52. Ages 678 - My Book of Subtraction

KUMQN

lf yo"-r ~hilcl ~ah s-u.l>tr~\ \he huml>ers 1 \hro-u.gh 5 ft4o:tn.

whole h'1l'nJ:,el"s, \heh \his l>oo}t will l>'1ilcl oh \ha\ fo'\J.hcla\ioh.

Use this 1ooh to help yoiJ.r chilcl learh to su:btract

the hiJ.ln:bers 1 thro-ugh io from whole hiJ.l'n:bers.

MyBookof

J

l 11 ·,Cl are several weys lo t ch

children to hold a pencil properly Herc Is one ~x mple.

Let your Child form the shape protured here, using his or he• own ringers Put the pencil between the bending middle Onger and joint part of lhumb and lorellnge1

Have your chtld grip the pencil w1:h thumb and lorelrnger

Check lhn way that your child Is holdtng the pencil against lhe picture to decide Wl'lether or not it is the proper way

It can be difficult for a child who does not yet have enough strength ln his or her hand and lingors lo hold the pencil properly. Please teach this s~1ll gradually, so lhat your child will remain Interested and willing lo hold a pencil naturally.

SUBTRACTION

The aims and purpose of this book

If your child can subtract the numbers 1 through 5 from larger whole numbers. this book will expose him or her to the broader world of numbers by providing opportun1t1es lo practice subtracting larger numbers. In this book, children will learn first how to subtract the numbers 1 through 9, and then they will reinforce this skill by learning how to subtract from numbers up to 20.

t

^{As in} Iha case of subtraction using the numbers 1 through 5, children can master subtraction using larger numbers only after they acquire the ability to recite numbers both forwards and backwards. Building basic subtraction skills is vital to understanding the decimal system. whtch is the foundation of higher-level arithmetic concepts and skills taught at school such as multiplication. division, and fractions. The purpose of this book Is to prepare children for higher-level mathematics by improving their basic subtraction skills.

It is important for children to truly understand how to combine and break down numbers In order lo help them master addition and subtraction Children are wllllng to learn what Is easily understood by them, and once they learn something new. they always want to know more Kumon Workbooks' Incremental method will encourage children to gain solid academic skills while showing them the Rleasure of learning.

How to use this book

....

This workbook has no answer section. Please check your child's answers when he or she Is done with each page. Some pages contain a number Chart to give children a hint that the answers are Included in the chart.

'otter praise at the end of each page, and write encouraging words or

place stickers on completed pages as a special prize

Please refer lo the "To parents" notes in this book, which provide more comments and advice on how lo help your child progress through thts book.

~ It Is a good idea to set the number ol pages your child will complete In a day. It may be one sheet (two pages) or two sheets (four pages) a day.

The essential point to remember Is that the practice should come to an end when your child still wants to do a little more

'Most workbooks contain the same paper stock. but each Kumon Workbook features a different type of paper, tailored to a spec1tic activity and use. This book features a good quality paper geared to children who are learning to wnte. The paper can stand up to rough drawing, even from children who are still refining their pencil-control skills. II is also made for easy erasing, which gives your child the opportunity to draw the lines again and again on each page.

• (.llf<f' 1'/a•trJIJ/,lf '1) K .~fot• • c.~1~r t11t.l 111rm .. · JtJ1r,• "1 ~Tl IV/IH.:CJ.\I •Ari J1m1wr ii) ·1.,J.,lor.h 1:,, ... 1•1:!.1 Copynghl C 2005. Kumon Publish111g Co. Lid. RaptOducllon ol lllese maumalS Is prohibllod

kft othe1 use 01 1eproductloo ol those rMtorlals 1'9QUlret Iha prk>I wrmen consenl ot Kuman Publlsll1ng Nonl1 Amonca

Subtracting I and 2

1-1 to I 0 - 1

Name

Date

• Subtract the numbers below.

( I ) 2

( 2 ) 3

( 3 ) 4 - I

( 4)

5 - I

( 5 )

6

( 6 )

7

( 7 ) 8

( 8)

q

< 9 ) 10 - I

(I 0) 5 - I

To parents

Strutiag with this page, your child will review sublraL'ling 1.he numbers 1 through 5.

Please have your child use the number chart as a gUide. Some w1~ will be 0. If your cbild ha~ a difficult time grasping tbr concept of 0, allow the repeated cxt.'fl;i~

lo help familiarize him or ht>r with the idea.

( I I )

4

(12) 3

( 13) 2

( 14)

( 15) q

( 16) 6

( 17)

( 18) I 0

(19) 8

c20) 7 - I

I 0 ] I 1 2 I 3 ^I 4 ^I 5 ^I 6 ^I 7 ^l 8 ] q

^I

1 0 ]

1-1 to 10 I

a

2- 2 to 10- 2

• Subtract t he numbers below.

{I)

3 - 2 = ^{( I I )} 4 - 2 =

( 2 ) 4 2 ^{= ( 12)} 3 - 2 -

( 3 ) 5 2 ^{= ( 13)} 2 - 2 -

( 4 ) 6 - 2 ^{= ( 1 4)} 7 - 2 ⁼

(S) 7 - 2 ^{= (is>} I 0 - 2 =

( 6 )

8 - 2 = ^{( 1 6)} 8 - 2 =

(7)

q - 2 - ^{( 17)} 2 - 2 ⁼

c 8 ' I 0 - 2 - ^<18) I 0 2 ⁼

(q) 6 - 2 ⁼

⁽¹⁹⁾

^{2 - 2 =}

(10) 5 - 2 ^{= (20) q - 2 =}

[[lJ] 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2-2 to 10 2

D

Subtracting 3, 4, and 5 3- 3 to 10 - 3

NA me

Dato

To parents

Leaming to ~ubtract the numbers I through 5 will build n foundation for more complicated ~btnlctlon skills. l>i<'ase encourage )'OUT chil<l !o practice until he or hr. t"all L"Omplt-tc: the exercise .. >asily "i1hou1 munting finRe"S or J!l'!lting l'Onfuscd. When your t·hihl I unsure of his or ht.'f llll!>Wl!r, en\X\ll'age hm1 or h•'f" to heck the aD!>"\\l'f by adding the rtSUll to the nurnbc r subtnictcd.

• Subtract the numbers below.

