1 4 Chapter IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software

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Chapter

IT Infrastructure:

Hardware and Software IT Infrastructure:

Hardware and Software

Presented by

Dr. Yeffry Handoko Putra, S.T., M.T, CISA Magister Sistem Informasi

Universitas Komputer Indonesia

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Defining IT Infastructure

• as technology

a set of physical devices and software applications that are required to operate the entire enterprise.

• as services clusters

a set of firmwide services budgeted by management and comprising

both human and technical

capabilities (Weill et al., 2002)

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As service Platform

❖ Computing platforms used to provide computing services that connect employees customers, and suppliers into a coherent digital environment, including large mainframes, desktop and laptop computers, and personal digital assistants (PDAs) and Internet appliances

❖ Telecommunications services that provide data, voice, and video connectivity to employees, customers, and suppliers.

❖ Data management services that store and manage corporate data and provide capabilities for analyzing the data.

❖ Application software services that provide enterprise-wide capabilities such as enterprise resource planning, customer relationship management, supply chain management, and

knowledge management systems that are shared by all business units.

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As service Platform

❖ Physical facilities management services that develop and

manage the physical installations required for computing, telecommunications, and data management services.

❖ IT management services that plan and develop the

infrastructure, coordinate with the business units for IT

services, manage accounting for the IT expenditure, and provide project management services.

❖ IT standards services that provide the firm and its business

units with policies that determine which information

technology will be used, when, and how.

❖ IT education services that provide training in system use to

employees and offer managers training in how to plan for and manage IT investments.

❖ IT research and development services that provide the firm

with research on potential future IT projects and investments that could help the firm differentiate itself in the

marketplace.

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Level of IT Infrastructure

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INFRASTRUCTURE COMPONENTS

❖ Computer Hardware Platforms

❖ Operating System Platforms

❖ Enterprise Software Applications

❖ Data Management and Storage

❖ Networking/Telecommunications Platforms

❖ Internet Platforms

❖ Consulting and System Integration

Services

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The IT infrastructure ecosystem

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Infrastructure as A part of IT Portfolio

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Enterprise Portfolio Management

Mission

Vision

Strategy

Enterprise Portfolio Management

Enterprise Architecture Operational Deployment

IT Portfolio Management Investment

Management

Asset Management

Risk Management

Environ- mental Management

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Basic Portfolio Template

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Application Portfolio Example (individual case)

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Portfolio Management

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Figure 6.2 From abstract to concrete – building vs. IT.

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The connection between the firm, IT infrastructure, and

business capabilities

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Four Portfolio Categories (McFarlan)

Warren McFarlan, “IT Changes the Way You Compete,” Harvard Business Review,

May–June, 1984, pp. 98–103.

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Evolution of IT Infrastructure: 1950–2008

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Cloud Computing (off premise) to hybrid

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Cloud Computing

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Cloud Computing

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❖ ELECTRONIC ACCOUNTING MACHINE ERA: 1930–1950

❖ GENERAL-PURPOSE MAINFRAME AND MINICOMPUTER ERA: 1959 TO PRESENT

❖ PERSONAL COMPUTER ERA: (1981 TO PRESENT)

❖ CLIENT/SERVER ERA (1983 TO PRESENT)

❖ ENTERPRISE INTERNET COMPUTING ERA (1992 TO

PRESENT)

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A multitiered client/server network (N-tier)

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IT INFRASTRUCTURE

Technology Drivers of Infrastructure Evolution

Moore’s Law The law of mass

digital storage Metcalfe’s law

Declining

communications costs

and the Internet

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Infrastructure

• Currently Involved Processes

– Capacity Management – Availability Management – IT Service Continuity

Management

– Configuration Management – Incident Management

– Problem Management – Change Management – Release Management

• Benefits

– Better understanding of the big picture

– Clearer understanding of the tasks

– More efficient interfaces with other team

– Leverage best practices

to provide better services

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36 ARE THERE ANY QUESTION?

