THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF PLAYING THE ONLINE GAME
"FREE FIRE BATTLEGROUNDS" ON THE MORALS OF TEENAGERS IN AMBULU VILLAGE, JEMBER REGENCY
Akhmad Nur Haqiqi 1, Abd. Muhith2
1,2 Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training, Jember State Islamic Institute e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This study aims to describe the negative effects of playing the online game "Free Fire Battlegrounds" on the morals of teenagers in ambulu village, Jember regency. This research uses a qualitative approach, a type of case study research (Case Study). Data collection techniques use in-depth interviews, observations and documentation. The collected data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive data analysis of Miles and Huberman's interactive model, namely data collection, condensation, data presentation and drawing conclusions, while the validity of the data was checked using source triangulation and techniques.
1) The Negative Effect of Free Fire Battlegrounds game on Adolescent Morals in Ambulu Village, namely Teenagers use money only to play games, Neglect of worship time, Lack of association in the environment, The mind will always be directed at the game and result in reduced concentration to study, unstable emotions. 2) The Negative Effect of Free Fire Battlegrounds on Adolescent Social Interaction in Ambulu Village, namely poor social interaction with family, environment and peers because of uncontrolled characters, teenage characters who are free to be uncontrolled when playing games are carried over to the real world. 3) The addictive effect of playing the Free Fire Battlegrounds online game on Adolescent Learning Activities in Ambulu Village, which is a bad achievement because teenagers choose to play games for a long time instead of studying and repeating lessons.
Keywords: Teen morals, online games
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pengaruh negatif bermain game online "Free Fire Battlegrounds" terhadap moral remaja di desa Ambulu, Kabupaten Jember. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, yaitu jenis penelitian studi kasus (Studi Kasus). Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi yang mendalam. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis menggunakan analisis data deskriptif kualitatif model interaktif Miles dan Huberman, yaitu pengumpulan data, kondensasi, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan, sedangkan keabsahan data diperiksa menggunakan triangulasi sumber dan teknik.
1) Pengaruh Negatif game Free Fire Battlegrounds terhadap Akhlak Remaja di Desa Ambulu, yaitu Remaja menggunakan uang hanya untuk bermain game, Mengabaikan waktu ibadah, Kurangnya pergaulan di lingkungan, Pikiran akan selalu diarahkan pada permainan dan mengakibatkan berkurangnya konsentrasi untuk belajar, emosi tidak stabil. 2) Pengaruh Negatif Free Fire Battlegrounds terhadap Interaksi Sosial Remaja di Desa Ambulu, yaitu buruknya interaksi sosial dengan keluarga, lingkungan dan teman sebaya karena karakter yang tidak terkontrol, karakter remaja yang bebas tidak terkontrol saat bermain game terbawa ke dunia nyata. 3) Efek adiktif bermain game online Free Fire Battlegrounds pada Kegiatan Belajar Remaja di Desa Ambulu, yang merupakan pencapaian yang buruk karena remaja memilih untuk bermain game dalam waktu yang lama daripada belajar dan mengulang pelajaran.
Kata Kunci: Moral remaja, game online
Vol. 01, No. 01, Juni 2020 61 INTRODUCTION
Humans are now faced with the development of increasingly modern technology. The development of communication technology does not only revolve around real or reality areas, but also reaches the virtual or virtual world, namely the Internet. Based on data from the Indonesian Internet Service Providers Association (APJII) revealed that internet service users in Indonesia in 2018 reached 143.26 million people or 54.68 percent of the total population of the country. In 2019 this figure will be predicted to increase.1 Of all internet users in Indonesia, it is known that the majority who access cyberspace (Internet) are vulnerable people aged 13-19 years.
The transition of the function of the internet is to meet the needs of information now to meet human entertainment needs, one of which is online games. In ancient times online gaming was still not popular. The game that was commonly played by teenagers in the past was offline game play, namely the Play Station or commonly referred to as PS. While in this era of globalization, PS games are considered outdated because there are games that are more exciting and can be played by many people with different places, namely online games. This online game is a game played online. Diverse games created and then played by those who download.
The phenomenon of the rise of online games can be seen with the many communities that overshadow gamers to play together and practice together. Only with a mobile phone with adequate quality can play together. An individual feels at home spending hours engaged in his or her fun playing online games. The rise of online games has caused teenagers to want to play the game.
Teenagers think that by playing online games all fatigue and stress (whether it comes from themselves or from parents, teachers, or other people) can be reduced or even can relieve these feelings. Online game fans (Mobile) in Indonesia from a survey from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) recorded more than 19.8 million internet users in 2014, every year online game users will continue to increase following technological developments, the most online game users are teenagers (aged 12-24 years). As many as 64.45% of adolescent boys and 47.85% of adolescent girls aged 12-22 years who play online games.2
Currently, Indonesia's frenetic mobile game is Free Fire Battle Grounds, this mobile game has been downloaded by 100 million online game users. Free Fire Battle Grounds game is a game played by Solo, Duo, or Squad of 100 people in 1 Game Room. This game is very widely played because this game is very light to play with a cheap Android phone. Free Fire Battleegrounds game can be addictive or addictive which is very severe for its users because this game presents deep excitement and curiosity for the younger generations. Teenagers can sit for hours to play this game
1 Henry. K, „Pengguna Internet Indonesia Tahun 2018. Buletin Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia (APJII).‟, 2019 <https://www.liputan6.com/tekno/read/3967287/jumlah-pengguna-internet-di- indonesia-sentuh-angka-171-juta> [accessed 12 March 2023].