( I ) 4 ₃ ^{( 11)} 4 ₃

( 2)

5 ₃

⁽¹²⁾

3 ₃

( 3)

6 3

⁽¹³⁾

^{8 3}

( 4) 7 ₃ ^{( 14)} q ₃

( 5) 8 3

⁽¹⁵⁾

^{I 0 3}

( 6) q ₃ ^{(16) 3} ₃

( 7 ) I 0 ₃ ^{( 17)} 8 ₃

( 8) 7 3 ^{( 18) I 0} 3

( 9 ) 6 3

⁽¹⁹⁾

q ₃

(I 0) 5 - 3 ⁽²⁰⁾ 7 - 3

!O l l l 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 ]6 l7 !8 [9 llO I

3-3 to 10-3

II

4-4 to 10-5

• Subtract the numbers below.

( I )

5-4=

^{(I I)}

6 - 5 ⁼

< 2 ) 6 - 4 = ^{( 12 )} 7 - 5 ⁼

( 3 ) 7 - 4 ^{= (13)} 8 - 5 -

( 4 )

8 - 4 = ^{( 14 )} q - 5 -

(5) q - 4 ^{= c is)} I 0 - 5 =

c ^{6 )} I 0 - 4 = ^{( 1 6)} q - 5 -

C

7 ) 7 - 4 ^{= (17)} 8 - 5 -

( 8 ) 6 - 4 ^{= (18)} 7 - 5 -

( 9 ) 5 - 4 ^{= ( 19)} 6 5 -

( 10 ) 4 - 4 ^{= (20)} 5 - 5 ⁼

( o ^{I 1 1 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 . 6 l 7 I 8 l 9 I IO I}

4-4 to 10 S

II

Review

Subtracting I to 5

• Subtract the numbers below.

( I )

( 2)

2 ₂

( 3)

2

( 4 } 3

( 5)

3 ₃

( 6)

3 ₂

( 7 ) 4 2

( 8)

4 3

( q) 4 4

( I 0) 4

( II ) 5

( 12 ) 5

( 13 ) 5

( 14 ) 5

( 15) 5

(1 6) 6

(17)

6

( 18) 6

(19)

6

(20 ) 6

Review I Subtracting I to 5

II

I

3 -

2 - 4 -

5 -

3

4

2

5

• Subtract the numbers below.

( I ) 7 2 - ^{( I I ) C/ -} 3 -

( 2 ) 7

⁽¹²⁾

C/ - 2 -

( 3 ) 7 - 4 - ^{( 13) C/}

( 4 ) 7 - 3 - ^{( 14)} C/ 5 -

( S ) 7 - 5 - ^{( 15) C/} 4 -

(6)

8 3 - ^{c 16)} I 0 3 -

( 7 ) 8 2 - ^{< 17)} I 0

( 8 ) 8

^<

¹⁸⁾ _{I 0} 4 -

( 9 ) 8 5 - ^{< 19)} I 0 2 -

(10)

8 4 ^{= (20) I 0 5 -}

Review I Subtracting I to 5

II

Subtracting 6 and 7 6-3 to 1 0- 6

• Subtract the numbers below.

( I ) -, - 3 ⁼⁼

(2) -, - 4 ==

(3) -, - 5 -

(4) - , - 6 -

(S) 8 - 3 -

( 6 )

8 4 -

( 7 ) 8 5 -

( 8 ) 8 6 -

(q) q - 4 -

(10) q - 5 -

1 0 1 1 [2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 [9 1 101

6-3 to 10 6

II

To parents

Starting with lhls page, your child will learn to subtract 6 and 7.

1lus section only contains subtraction wiU1out borrowing.

(I I) q - 6 -

< 12 ) I 0 - 4 -

(l 3) I 0 - 5 -

<14) I 0 - 6 -

(15) 6 - 3 ⁼⁼

( 1 6) 6 - 4 ⁼⁼

(17) 6 5 -

(18) 6 6 -

< 19) I 0 6 -

(20) 6 6 -

8-3 to 10 - 7

• Subtract the numbers below.

(I) 8 - 3 = ^{(II) I 0 - 3 =}

( 2 ) 8 - 4 = ^{( 12 > I 0 - 4 =}

( 3 ) 8 - 5 = ^ci

^{3 )}

I 0 - 5 =

( 4 ) 8 - 6 = ^{( 14 >} I 0 - 6 ⁼

(S) 8 - 7 ^{= (Is) I 0 - 7 =}

(6)

q - 3 = ⁽¹⁶⁾ 7 - 5 =

(7)

q - 4 = ^{( 17)} 7 - 6 ⁼

(8) q - 5 ^{= ( 1 8)} 7 - 7 =

(9) q - ^{6 = < 19 )} I 0 - 7 =

( 10 ) q - 7 ⁼

⁽²⁰⁾

7 - 7 ⁼

LOJ 1 1 21 31 4l 5l61 71 8l9 J IOl

•

8-3 to 10 7

Subtracting 8 ^and 9

9-3 to 10-8

• Subtract the numbers below.

( I ) 9 - 3 ⁼⁼

( 2 )

9 - 4 ⁼⁼

( 3)

9 5 -

(4) 9 ^{6 -}

(S)

9 - 7 ⁼⁼

(6) q - 8 -

( 7 ) I 0 ^{3 -}

<

8 )

I 0 4 -

<

9 ) I 0 5 -

(10) I 0 6 -

IO [ I I 2 ^I 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 ] 8 ^I q ^I IO I

9-3 to 10-8

Name

Date

To parents

Starting with I.his page, your child will !cam

t.o

subtracl 8 and 9.

This section only contains subtraction wilboul borrowing.

( I I ) I 0 - 7 ==

< 12 ) I 0 - 8 -

( 13) 8 5 -

( 14) 8 6 -

( 1 5) 8 - 7 ⁼⁼

( 16) 8 - 8 ⁼⁼

ci ⁷ ) I 0 - 8 ==

( 18) 8 - 8 ⁼⁼

( 1 9) 9 - 8 -

<2 0 ) I 0 - 8 -

10- 1 to 10- 9

• Subtract the numbers below.