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IT Infrastructure: Computer Hardware

• IT infrastructure: Provides platform for supporting all information systems in the business

• Computer hardware

• Computer software

• Data management technology

• Organizes, manages, and processes business data concerned with inventory, customers, and vendors

• Networking and telecommunications technology

• Technology services

• E.g. consultants for systems integration with legacy systems

Infrastructure Components

Essentials of Business Information Systems

Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software

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IT Infrastructure Components

Essentials of Business Information Systems

Figure 4-1

A firm’s IT infrastructure is composed of hardware, software, data management technology, networking technology, and technology services.

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Component What Who Where

Hardware What hardware does

the organization have? Who manages it?

Who uses is?

Who owns it?

Where is it

located? Where is it used?

Software What software does

the organization have? Who manages it?

Who uses is?

Who owns it?

Where is it

located? Where is it used?

Network What networking does

the organization have? Who manages it?

Who uses is?

Who owns it?

Where is it

located? Where is it used?

Data What data does the

organization have? Who manages it?

Who uses is?

Who owns it?

Where is it

located? Where is it used?

Figure 6.6a Information systems analysis framework.

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• Computers come in different sizes with varying capabilities for processing information

• FLOPS (Floating point operations per second)

• Smartphones, handheld mobile devices

• PCs

• Workstation

• More powerful mathematical and graphics-processing capabilities than a PC

Types of Computers

Essentials of Business Information Systems

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• Servers

• Type of midrange computer

• Support computer network, sharing files and resources

• Provide hardware platform for e-commerce

• Mainframes

• Large-capacity, high-performance computer that can process large amounts of data very rapidly

• E.g. used by airlines for thousands of reservations per second

Types of Computers

Essentials of Business Information Systems

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• Supercomputer

• More sophisticated computer used for tasks requiring extremely rapid and complex calculations with thousands of variables,

millions of measurements

• Used in engineering, scientific simulations, military/weapons research, weather forecasting

• Grid computing

• Power of geographically remote computers connected into single network to act as “virtual supercomputer”

Types of Computers

Essentials of Business Information Systems

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• Client/server computing

• Form of distributed computing

• Splits processing between “clients” and “servers”

• Clients: User point of entry

• Servers: Store and process shared data and perform network management activities

Types of Computers

Essentials of Business Information Systems

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• Client/server computing (cont.)

• Two-tiered client/server architecture

• Uses two types of machines

• Multitiered client/server architecture (N-tier)

• Balances load of network over several levels of servers

• E.g. Web servers and application servers

Types of Computers

Essentials of Business Information Systems

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Client/Server Computing

Essentials of Business Information Systems

Figure 4-2

In client/server computing, computer processing is split between client machines and server machines linked by a network. Users interface with the client machines.

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A Multitiered Client/Server Network (N-Tier)

Essentials of Business Information Systems

Figure 4-3

In a multitiered client/server network, client requests for service are handled by different levels of servers.

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Storage, Input, and Output Technology

Essentials of Business Information Systems

• Primary secondary storage technologies

• Magnetic disk:

• Hard drives, USB flash drives

• RAID: Can package hundreds of drives for massage storage requirements (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)

• Optical disks

• CD-ROM, CD-RW, DVD

• Magnetic tape

• Storage networking: SANs

• Connect multiple storage devices on a separate high-speed

network dedicated to storage

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A Storage Area Network (SAN)

Essentials of Business Information Systems

Figure 4-4

A typical SAN consists of a server, storage devices, and networking devices, and is used strictly for storage. The SAN stores data on many different types of storage devices, providing data to the enterprise.

The SAN supports

communication between any server and the storage unit as well as between different storage devices in the network.

