Islamic Calendar: Prototype of Hijri Calendar Application using Rapid Application Development
Method
1st Husnul Qodim, 2nd Busro, 3rd Robbi Rahim
1, 2 Faculty of Ushuluddin UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
3School of Computer and Communication Engineering Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Perlis, Malaysia
[email protected]1, [email protected]2, [email protected]3 Abstract— Hijri calendar is a calendar that is generally used
as a referral of Muslims around the world to know the big day of Islam, Hijri calendar different from the Gregorian calendar because the calculation is done by calculating the movement of the moon and to get information the big day of Islam is designed a prototype calendar hijri application by applying the method Rapid Application Development so that application development can be done quickly without compromising the main features of the use and ease of porting into web or android based applications. Experiment perform to get the big day of Islam done in 2017, 2018 and 2019 with excellent and accurate results.
Keywords—Hijri Calendar, Application, Rapid Application Development
I. INTRODUCTION
Islam is a religion that brought Prophet Muhammad SAW 1400 years ago and is the last religion revealed, the development of Islam today is very rapid, especially in the majority of Europe who embraces the Christian faith [1], [2], followers of Islam today continues to grow every day in Europe due to the ease of getting positive information about the religion of Islam[3]–[6].
Islamic religion is very much different from other religions such as the big day and also the calendar or commonly called the Hijri calendar which is on lunar basis[7]–[9], using the Islamic Hijri calendar day can be known and every year is never same date and month as the Gregorian calendar which when this is used commonly around the world. Hijri calendar can be calculated manually based on the previous year's schedule or begins with the new year of Islam in the current year, and this calculation will take time or by see moon movement and then calculate using formula[9], if want to know Islamic big day in the year 2019 it computed starting from 2018, what if the year 2020, 2021 or 2100 and it also must be recognized the big days of Islamic religion that existed in that year.
The Islamic Feast each year never falls on the same date as the Christian calendar we use daily. The fasting month of the year is about twenty-two faster than last year. This year's fasting month will also be slower about eleven days than the fasting month next year. Then, how exactly is the calendar calculation of Muslims? This difference is not due to the different number of months between the Islamic calendar and the Christian calendar. In principle, the number of months in both dating systems is the same. Both have twelve months in
a year. The year in the calendar used daily or the Christian schedule begins with January and ends with December. The year in the Islamic calendar or Hijri starts with the month of Muharram and ends with the month of Dhul-Hijjah.
So what makes the Islamic calendar faster than the Christian schedule? In Islamic calendar, the turn of the new moon based on the appearance of a new moon, the smallest crescent that can observe with the naked eye. Due to the Islamic calendar is a simple calendar based on the syndical cycle of the moon in its lunar calendar system, which is a two- phase cycle of the same month in sequence. Due to the differences that make many people do not know to know the time in the system Hijri calendar, especially Muslims in Indonesia
Hijri calendar application could be used for Muslims to understand the religious day[10] of Islam every year more easy and precise[11], [12], this calendar is essential because it is a guide for Muslims around the world. The prototype application is built using the desktop-based embarcadero Delphi programming language by applying the Rapid Application Development (RAD)[13]–[17] method so that the application is smooth and appropriately used and may further develop into various existing platforms based on web and mobile which are currently widely used.
The application of RAD on the prototype[18] of Hijri calendar application to get the big days of Islam religion can help software developer in the future to do the application development and testing done is expected to give a positive impact for users especially Muslim to get the big day of Islam religion.
II. METHODOLOGY
Rapid Application Development (RAD) is the development of designed cycles that can provide much faster growth and higher quality results than those achieved with the traditional life cycle[19]–[21]. RAD is a combination of various structured techniques with prototyping techniques and joint application development techniques to accelerate the development of systems/applications. Rapid Application Development consists of 4 stages: Requirements Planning Phase, User Design Phase, Construction Phase and Cut-Over Phase, Figure 1 is the stages of RAD method.
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Fig.1. RAD Diagram
The RAD model is a "high speed" adaptation of the waterfall model, where rapid development is achieved using a component-based construction approach. If each project's needs and constraints are well-defined, the RAD process allows the development team to create a fully functional system in a short period [22].
From Figure 1 of the design method, the steps performed can be explained as follows[23]:
1. Phase Requirement Planning Phase
In research conducted is the collection of data following the analysis to be made. In this case, the researchers collect material or data in the form of filing of revocation, memo revocation, and letter of cancellation.
2. Phase System Design
At this stage of the research is done by designing the application design that starts from the running process flow and the process flow that the author proposes, as well as the design of the table for the database.
3. Development Phase
At this stage of the research is to build the application by implementing the results of the phases of User Design Phase into the programming language used. Input at this stage is the actor information, objects, and classes involved, while the results or Output is an application Hijri Calendar to be made. For this stage Resources used are laptops, Borland Delphi 7 and Absolute Database.