(I) 10 - I ^{= (I I)} I 0 - 7 ⁼

( 2 ) I 0 - 2 ⁼

^<

^{12 )} I 0 - 8 =

(J) I 0 - 3 ^{= ( 13)} I 0 - q ⁼

( 4 ) 10 - 4 ^{= (14)} q - ^{5 =}

(s) I 0 - 5 ^{= (15)} q - ^{6 =}

( 6 )

10 - 6 = ^{( 16 )} q - 7 ⁼

(?) I 0 - 7 = ⁽¹⁷⁾ q - ^{8 =}

cs) I 0 - 8 ^{= ( 18)} q - q ⁼

(q) I 0 - q ^{= (19)} I 0 - q =

cio) I 0 - 6 ^{= (20)} q - q ⁼

10-1 to 10-9

Review

Subtracting I to 5

• Subtract the numbers below.

( I )

( 2)

2

( 3) 2 2

( 4) 3 ₂

( 5)

3 3

( 6) 3

( 7)

4

( 8) 4 4 -

( q) 4 3 -

(I 0)

4 2 -

(11) 5

(12) 5

(13) 5

( 1 4) 5

( 15) 5

(16) 6

(17) 6

(18) 6

( 1 9) 6

(20) 6

Revlew I Subtracting I to 5

m

I

2

3

4 5 3 5

2 -

4

Subtracting I to 7

• Subtract the numbers below.

( I ) 6 ^{( 11 )} 7 3

( 2)

6 6 ^{( 12) 7} 7

( 3)

6 4 ^{( 13) 7}

( 4)

6 ₂ ^{( 14)} 8 3

( 5)

6 ₅ ^{( 15)} 8 ₅

( 6 ) 6 3 ^{( 16)} 8 _{2 -}

( 7 ) 7 ₂ ^{( 17)} 8

( 8 ) 7 ₅ ^{(18) 8} 4 -

( 9 ) 7 4 ^{( 19)} 8 7

( 10 ) 7 ₆ ⁽²⁰⁾ 8 6 -

Review I Subtracting I to 7

Review

Subtracting I to q

• Subtract the numbers below.

( I ) 8 3

( 2 ) 8 8

( 3 ) 8 ₄

( 4 ) 8 6

( 5 ) 8

( 6 ) 8 7

( 7)

8 ₅

( 8)

8 ₂

( 9 ) q ₄

(I 0)

q 2

Name

Date

( 11 ) q

( 12 ) q

( 13) q

( 14) q

( 15) q

(16) q

(17)

q

( 18) I 0

( 19) I 0

c20) I 0

Review I Subtracting I to 9

111

7

8

5 -

q -

3 - 6 - 3 -

2 -

• Subtract the numbers below.

( I ) I 0 4 - ^{( 11 )} 7 - 2 -

c ² ) I 0 8 - ^{( 12)} 7 - 6 -

c ³ ) I 0 6 - ^{( 13)} 7 - 3 -

( 4 ) I 0 ^{7 - ( 14)} 8 - 4 -

( s ) I 0 2 -

^(IS)

8 5 -

c

⁶)

I 0 5 - ^{( 16) 8}

( 1 ) I 0

⁽¹⁷⁾

q ^{q -}

( 8)

I 0 3 - ^{( 18)} q _{7 -}

( q ) I 0 q - ^{( 19)} q _{8 -}

( 10) 7 4 = ⁽²⁰⁾ q

• Review I Subtracting I to q

Ill

Subtracting from 10 I 0 - I to I 0 - I 0

To parents

Name

Date

• Subtract the numbers below.

Now that your child is able to subtract lhe numbers 1 through 9, he

or

she wW begin practicing subtracting these numbers from 10. From lhis page oa, the number subtracted from will remain Lhe same, while the number Lo be subtracted will change. Please encourage your child to practice until he or she can solve problems easily. If your child is unsure of his or her ani.wer, encourage him or her to check it by adding Lhe result to the number subtracted.

( I ) 10 - ^{( II )} 10 - ₂

( 2) I 0 - 2 ^{( 12) I 0 - 6}

( 3 ) 10 - 3 ^{( 13)} 10 - 8

( 4 ) 10 - ₄ ^{( 14)} 10 -

( 5 ) 10 - ₅ ^{(I 5)} 10 - ^q

( 6 ) 10 - 6 ^{( 16)} 10 - ₄

( 7) 10 - 7 ^{( 17) I 0 -} 7

( 8 ) 10 - ₈ ^{( 18)} 10 - ₃

( q ) 10 - ^{q (I <f)} 10 - 10

(I 0)

I 0 - I 0 ⁽²⁰⁾ 10 - 5

I o 1 1 1 2 I 3 1 4 I 5 ^I 6 1 7 I 8 ^I 9

¹

IO I

10 I to 10 10

• Subtract the numbers below.

( I ) 10 - 3 = ^{( I I ) I 0 - I 0 ==}

c 2 ) 10 - I ^{== ci z )} I 0 - I ==

c 3 ) I 0 - 5 ==

^(l3)

I 0 - 3 ⁼

c 4 ) I 0 - 8 ^{= ( 14)} I 0 - q =

(s) I 0 - 6 = ^cis) I 0 - 4 =

c 6 ) I 0 - 9 ^{= ( l 6)} I 0 - 6 ⁼

(7) 10 - 10 = ^{(l 7 )} I 0 - 8 =

,

(B) I 0 - 7 == ^{( IB)} I 0 - 2 =

( 9 ) I 0 - 2 == ^{( l 9 )} I 0 - 7 ⁼

(lo)

I 0 - 4 == ^{( 2 o)} I 0 - 5 ==

10-1 to 10-10

Subtracting from 10

I 0 - I to I 0 - I 0

• Subtract the numbers below.

( I ) 10 I ⁼⁼

C2 )

10 - 3 ⁼⁼

( 3 ) I 0 - 7 ==

( 4 ) I 0 - 2 ==

(S) 10 - 5 ==

' 6 )

I 0 - 7 ⁼⁼

(?) 10 8 ⁼⁼

( 8 ) I 0 9 ==

( 9 ) 10 - 10 ⁼⁼

<

10 ) I 0 - 6 ==

10-1 to 10 10

( I I ) I 0 - 2 -

(l 2)

I 0 - 5 -

c 13) I 0 q -

( l 4) I 0 - 4 ⁼⁼

c is) I 0 - 7 ==

( 16) I 0

( 17) I 0 10 -

( 18) I 0 6 -

ci ⁹ ) I 0 - 8 ⁼

c

²⁰⁾

I 0 - 3 =

• Subtract the numbers below.