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Storage, Input, and Output Technology

Essentials of Business Information Systems

• Input devices:

• Gather data and convert them into electronic form

• Keyboard

• Computer mouse

• Touch screen

• Optical character recognition

• Magnetic ink character recognition

• Pen-based input

• Digital scanner

• Audio input

• Sensors

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Storage, Input, and Output Technology

Essentials of Business Information Systems

• Output devices:

• Display data after they have been processed

• Monitor

• Printer

• Audio output

• Information systems collect and process information in one of two ways

• Batch processing: Transactions stored for predefined amount of time, then processed as group

• Online processing: Transactions processed immediately

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Contemporary Hardware Trends

Essentials of Business Information Systems

• Integration of computing and telecommunications platforms

• Cell phones merging with handhelds

• Growth of Internet telephony

• Nanotechnology

• Creating computer chips and other devices thousands of times

smaller through manipulating individual atoms, molecules

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Examples of Nanotubes

Essentials of Business Information Systems

Figure 4-5

Nanotubes are tiny tubes about 10,000 times thinner than a human hair. They consist of rolled up sheets of carbon hexagons, have potential uses as minuscule wires or in ultrasmall electronic devices, and are very powerful

conductors of electrical current.

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Contemporary Hardware Trends

Essentials of Business Information Systems

• Edge computing

• Multitier, load-balancing scheme for Web-based applications

• Significant parts of Web site content, logic, and processing performed by smaller, less expensive servers located nearby the user

• Increases response time and resilience and lowers technology costs.

• Autonomic computing

• Development of systems that can configure themselves, heal

themselves; e.g. self-updating antivirus software

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Edge Computing Platform

IT Infrastructure: Computer Software

Essentials of Business Information Systems

Figure 4-6

Edge computing involves the use of the Internet to balance the processing load of enterprise platforms across the client and edge computing platform.

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Contemporary Hardware Trends

Essentials of Business Information Systems

• Virtualization

• Process of presenting a set of computing

resources so they can be accessed in ways that are unrestricted by physical configuration or

geographic location

• Server virtualization: Running more than one

operating system at the same time on single

machine.

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Contemporary Hardware Trends

Essentials of Business Information Systems

• Multicore processors

• Integrated circuit with two or more processors

• Enhanced performance, reduced power

consumption and more efficient simultaneous

processing of multiple tasks

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• Read the Interactive Session and then discuss the following questions:

• What business and social problems does data center power consumption cause?

• What solutions are available for these problems? Which are the most environment-friendly?

• What are the business benefits and costs of these solutions?

• Should all firms move toward green computing? Why or why not?

Interactive Session: Technology Computing Goes Green

Essentials of Business Information Systems

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• The software that manages and controls the computer’s activities

• PC operating systems and graphical user interfaces

• GUIs

• Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows Server 2003

• UNIX

• Linux

• Open-source software

Operating System Software

Essentials of Business Information Systems

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The Major Types of Software

Essentials of Business Information Systems

Figure 4-7

The relationship among the system software, application software, and users can be illustrated by a series of nested boxes. System software—

consisting of operating systems, language translators, and utility programs—controls access to the hardware. Application software, including programming languages and “fourth- generation” languages, must work through the system software to operate. The user interacts primarily with the application software.

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Application Software and Desktop Productivity Tools

• Application programming languages for business

• COBOL

• C, C++

• Visual Basic: Visual programming language

• Fourth-generation languages

• Software tools that enable end-users to develop software applications

• Tend to be nonprocedural, may use natural languages

Essentials of Business Information Systems

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Categories of Fourth-Generation Languages

Essentials of Business Information Systems

Tool Description Example

PC software tools General-purpose software packages for PCs

WordPerfect Microsoft Access Query language Languages for retrieving data stored in

databases or files

SQL

Report generator Specialized tools for creating highly

customized reports Crystal Reports

Graphics language Display data from databases in graphic

format SAS Graph

Systat Application generator Preprogrammed modules to generate

entire applications FOCUS

Microsoft FrontPage Application software

package

Software programs that eliminate need for custom, in-house software

Oracle PeopleSoft HCM mySAP ERP

Very high-level

programming language

Generate program code with fewer

instructions than conventional languages

APL Nomad2

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Application Software and Desktop Productivity Tools

• Software packages and desktop productivity tools

• Word processing software

• Spreadsheet software

• Data management software

• Presentation graphics

• Software suites

• Web browsers

Essentials of Business Information Systems

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Spreadsheet Software

Essentials of Business Information Systems

Figure 4-8

Spreadsheet software organizes data into columns and rows for analysis and manipulation.