4. Cut-Over Phase
At this stage of this research is done testing the application using a black-box method to ensure the form and menu function properly. For this stage Resources used are a laptop, Borland Delphi 7 and Absolute Database.
The Islamic calendar is organized by the average length of a synodic month, not by observation. The average period of a synodic month is 29.530589 days or 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes 2.9 seconds. This average is slightly larger than 29.5 days. The 29.5-day number is the middle value of 29 and 30.
So the Islamic calendar is arithmetically compiled by setting the number of days in an Islamic month by 30 and 29 days alternately.
Especially for Zulhijjah month, the number of days can amount to 29 or 30, in compensation for the average length of one synodic month which is slightly larger than 29.5 days.
If Zulhijjah is 29 days, then the year is not a leap year, containing 354 days. If the month of Zulhijjah includes 30 days, then the year is called leap year which includes 355
days. In 30 years of Islam, there are 11 leap years in year 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 16, 18, 21, 24, 26, 29. Means in 30 years (or 360 months), the number of days is 30 X 354 + 11 = 10631 days.
The average of one month is equal to 10631/360 = 29.530556 days.
This explanation is very close to the synodic month average of 29.530589 days. The increment in one month is 0,000033 days, or be the same as one day in about 30,000 months (2500 years). The difference is tiny. Until now, the Islamic year is still around the 1400s, so there is no need for correction. There are several records of this Islamic calendar arithmetically, among others:
1. This calendar is only compiled based on arithmetic calculations, not based on observation or hissab criteria minimum requirement of Hilal sighting. This calendar used for everyday civil or administrative purposes, as well as the Ummul Qura 'calendar prevailing in Saudi Arabia. As for worship (fasting Ramadan, Eid ul-Fitr, Hajj), then must be re-observation of the new moon to make sure.
2. The occurrence of date differences between these calendar systems with the results of observation hilal, it is possible. There may be a one day difference.
3. Another possible reason for the difference is that this system is the same for the whole world. In fact, it may be in two places that are very far apart, according to the same observation of the same Mecca date produces a different Hijri date.
4. In this arrangement of Islamic arithmetic calendar, the odd month is always 30 days, and even month is still 29 days (except month 12 for leap year). Of course in reality, based on moon observation, an odd month can also 29 days while bizarre month can even 30 days.
However, it cannot be 28 or 31 days.
5. The sequence of leap years is 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 16, 18, 21, 24, 26 and 29. This sequence is the order most used by people. Besides, there are also variations in the order of other leap years, such as the year 15 replacing the 16 (Kuwaiti algorithm) and others.
As an initial benchmark, the date of Islam 1 Muharram 1 H is generally agreed on Friday 16 July 622 AD, either by the arithmetic method or by observation. Nevertheless, there are notes, and some are set 1 Muharram 1 H is Thursday 15 July 622 M.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Prototype application created using Borland Delphi 7 programming language; an application made to perform continuous testing and to coincide with the month of Ramadan then the first run results show the calendar Gregorian and calendar hijri (month of Ramadhan) as follows:
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Fig.2. Main Application with Gregorian and Hijri Calendar
Seen in Figure 2 the test is done accordingly between the Gregorian calendar commonly used throughout the world with the Hijri calendar used by the Muslim, in this article the experiment performed on 28 May 2018 and coincided with 13 Ramadan 2018. Another trial is to show all Islamic day in one year and compare the result from Islamic day from http://kalender.web.id, see figure 3, 4 and 5 for an example
Fig.3. Islamic Day Year of 2017
The first test was performed in the year 2017 where the first information obtained was 27 Rajab which fell on 24/4/2017 and 1 Shawwāl on 26/6/2017, based on the result of comparison of the year 2017 information it is according to an actual calculation.
Fig.4. Islamic Day Year of 2018
Fig.5. Islamic Day Year of 2019
Figures 4 and 5 are a test for getting the big day of Islam in 2018 and 2019, from testing done the results obtained especially in 2018 are correct and correct, from the examination of 2017 and 2018 is correct then the year 2019 is also correct.
Applications designed by applying the concept of RAD software development allow this application to better development by adding many facilities that help Muslims to know other big days that may not be on the calendar in general.
IV. CONCLUSION
Application of RAD concept to build an application can be used for long-term development because prototype calendar hijri only contains general information of Islamic day and running on the desktop, concerning modeling and script used is possible to be ported into another programming both web-based and android. This Hijri calendar is far from perfect and based on well-done testing even in 2017, 2018 and 2019 as the basis of measurement is also correct so that it can be ascertained in 2020 and beyond the result is also right and proper only requires further development that can be accessed via the web and Android.
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