(I) 10 - q ^{= (I I)} 10 - 10 ⁼⁼

( 2 ) I 0 - 4 ⁼ _{' '} ² ₎ I 0 - 3 ⁼

' 3 ) I 0 - I 0 =

^{(l 3)}

I 0 - ^{5 =}

( 4 ) I 0 - 7 = ^{(l 4)} I 0 - 2 =

(s)

I 0 - 2 =

⁽¹⁵⁾

I 0 - q ⁼

( 6 ) I 0 - 8 ⁼⁼

^{(l 6)}

I 0 - 6 =

( 1 ) I 0 - 4 ^{= < 11 )} I 0 - I ⁼

(a) I 0 - 6 ⁼

^(IB)

I 0 - 8 ⁼

( q)

I 0 - 7 ^{== ciq)} I 0 - 3 =

(IO)

I 0 - I = ^{c 20 )} I 0 - 5 ⁼

10 I to 10 10

Subtracting from I I

11-1 to I I - I 0

•Subtract the numbers below.

( I ) I I

( 2 ) I I 2 -

( 3 ) I I ^{3 -}

l 4 ) I I 4 -

' s ) I I ^{5 -}

( 6 ) I I ^{6 -}

( 1 ) I I 7 -

( s ) I I 8 -

( q ) I I q -

(10) I I 10 -

Name

Date

To parunts

Slru11og with thls page, yourchlW will l1>nm to -;11btra1·1 numbersfrum U and will al!!o b(•l!in LO pmclit·1: subtracting O. U lw or shl' doe1> uol grasp 1.he concept of(), please allow Lht' re1>ealed exercii:;i>s In fwnillamc him or her wi1h the ldl·11.

( I I ) I I 3 -

( 12) I I 5 -

'13) I I

(14) I I 6 -

(is) I I 10 -

( 16) I I 2 ⁼⁼

( 1 7) I I _{8 ==}

( 1s> I I 4 ⁼

( 19) I I q ⁼⁼

(20) I I 7 ⁼⁼

I o ^{1 1} 1 2 ^{I 3} 1 4 ^{I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 I q 1 1} o ^{1 1 1 I 12 I 13 I 14 I 15 I 16 I 17 l 18 I 1q 1 20]}

IH to 11-10

II - 0 to I I - I I

• Subtract the numbers below.

( I ) 11 - I = ^{< 12}

^>

I I - 8 ⁼

( 2 ) 11 - I 0 = ^{( 13)} I I - q ⁼

< 3 ) 11 - 2 ⁼

^{< 14)}

I I - I 0 =

( 4 ) 11 - 9 ^{= ( is)} I I - I I ⁼

(s) 11 - 3 ⁼ ' 16 ) I I - 0 =

<6 ) 11 - 8 ^{= < 11) I I - 8 =}

( 1 ) 11 - 4 ^{= cia)} I I - I 0 ⁼

<B> 11 - 7 ⁼

^<

^19> I I - 0 =

( 9 ) 11 - 5 = (20

>

I I - 7 ⁼

<10

>

I I - 6 ^{= < 21 )} I I - I I ⁼

( I I) I I - 7 ^{= ( 22) I I -} q ⁼

lt-0 to 11-11

Subtracting from I I

II - 0 to I I - I I

• Subtract the numbers below.

(I) 11 - 0 ==

( 2 ) 11 - I 0 ==

( 3 > 11 - 3 ==

( 4 ) 11 - 5 ==

( 5 ) 11 - I ==

( 6 )

11 - 6 =

<

1

_>

11 - 2 ⁼

(a> 11 - 8 =

( 9 ) 11 - 4 =

<

1 0) I I - 7 ⁼

Name

Date

( I I ) I I - I ==

( i 2) I I - 6 ==

( 13

>

I I - 3 ⁼

(14) I I - q ==

(l 5) I I - 0 ⁼

< ¹⁶

>

I I - 7 ⁼

c i 7) I I - 4 ⁼

<

18>

I I - I I ⁼

<

1 9) I I - 5 ⁼

c ²⁰

^>

I I - 2 =

I o ^{I I 1 2 I 3 1 4 I 5 I 6 1 7 I 8 I} q ^{1 1} o ^{1 1 1 l 12I 13I 14 I 15 I 16 I 17 11 8 1 1q1 2 01}

If - 0 lo 11-11

m

• Subtract the numbers below.

(I) 11 - 4 ⁼

( 2 ' 11 - 2 ⁼

( 3 ) 11 - 8 =

c ^{4 >} 11 - I 0 =

< 5 ) 11 - 3 ⁼

( 6 ) 11 - 4 =

(?)

11 - 3 ⁼

' 8 > 11 - 6 =

'"> ^{11 - 7 =}

( 10 ) I I

( I I ) I I

0 ⁼ 5 =

( 12) I I - q =

(l 3)

I I - 8 ⁼

' 14

' I I - 5 ⁼

( 15 > I I - 0 ⁼

< 16 > I I - 7 ⁼

<

¹¹)

I I - 9 ⁼

< 18 ) I I - I I =

( 19 > I I - 6 =

( 2 o) I I - I 0 ⁼

( 21 > I I

c22) I I I I -

11-0 to 11-11

Subtracting from 12 12- 1 to 1 2- 1 O

•Subtract the numbers below.

( I )

12 - I =

( 2 ) 12 - 2 ⁼

( 3 ) 12 - 3 ⁼

( 4 ) 12 - 4 ⁼

(S) 12 - 5 ⁼

( 6 ) 12 - 6 ⁼

( 7 ) 12 - 7 =

( 8 ) 12 - 8 ⁼

( q ) 12 - q ⁼

' 10

' 12 - I 0 ⁼

Ne me

Date

( I I ) 12 - 4 ⁼

( l 2) 12 - 2 ⁼

(IJ)

12 - 7 =

(14'

12 - I =

( IS) 12 - 6 ⁼

(l 6}

12 - 3 ⁼

( 1 7) 12 - q ⁼

( l 8) 12 - 8 ⁼

< ¹⁹ ) 12 - I 0 =

< 20 ) 12 - 5 ⁼

[O 1 1 1 2 I ^{3 1 4 I 5 I 6 ] 7 I 8} I q 1 10 ] I 1 ^I 12 I 13 I 14I 15 ] 16 ] I 7 ] 18 [ I q l 20l

12-1 to 12 10

12-0 to 12-12

• Subtract the numbers below.