Contemporary spreadsheet software provides graphing abilities for a clear, visual

representation of the data in the spreadsheets.

This sample break-even analysis is represented as numbers in a spreadsheet as well as a line graph for easy interpretation.

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• Java

• Operating system-independent, processor-

independent, object-oriented programming language

• AJAX

• Allows a client and server to exchange data behind the scenes to avoid reloading a Web page after each change

• Hypertext markup language (HTML)

• Page description language for specifying how

elements are placed on a Web page and for creating links to other pages and objects

Software for the Web: Java, AJAX, and HTML

Essentials of Business Information Systems

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Interactive Session: Organizations Will Google Take Over the Desktop?

Essentials of Business Information Systems

• Read the Interactive Session and then discuss the following questions:

• What are the benefits of using Google Apps? What kinds of businesses are most likely to benefit? What kinds are least likely to benefit?

• What reasons might a business have to continue using Microsoft Office for desktop productivity?

• Search the Web for an article titled Microsoft Office Live Vs.

Google Apps For Your Domain by Preston Gralla from September 2006. Do you agree with the author’s

conclusion?

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• Web services:

• Software components that exchange information with each other using universal Web

communication standards and languages

• XML (extensible markup language)

• SOAP (simple object access protocol)

• WSDL (web services description language)

• UDDI (universal description, discovery, and integration)

• Service oriented architecture (SOA) Web Services

Essentials of Business Information Systems

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How Dollar Rent-a-Car Uses Web Services

Essentials of Business Information Systems

Figure 4-9

Dollar Rent-A-Car uses Web services to provide a standard intermediate layer of software to “talk” to other companies’

information systems. Dollar Rent-A-Car can use this set of Web services to link to other companies’ information systems without having to build a separate link to each firm’s systems.

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• Open Source Software

• Ubuntu

• Cloud Computing

• Google Apps, Windows Live

• Mashups

• ChicagoCrime.org

• Widgets

• Apple Dashboard

Software Trends

Essentials of Business Information Systems

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Managing Hardware and Software Technology

Essentials of Business Information Systems

• Capacity planning

• Process of predicting when hardware system becomes saturated

• Ensuring firm has enough computing power for current and future needs

• Factors include:

• Maximum number of users

• Impact of current, future software

• Performance measures

• Scalability: Ability of system to expand to serve large

number of users without breaking down

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Essentials of Business Information Systems

• Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) model

• Used to analyze direct and indirect costs to help determine the actual cost of owning a specific technology

• Direct costs: Hardware, software purchase costs

• Indirect costs: Ongoing administration costs, upgrades, maintenance, technical support, training, utility and real estate costs

• Hidden costs: Support staff, downtime, additional network management

• TCO can be reduced through increased centralization,

standardization of hardware and software resources

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Essentials of Business Information Systems

• Using technology service providers

• Outsourcing

• Using external provider to:

• Run networks

• Host, manage Web site(s)

• Develop software (offshore software outsourcing)

• Manage IT infrastructures

• Requires Service Level Agreements (SLAs)

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Essentials of Business Information Systems

• Using technology service providers

• On-demand computing (utility computing)

• Firms off-loading peak demand for computing power to remote, large-scale data processing centers

• Software as a Service (SaaS)

• Firms rent software functions from Web-based services, with users paying either on a subscription or per-

transaction basis

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