Length-
Height of the lower limb increased in proportion with the age of the subjects.
13 years boys had significantly higher height of the lower limb than other two groups except 15 and 16 years boys and the pattern was similar to the sitting height.
Leg Explosive Strength
Higher the age, higher was the leg explosive strength except 14 years boys group. Maximum spurt were observed in 13 years group.
Mean difference between the groups in respect of standing broad jump was highly significant. Jumping ability of the groups may be arranged as 16>15>13>14>12.
Recommendations
1. The present study was delimited only to male students; the same type of study may be made with female students. 2. Similar investigation may be done using different growth and motor performance parameters other than those used in
the study. Psychological and Physiological parameters which were not considered in the present study. 3. Similar study may be conducted on large samples and age groups other than those used in the study. 4. A comparative study can be undertaken using the same parameters of Indian and foreign subjects. 5. Similar study may be done using tribal and non tribal boys and girls.
6. An interested researcher may prepare norms on height and weight for various age group boys on the basis of valid tests, on boys and girls of each district of West Bengal for proper evaluation.
Bibliography
[1] Barrow, Harold M. and McGee, Rosemary.(1979). A practical approach to measurement in physical education. Lea & Febiger (Philadelphia), 3rd edition.
[2] Brooks, F.D. and Shaffer, L.F. (1939) Child Psychology, London: Methuen and Co. Ltd.
[3] Clarke, H.H., (1971). Physical and Motor Tests in the Medford Boy‟s Growth Study. Eaglewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, Inc.
[4] Malina, R.M. (1974).Adolescent changes in Sex, build, composition and performance. Human Biology; 46 (1),pp.117-131. [5] Slaughter, M.H., Lohman, T.G., and Boileau R.A. (1978). Relationship of anthropometric dimensions of lean body mass in
children. Human Biology 5,pp. 469-482.
[6] Sodhi, H.S.(1991). Sports anthropometry (A Kinanthropometric approach) Anova publication, Mohali. [7] Verducci F.M. (1980). Measurement concepts of physical education. C.V. Mosby and Co., London, p. 215.
Effect of basketball specific endurance circuit training on
aerobic capacity and heart rate of high school male
basketball players
B. Chittibabu and N. Akilan
Assistant professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai
University, Chidambaram.
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a basketball specific endurance circuit training on aerobic capacity and heart rate of high school male basketball players. To achieve the purpose of the study twenty four (24) male high school basketball players were selected from Neyveli Lignite Corporation Sports School, Neyveli and St. Joseph Higher Secondary School, Manjakuppam, Cuddalore. These subjects were randomly distributed into two groups namely basketball specific endurance circuit training group (N=12) and control group (N=12). The mean age of the selected players was 16.85 ± 0.67. Aerobic capacity, resting heart rate and peak heart rate were selected as criterion variables. Aerobic capacity was measured by multistage fitness test and resting and peak heart rate was measured using polar heart rate monitor. The basketball specific endurance circuit training was administered 3 days per week for six week. They performed 2 minutes of work at 90 to 95% of targeted heart rate using Karvonen method. They performed 8 repetitions during first and second week, followed by 10 repetitions during third and fourth week and 12 repetitions during fifth and sixth week of training. This was followed by 2 minutes of active resting at 60 to 70% of targeted heart rate. In this study 1:1 work rest ratio was followed. Both the groups were tested before and after training, the collected data was analysed using ANCOVA. The result of the study showed that aerobic capacity, resting heart rate and peak heart rate between the groups was significant, it indicate that after adjusting pre-test scores, there was a significant difference between the two groups on post-test scores. The findings of the study show that significant increase in aerobic capacity and decrease in resting and peak heart rate. It can be concluded that basketball specific endurance circuit training is effective in improving aerobic capacity and increases the cardiovascular fitness of male high school boys during competitive phase.
Keywords: Endurance, Circuit training, resting heart rate, peak heart rate, aerobic capacity.
Introduction
Traditionally, the coaches and trainers have planned conditioning programs for their teams by following regimens used by teams that have successful win-loss records. This type of reasoning is not sound because win-loss records alone do not scientifically validate the conditioning programs used by the successful teams. In fact, the successful team might be victorious by virtue of its superior athletes and not its outstanding conditioning program. Without question, the planning of an effective athletic conditioning program can best be achieved by the application of proven physiological training principles. Optimizing training programs for athletes is important because failure to properly condition an athletic team results in a poor performance and often defeat.
The importance of developing good conditioning programs based on the specific physiological demands of each sport is considered a key factor to success (Gillam 1985; Taylor 2003; 2004). The basketball player needs to train multiple components of fitness. Thus, the athlete will concurrently perform various modes of training (e.g., strength, anaerobic, endurance). In the present study sport specific circuit training was employed. This incorporates skills and movements specific to the sport, at intensities sufficient to promote aerobic adaptations, are being increasingly implemented in professional team sports environment (Lawson 2001). The perceived benefit of performing sports-specific exercise is that the training will transfer better into the athletes competitive environment and that the greatest training benefits occur when the training stimulus simulates the specific movement patterns and physiological demands of the sport (McArdle, Katch and Katch 1996). The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a basketball specific endurance circuit training on aerobic capacity and heart rate of high school male basketball players.
Methods Subjects
practitioner before participation in the study to ensure that there was of sufficient standard to be able to take part in fitness testing and training.