( I ) 12 - ^{c 12 )} 12 - I 0 ⁼

( 2 ) 12 - 11 - ^{< 13)} I 2 - I I ⁼⁼

<

3 ) 12 - 2 ^{= ( l 4)} 12 - 12 ⁼

( 4 ) 12 - 10 ^{= ( IS)} 12 - 0 ==

( S ) 12 - 3 = ^{( l 6)} 12 - 8 =

<

6 ) 12 - q ⁼

^<

^{11 )} 12 - I 0 ⁼

( 7 ) 12 - 4 ^{= (is) I 2 - I 2 ==}

(B)

12 - 8 ⁼

⁽¹⁹⁾

^{12 -} q ⁼⁼

( q ) 12 - 5 = ^(2o) 12 - 0 ⁼⁼

( IO ) 12 - 7 = ^{( 21 )} 12 - I I ⁼⁼

( I I ) 12 - 6 ^{= ( 22 )} 12 - 7 ⁼⁼

12 0 to 12 12

Subtracting from 12

12 - 0 to 12-1 2

• Subtract the numbers below.

(I) 12 - I ⁼

( 2 ) 12 - 3 ⁼

( 3 )

12 - 5 ⁼

( 4 ) 12 - 2 ⁼

( 5 ) 12 - 7 ⁼

( 6 ) 12 - 6 ⁼

( 7 ) 12 - 0 =

( 8 ) 12 - 8 =

<

9 ) 12 - 1 1 =

(IO) 12 - 3 ⁼

(II) 12 - 0 ⁼

<

12 ) 12 - I 0 =

( 13

> 12 - I =

(l 4)

12 - 4 =

( l 5) 12 - 12 =

( l 6) 12 - 2 ⁼

(17)

12 - q ⁼

( l 8) 12 - 4 ⁼

( l'l) 12 - 6 =

< 20) 12 - 5 ⁼

I o ^{I I 12 l 3 14 I 5 I 6 1 7 I 8 I q 11} o ^{11 1 I 12113114 I 15 I 16 l 17I 18 I 1q120 1}

12-0 to 12-12

•Subtract the numbers below.

(I) 12 - 6 = < 1 2) 12 - 8 ⁼

( 2 } 12 - 0 ^{= (l 3 l} _{12 - 5 -}

( 3 )

12 - 5 =

• ( 14

i I 2 - I I -

( 4 )

12 - q = _< ¹⁵ _> 12 - 7 =

( 5 ) 12 - 3 ⁼ ( l 6) 12 - 12 ⁼

( 6 )

12 - 8 ⁼ ( 11 i 12 - I =

(?)

12 - 4 ⁼

(IB)

12 - 6 ⁼

(B) 12 - 10 ⁼ ( lq ) 12 - 12 =

(q)

12 - 7 ⁼ _c ² o) 12 - I 0 ⁼

(10)

12 - q ⁼ _< ²¹ _> 12 - 4 ⁼

(I I)

12 - 2 = _{(22 )} 12 - I I ⁼

12 0 to 12 12

Subtracting from 13

13 - I to 13 - I 0

• Su btract the numbers below.

(I)

13 - I =

( 2 ) 13 - 2 ⁼

( 3 ) 13 - 3 =

< 4 ) 13 - 4 ⁼

( 5 ) 13 - 5 ⁼

( 6 ) 13 - 6 ⁼

(?) 13 - 7 ⁼

( 8 ) 13 - 8 ⁼

( q) 13 - q ⁼⁼

< 1 0) 13 - I 0 =

Nam a

Date

(I I)

13 - 6 ⁼

( l 2) 13 - 8 ⁼

(l 3)

13 - 4 ⁼

(14)

13 - q ⁼

(l 5)

13 - 7 =

(l6)

13 - 2 ⁼

(l 7) 13 - 5 ⁼

< 18 ) 13 - I =

<

1 9) 13 - I 0 ⁼

< 2

_o)

13 - 3 =

I o ^{I I I 2 I 3 1 4 I 5 I 6 1 7 I 8 l q 1 1} o ^{1 1 1 ] 12 l 13 l14 I 15 I 16 I 17 11 8 l 1q1 20 )}

13-1 to 13-10

13-0 to 13- 13

• Subtract the numbers below.

(I) 13 - I ⁼

^{(l 2)}

13 - 7 =

( 2 ) 13 - 12 ^{= ( l 3) 13 -} 8 ⁼

( 3 ) 13 - 2 ^{= ( 14) 13 - q =}

c 4 ) 13 - I I = ^{c i 5 )} 13 - I 0 =

( 5 ) 13 - 3 ^{= c 16)} 13 - I I ⁼

( 6 ) 13 - 10 = ^{(l 7)} 13 - 12 ⁼

( 7 ) 13 - 4 = ^{(l 8)} 13 - 13 =

( 8 ) 13 - q ^{= ( l 9)} 13 - 0 ⁼

( 9 )

13 - 5 = ^{(2 o)} I 3 - I 2 ⁼⁼

( IO ) 13 - 8 ^{== (2 I )} 13 - 0 ⁼⁼

( I I ) 13 - 6 ⁼ c

²²

> I 3 - I 3 ⁼⁼

13-0 to 13-13

Subtracting from 13

13- 0 to 1 3- 13

• Subtract t he numbers below.

( I )

13 - I ⁼⁼

( 2 ) 13 - 1 0 ==

C

3 ) 13 - 2 ⁼⁼

C

4 ) 13 - 5 ⁼⁼

( 5 ) 13 - 0 ⁼⁼

{ 6 )

13 - 4 ==

(?) 13 - 6 ⁼⁼

(S) 13 - 3 ==

( 9 ) 13 - q ⁼⁼

( IO ) 13 - I ==

Name

Date

(I I ) 13 - 3 ⁼⁼

(l 2) 13 - 7 ==

( l 3) 13 - 2 ⁼⁼

( l 4) 13 - 12 ⁼

c ^{15 )} 13 - I I ==

( l 6) 13 - 13 ==

( l 7) 13 - 4 ⁼⁼

( IB) 13 - 8 ⁼⁼

(l 9) 13 - 0 ⁼⁼

(2o) 13 - 5 ⁼⁼

I o ^{I I 12 I 3 14 I 5 I 6 17 l 8 I q 11} o ^{11 1 I 12] 13 I 14I15 I 16 I 17 ll 8 I 1 q 120 1}

13-0 to 13-13

•

• Subtract the numbers below.

(I) 13 - I ^{= ( 12)} 13 - q ⁼

( 2 ) 13 - 10 ^{= ( 13)} 13 - I I ⁼

< 3 ) 13 - 7 ^{= ( l 4) 13 - 13 =}

( 4 ) 13 - 0 ^{= (IS) 13 - 2 =}

( S ) 13 - 12 ^{= ( l 6)} 13 - 13 =

( 6 ) 13 - 4 ^{= < 1 1)} 13 - I 0 =

(?)

13 - q ^{= ( IS )} 13 - 0 =

(S) 13 - 5 ^{= ( I}

^q)

13 - I I ==

(q) 13 - 3 ^{= (20)} 13 - 7 ⁼

(IO} 13 - 8 ⁼ < ²¹ ' 13 - 12 ⁼

( I I) 13 - 6 ^{= ( 22 )} 13 - 8 ⁼

13-0 to 13-13

Review

Subtracting from 11 , 12, and 13

• Subtract the numbers below.

( I ) I I

( 2 ) 12

( 3 ) 13

( 4 ) I I 2

( 5 ) 12 ₂

( 6 )

13 ₂

c ^{1 )} I I 3

( 8 ) 12 3

( 9 )

13 3

(10) I I 4

( I I ) 12 4

To parents

Starting with tl1il\ page. your child will review subtracting from 11, 12, and 13. Ir your child is confused or seems to be having trouble, please encourage hlm or her to return to the previous section for more pracli<:e.

( 12) I 3 ₄

(13) I I 5

< 14) I 2 ₅

( 15)

I 3 ₅

(16) I I 6

( 17)

I 2 ₆

c

¹⁸⁾

I 3 ₆

c 19) I I . 7

(20) I 2 7

c21) I 3 7

(22) I I 8

Review I Subtracting from 11, 12, and 13

II

• Subtract the numbers below.

( I ) 11 - 8 = ^{( I 2)} I 3 - I I ⁼⁼

( 2 ) 12 - 8 = ^{(l 3)} 12 - 12 ⁼⁼

( 3 ) 13 - 8 = ^{( l 4)} 13 - 12 ⁼

( 4 ) 11 - 9 = ^{( is)} I 3 - I 3 ⁼⁼

( S ) 12 - q ^{== <}

¹⁶⁾

I I - 0 =

( 6 )

13 - q ^{== ( I?)} 12 - 0 ⁼

( 1 )

11 - I 0 ^{= ( l 8)} 13 - 0 ⁼

( 8 ) 12 - 10 ⁼⁼

^{(l 9)}

I I - 8 ⁼

( 9 )

13 - 10 ^{== (20)} 12 - q ⁼

(IO)

I I - I I - ^{c 21 )} 13 - I 0 ⁼

( I I ) 12 - I I - ^{<22) I I -} q ⁼⁼

Review I Subtracting from 11, 12, and 13

m

Review I

^Name

Subtracting from 11 , 12, and 13 =°"=•e ============

Subt ract the numbers below.

( I ) I I ^{< 12 )} 13 - 4 ⁼

( 2 ) I I 3 -

^{(l 3)}

12 - 12 ⁼

( J ) 12 - 8 - ^{( 14)} I 3 6 -

(4)

13 - 0 -

^(1s)

I I 5 -

<s ) 11 - 1 1 - ^{< 16 )} I 3 2 -

{ 6)

12 - 2 - ^{( 17)} 13 13 -

( 7 ) 12 4 - ^{< 18)} I I 7 ⁼

<

s ) I 3 1 0 - ^{( I 9)} 12 q ⁼

< 9 ) I I q - ^c20) I I 0 -

( 10 ) 13 8 -

⁽²¹⁾

13 12 -

( II) 12 0 - ^{< 22 )} I 2 ₆ =

Review I Subtracting rrom 11, 12, and 13

Ii]

• Subtract the num bers below.

ci) 13 - I ⁼

( 2 ) 12 - 0 ⁼

( 3 > 11 - 2 ⁼

( 4 ) 13 - 3 =

(S)

12 - 10 -

<

6 )

13 - 1 1 -

( 7 ) 12

( 8 )

13

( 9 ) 12 -

7 =

13 -

( lo ) I I - 4 ⁼

( I I) 13 - 0 =

(12) 13 - q ⁼

ci ³⁾ 12 - I I ⁼

( It. ) I I - 6 =

(IS)

12 - 3 ⁼⁼

( l 6) 13 - 5 =

( I?) I I - 0 -

(IS) 12 - 5 -

(19)

I I

(20) I I

' 8 ⁼⁼

10 =

(2 1 ) 12 - 12 ==

( 22 ) 13 - 7 ==

Review I Subtracting from 11, 12, and 13

Subtracting from 14

14-1 to 14-10

• Subtract the numbers below.

(I) 14 - I ⁼

( 2 ) 14 - 2 =

( 3 ) 14 - 3 ⁼⁼

( 4 ) 14 - 4 ⁼

( 5 ) 14 - 5 =

( 6 )

14 - 6 ⁼

(?) 14 - 7 ⁼

(S) 14 - 8 =

(q) 14 - q ⁼

< 10 ) 14 - I 0 ⁼

Name

Date

( I I ) 14 - 3 ⁼

( l 2) 14 - 7 ⁼

(l 3) 14 - 2 ⁼

(l 4)

14 - 5 ⁼

(l 5) 14 - I ⁼

(l

6)

14 - 8 ⁼

( l 7 ) 14 - 4 ⁼

( Is ) 14 - I 0 =

( lq) 14 - 6 =

(2 0) 14 - q =

I o ^{I I 1 2 I 3 1 4 I 5 I 6 1 7 I 8 I 9 I 1} o ^{1 1 1 I 12I 13 I 14 i 15}

^I

¹⁶

^I

^{17 It} 8 1 19 1 2~

14-1 to 14 10

14-0 to 14-14

Subtract the numbers below.