Variables and tests
Aerobic capacity, resting heart rate and peak heart rate were selected as criterion variables. Aerobic capacity was measured by multistage fitness test and resting and peak heart rate was measured using polar heart rate monitor.
Design of the study
For the present study pretest – posttest randomized group design (Thomas, Nelson & Silverman, 2005) which consists of a control group (CG) and an experimental group (TG) that was used to find out effect sports specific circuit training on the selected physiological variables. Equal numbers (twelve) of subjects were assigned randomly to all the groups. TG was exposed to training with a set of drills selected for specific purpose. The TG underwent training for a period of six weeks (42 days). The training sessions were conducted three days a week (i.e. Monday, Wednesday, and Friday). Measurement of physiological variables was taken for both the groups.
Collection of Data
All the subjects were tested on physiological variables prior to training and after six weeks of training at Neyveli and Cuddalore. The testing session consists of warm-up and test interspersed with rest. All tests were explained and demonstrated. Before testing, subjects were given practice trials to become familiar with the testing procedures. All tests were counterbalanced pre and post testing to ensure that testing effects were minimized. Subjects performed each test as per test procedure and the scores of best trials were taken for this study. In the morning of the first day of testing measurements like height, weight, body composition, resting heart rate, vertical jump and repeated sprint ability were measured, however in the evening aerobic capacity and peak heart rate were evaluated.
Sports specific circuit training
TG is supplemented with sports specific circuit training replaced the regular physical fitness activity. However, control group performed regular physical activity. The training was carried out in outdoor basketball court. This sports specific circuit training was based on a previous design (Smith, 2004) and adapted to mimic as closely as possible the movement patterns of basketball match play as reported by Mclnnes et al., (1995). The sports specific circuit training was administered 3 days per week for six week. The TG performed 2minutes of work at 90 to 95% of targeted heart rate using Karvonen method. They performed 8 repetitions during first and second week, followed by 10 repetitions during third and fourth week and 12 repetitions during fifth and sixth week of training. This was followed by 2 minutes of active resting at 70 to 80% of targeted heart rate. In this study 1:1 work rest ratio was followed. This training protocol was adapted from Helgerud et al., (2001). The average running time of one circuit was 59 s and the total distance covered during one lap was approximately 153 m, with 60.2% of the movements forward sprinting and 39.8% side shuffling. The portion of the circuit considered „offence‟ activity where a basketball was dribbled, was 55.6% while 44.4% was considered „defensive‟ activity without ball. Three layups, three rebounds, seven vertical jumps, one pivot and 20 change of direction were completed during one repeat of the circuit.
The description of the circuit:
1-2 forward sprint; 2-3 hurdle jump; 3-4 forward sprint; 4 pivot left; 4-5 shuffle left; 5-6 shuffle right; 6-7 shuffle left; 7-8 shuffle right; 8-9 shuffle left; 9-10 shuffle right; 10-11 hurdle jump; 12 vertical jump (collect ball upon landing); 13-14 Zig Zag Dribble; 14-15 speed dribble with complete layup; 15 collect the rebound; 15-16-15 speed dribble with complete layup; 15 collect the rebound; 15-17-15 speed dribble with complete layup; 15 collect the rebound; 15-18 run and place the ball in basket; 18 throw the medicine ball; 18-19-20 forward sprint.
Statistical technique
The collected data was evaluated using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The proposed hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of confidence. Beside this mean and standard deviation were also calculated. SPSS statistic software package (SPSS Company, America, version 17.0) was used. The α value of 0.05 was set for statistical significance.
Results
Table 1 clearly shows that aerobic capacity, resting heart rate and peak heart rate between the groups was significant, it indicate that after adjusting pre-test scores, there was a significant difference between the two groups on post-test scores on aerobic capacity, resting heart rate and peak heart rate. The findings of the study show that significant increase in aerobic capacity and decrease in resting and peak heart rate. The changes are presented in table 1.
Table 1
Changes in aerobic capacity and heart rate
Variables Groups Pre-test Post-test % of
In the present study, basketball specific endurance circuit training for six week has significantly improved aerobic capacity 3.29%. Similarly, in CG 1.03% of improvement is elicited in aerobic capacity. The changes observed in the present study have been reported previously in basketball (Balabinis et al. 2003) and soccer players (Helgerud et al. 2001). The changes elicited in the present study found to be lower than the 7.5 to 9% increases in VO2peak observed in soccer players following eight to ten-weeks of performing a similar sport-specific aerobic endurance training circuit compared to control group (Chamari et al. 2005; McMillan et al. 2005).
The reasons for small change obtained in aerobic capacity was firstly, differences observed could be due to the fact that the training was carried out during the competitive phase in the present study compared to the preparatory phase in other studies (Chamari et al. 2005; McMillan et al. 2005). Greater training adaptations are more likely to occur due to a potentially detrained state during preparatory phase. Secondly, the difference could also be due to the shorter duration training programme in the present study compared to others (Chamari et al. 2005). Sports specific endurance circuit training results in increase capillary and mitochondrial density, enzyme activity (creatine phosphokinase and myokinase), metabolic stores (ATP, Creatine phosphate and glycogen), connective tissue strength (ligament and tendon) (Baechle and Earle 2000; Amigo et al. 1998). These factors result in slight improvement in aerobic capacity in male high school basketball players.