(I) 14 - 2 ^{= ( l 2)} 14 - 8 ⁼

( 2 ) 14 - 12 ^{= ( 13)} 14 - q ⁼

( 3 ) 14 - 3 = ^{(l 4)} 14 - I 0 ⁼

( 4 ) 14 - 11 = ^{(l 5)} 14 - I I =

( 5 ) 14 - 4 ^{= (l 6)} 14 - 12 =

< 6 ) 14 - I 0 = ^(I?) 14 - 13 ⁼

(?) 14 - 5 ^{= ( l 8)} 14 - 14 ⁼

( 8 ) 14 - q ^{= ( l 9)} 14 - 0 =

( 9 ) 14 - 6 ⁼

^<

^{20 )} 14 - 13 =

(IO) 14 - 8 = ^{< 21 )} 14 - 0 =

(I I) 14 - 7 = ^{< 22 )} 14 - 14 ⁼

14

o

to 14 14

Subtracting from 14

14- 0 to 1 4- 14

• Subt ract the numbers below.

(I) 14 - 2 ⁼

( 2 ) 14 - 5 =

( 3 ) 14 - I =

( 4 ) 14 - 0 ⁼

( 5 ) 14 - 6 ⁼

( 6 ) 14 - 1 3 =

(?)

14 - 8 =

(B)

14 - 4 ⁼

(q)

14 - 7 ⁼

( IO) 14 - 14 ⁼

Name

Date

(II) 14 - 3 ⁼

(l2)

14 - I 0 =

( 1 3> 14 - I ⁼

(l4)

14 - 3 =

(l5)

14 - 0 ⁼

(l 6)

14 - 4 =

( I ?) 14 - 2 =

<

¹

&) 14 - I I =

( 1 9) 14 - q ⁼

< 20 ) 14 - 12 ⁼

I 0 I I 1 2 I 3 ^! 4 I 5 I 6 1 7 [ 8 I q 1 1 01 1 1 I 12I 13 I 14

^I

15 ^I 16 I 17 I 18 I 1 q [ 201

IA-0 to 14-14

Subtract the numbers below.

( I ) 14 - 5 == ^{(l 2)} 14 - 8 ==

( 2 ) 14 - 7 == ^{( 13)} 14 - I I -

( 3 ) 14 - 4 == ^{( 14)} 14 -

( 4 ) 14 - 12 == ^{( I S )} I 4 - I 0 ==

( S ) 14 - 6 =

^{(l 6)}

14 - 14 =

( 6 )

14 - 3 == ^{( I?)} 14 - 0 ==

( 7 ) 14 - 8 ⁼

^(IB)

14 - 7 ⁼⁼

( B)

14 - 6 ⁼⁼

^{(I q)}

I 4 - I 0 ==

( q) 14 - I 0 == ^{c 20 )} I 4 - I 3 ==

( 10 ) 14 - q ⁼⁼

^{(2 I)}

14 - 2 ==

( II ) 14 - 5 ^{= (22)} 14 - q ⁼

14 0 to 14 14

20 Subtracting from 15

15 - I to 15 - I 0

• Subtract the numbers below.

( I ) 15 - I =

( 2 ) 15 - 2 =

( 3 ) 15 - 3 ⁼

( 4 ) 15 - 4 ⁼

( 5 ) 15 - 5 ⁼

( 6 )

15 - 6 ⁼

(?) 15 - 7 ⁼

( 3 ) 15 - 8 ⁼⁼

C

9 ) 15 - q ⁼

< ¹⁰ ) 15 - I 0 ⁼

c · m _ e

- - - t

Late

( II) 15 - 3 ⁼

ci 2) 15 - I =

( I 3) 15 - 7 =

c i ^{4 )} 15 - I 0 ⁼

(l 5) 15 - 4 ⁼

( l 6) 15 - 6 ⁼

( l 7) 15 - 2 ⁼

(18) 15 - q ⁼

( l 9) 15 - 5 ⁼

(20) 15 - 8 ⁼

I o ^{I I I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 1 7 ! 8 I q 1 1} o ^{1 1 1 I 12 1 13 I 14 I 15 I 16 I 17 I 18 I 1q 1 201}

15-1 to 15-10

15-0 to 15-15

Subtract the numbers below.

(I)

15 - 3 ^{= ( 12)} 15 - I 0 ⁼

( 2 ) 15 - 12 ^{= ( 13 )} I 5 - I I ⁼

( 3 ) 15 - 4 = ^{(l 4)} 15 - 12 ⁼

c

^{4 )}

15 - I I ^{= ( l 5)} 15 - 13 ⁼

( 5 ) 15 - 5 ^{= ( l 6)} 15 - 14 =

( 6 ) 15 - 10 ^{= (I?) 15 - 15 =}

(?)

15 - 6 ^{= (l 3)} 15 - 0 ⁼

<

3 ) 15 - q ^{= (l 9) 15 - 14 =}

<

9 ) 15 - 7 ⁼

^C

^{2 o) 15 - 15 =}

(IO) 15 - 8 ^{= < 21 )} 15 - 0 ⁼

(11) 15 - q ⁼

^C

²²⁾ 15 - 15 =

15-0 to 15 15

Subtracting from 15

15- 0 to 15- 15

• Subtract the numbers below.

( l ) 15 - 2 ⁼

( 2 ) 15 - q ⁼

( 3 ) 15 - 1 0 ⁼

( 4 ) 15 - 4 ⁼

(S) 15 - 6 ⁼

( 6 ) 15 - I =

(?) 15 - 7 ⁼

(S)

15 - 1 4 ⁼

(q)

15 - 3 ⁼

(IO) 15 - 8 ⁼

Name

Date

( I I ) 15 - 5 =

( l 2) 15 - I ⁼

( l 3) 15 - 0 =

(l 4) 15 - 12 ⁼

( IS ) 15 - 2 =

(lb) 15 - 4 ⁼

( 11 ) 15 - I I =

(IB)

15 - 15 ⁼

( 19

_>

15 - 13 ⁼

(20) 15 - 3 =

I o ^{I I I 2 I 3 l 4 ! 5 I 6 1 7 I 8 I q 1 1} o ^{1 1 1 I 12I 13 I 14 ] 15 II 6 I 17 I 18 I 1 q 1 201}

15-0 to 15 15

m

Subtract the numbers below.

(I)

15 - 2 ^{= ( l 2)} 15 - 7 ⁼

( 2 ) 15 - 8 ^{= (13) 15 -} q ⁼

( 3 ) 15 - 6 - ^{( l 4)} 15 - 5 =

( 4 ) 15 - ^{( l 5)} 15 - 0 =

<

5 ) 15 - 8 ^{= ( 16 ) I 5 - I I =}

( 6 )

15 - 10 ^{= (I?)} 15 - 3 ⁼

(?)

15 - 4 ^{= ( IB ) 15 - 6 =}

(B)

15 - 8 ⁼

⁽¹⁹⁾

^{15 -} q ⁼

( q) 15 - 7 ⁼

^C2o)

15 - 12 ⁼

( IO ) 15 - 13 =

^{( 2 I)}

15 - 14 ⁼

( II ) 15 - 15 = ^{< 22 )} 15 - I 0 ⁼

15-0 to IS-15

22 ^Review Subtracting from 14 and 15

• Subtract the numbers below.

( I ) 14 ^{(l 2)} 15 - 7 -

( 2 ) 15 2 - ^{( 13)} 14 6 -

( 3 ) 14 - 3 - ^{' 14 )} I 5 q -

( 4 ) 15 4 - ^{( 15) I 5} 6 -

( S ) 14 2 -

^{( 16)}

I 4 7 -

( 6 ) 15 - 0 -

⁽¹⁷⁾

14 q -

(?)

14 - 0 - ^{( 1 8) I 5}

( 8 ) 15 10 - ^{(19 )} 14 - 4 -

(q)

15 5 -

⁽²⁰⁾

I 4 8 -

(IO ) 14 - I 0 - ⁽²¹⁾ 14 _{5 -}

(I I)

15 - 3 -

⁽²²⁾

I 5 8 ⁼

Review I Subtracting from 14 and 15

1.1 -

Subt ract the numbers below.

(l) 15 - 6 ⁼

^{(l 2)}

14 - I 0 ⁼

<

2 ) 14 - 5 ^{= (l 3)} 15 - 14 ⁼

( 3 ) 15 - q ^{= (l 4)} 14 - 12 =

< 4 ) 14 - 6 ⁼

^(IS)

^{15 -} 0 ⁼

( S) 15 - 7 ⁼

^{(I 6)}

14 - I I ⁼

c

^{6 )}

15 - I 0 =

^{(l 7)}

15 - 13 ⁼

( 7 ) 14 - q ⁼

^(IS)

14 - 14 ⁼

(B)

15 - 8 ^{= ( l<f)} 15 - 12 ⁼

('l) 14 - 7 ^{= (20)} 15 - 15 ⁼

(IO)

15 - 0 ^{= (2 I )} 14 - 13 =

( II ) 14 - 8 =

^<

^{22 )} 15 - I I ⁼

Review I Subtracting from 14 and 15

m

23 ^Review Subtracting from I 0 to 15

Name

-·~---1 Dale

• Subtract the numbers below.

( I ) I 0 ^{( l 2)} 15 - 2 -

( 2 ) I I 2 - ^{( I 3)} 12 4 -

( 3 ) 12 - 2 ^{== ci 4 )} I I - 3 ==

( 4 ) 11 - I ^{== (IS)} 13 - 4 ==

(S) 13 - 2 ^{== ( l 6)} 14 - 3 ==

( 6 ) 12 ^{( I?)} 13 - 3 ⁼⁼

( 7 ) 13 ^{( Is)} I I - 4 ==

( 8 ) 14 ^{( l 9)} 12 - 3 ⁼⁼

( 9 ) I 5 ^{< 20)} _I 0 - ^{3 ==}

( lo ) I 0 - 2 - ^{< 21 )} I 0 - 4 =

( I I ) 14 - 2 -

^<

^{22 )} 15 - 3 ⁼

Review I Subtracting from I 0 to 15

• Subtract the numbers below.

(I) 12 - 4 ^{= (l 2)} 13 5 -

( 2 ) 12 0 -

^{(l 3)}

^{14 0 -}

( 3 ) I 0 5 - ^{(l 4)} I 0 6 -

< ⁴ > I 0 0 - ^{IS) 14 5 -

(S) 12 5 - ^{(l 6)} 13 6 -

( 6 ) 14 4 - ^{( 11)} I I 0 -

( 7 ) 15 0 -

^(IS)

14 - 6 -

(s) I I - 5 - ^(lq) 15 5 -

(q) 15 - 4 ^{= (20 >} I I - 6 -

(IO) 13 0 = ^{<21 )} 15 6 -

(I I ) 13 - 4 ^{= (22 )} 12 6 -

Review I Subtracting from I 0 to 15

.J

24 ^Review Subtracting from I 0 to 15

Name

Date

Subtract th e numbers below.

( I ) 10 - 7 ^{== ( l 2)} 15 - 7 ⁼⁼

( 2 ) I I 8 ^{== ( l 3) 14 - 8 -}

( 3 ) 12 - 7 ^{== ( 1 4)} I 5 8 -

( 4 ) 10 - 8 ^{== ( IS )} I I - I 0 ⁼⁼

(s) 11 - 7 ^{== ( 16 ) 12 -} q ⁼⁼

( 6 ) 13 - 8 ^{= c1 1)} I I - q ⁼

( 7 )

14 - 7 ⁼⁼

⁽¹⁸⁾

^{13 - q ==}

< 3 ) 13 - 7 ⁼⁼

^(lq)

12 - I 0 ⁼

(q)

12 - 8 - ⁽²⁰⁾ 14 - q ⁼

(lo)

I 0 - I 0 - ^{< 21 )} I 3 I 0 ⁼⁼

( 11 ) I 0 - q - ^{(22) I 5} q ⁼⁼

Review I Subtracting from I 0 to 15

• Subtract the numbers below.

(I) 10 - 10 ^{= ( l 2)} 13 - 12 =

( 2 ) 12 - 11 ^{= ( l 3)} 12 - 12 ⁼

( 3 ) 11 - I 0 ⁼

^Cl

^{4 )} 13 - 13 ⁼

( 4 ) 14 - 11 ^{= C l 5)} 15 - 15 ⁼

( 5 ) 14 - 10 =

^{(l 6)}

14 - 12 ⁼

( 6 ) 11 - 11 ⁼

^(I?)

15 - 0 =

( 7 ) 13 - 10 ⁼

^(IB)

15 - 14 ⁼

cs) 13 - 11 ⁼

^(l9)

15 - 13 ⁼

(q) 15 - 10 ⁼

^C

^{2 o)} 15 - 12 ⁼

(IO)

12 - I 0 ⁼

^C

^{2 I )} 14 - 13 =

(I I)

15 - I I ⁼

^C

^{22 )} 14 - 14 ⁼

Review I Subtractrng from I 0 to 15

rm