2 Tatang Anggoro Putro and Nurjanah Nurjanah, „Perilaku Adiksi Pada Pemain Game Online Di Dinustech Semarang Dan Dampaknya Terhadap Kesehatan‟, Visikes, 12.2 (2013), 141–46.
and can forget about the interaction with the surrounding environment. This addiction to playing games has an arguably negative impact. Those who are addicted to playing games are always encouraged to play and play again.
The realities that occur in the world of online games cannot be separated from the real world because the phenomenon of online games itself has a close relationship with real-world realities. The addictive phase of playing games is a situation where a player will be very difficult to escape from the game including teenagers in Ambulu. The phenomenon that occurs due to the addictive effect of playing the Free Fire Battlegrounds game behind the Ambulu Puskemas, teenagers busy holding mobile phones to play Free Fire Battleground Games, the communication process of teenagers in interacting in games that already use a speaking style that is too rude and sometimes until the discussion is too mature, besides that many teenagers come to the café alone to buy drinks while using wifi in the café to play Free Fire games Battlegrounds. The process of adolescent social interaction is lacking when gathering, because every teenager is engrossed in playing mobile phones to play games by himself, teenagers who do not like games are rarely invited to get together. The worst thing is the use of pocket money to buy Skins and Diamonds in the Free Fire Battlegrounds game.
From the explanation of the description and reality above, research with the theme "The Negative Effects of Playing Online Games "Free Fire Battlegrounds" on Adolescent Morals in Ambulu Village, Jember Regency" was carried out to be able to give an idea of the reality of the negative effects that occur on adolescent morals in Ambulu village, Jember Regency.
Game online Free Fire Battlegrounds
Free Fire Battlegrounds is an online battle royale game with a Third-Person Shooter. Free Fire Battlegrounds is a war game that can be played solo, duo and squad with a maximum limit of 4 people in a squad. The number of players in this game is 50 people.
The gameplay of the Free Fire Battlegrounds online game is that all players are deployed by plane and are obliged to use free fall. Each player must look for weapons and medical equipment when sent to fight when sent to fight against other players and survive. In the middle of the game there is a plane passing by and launching an airdrop in the form of a large box containing an anti-need vest, special weapons such as AWM, Groza, M249 or machine guns. Finding an airdrop is also not difficult, this box will emit a yellow light with a vertical or straight line to the sky. Light will be lost if if the elements in the airdrop have been taken away. At a certain time the danger zone will appear, the circle of the zone will be red when viewed from the map. In certain areas of the danger zone there will be an explosion. In squad mode, a player can communicate with squad friends from the feature provided by the Free Fire Battlegrounds game, namely voicechat and can type words that will appear when playing. Someone who is knocked in squad mode can
Vol. 01, No. 01, Juni 2020 63 ask a friend to help revive the knocked player so that they can play again, if playing in solo mode the knocked player will die immediately and the game ends.
The battle area will shrink slowly, and only those who can take advantage of the existing location will be the winner. Free Fire Battlegrounds, is the best survival game with stunning graphics and easy controls. The key to this game is survival and is required to kill existing enemies with a total of up to 50 people. For the players are required to have weapons and other war equipment to get victory (Booyah).3
Youth Morals
Akhlak is linguistically derived from the word khalaq whose native word is khuluqun which means temperament, character, custom or khalqun which means genesis, artificial, creation. Whereas terminologically morals are "the science that determines the boundary between good and bad, between best and despicable, be it the words or deeds of the born and inner man.4 The science of morals is the science of the boundary between good and bad, praiseworthy and despicable, of the words or deeds of the born and inner man, which gives knowledge that gives the understanding of good and bad, and the science that governs the association of men and determines their final goal of all their efforts and work. Morals in Islamic teachings cover various aspects, namely:
1) Morals to God.
Morals to God can be interpreted as deeds that should be done by man as a makhuk to God as khalik. The scope of Morals to God includes5:
a) Worship God.
b) Loving Allah Swt above all else.
c) Dhikr to Allah Swt.
d) Berdo'a, tawaddu' and tawakal.
2) Morals to fellow human beings
Man as a social being cannot live alone, man needs to interact with his fellow man with good morals. Among the morals towards others i.e.:
a) Morals towards the Messenger of Allah Saw.
b) Morals towards both parents c) Morals towards oneself.
d) Morals towards family, family and relatives.
e) Morals towards 3) Morals to Nature
3 „Www.Ff.Gar‟ <www.ff.garena.com>.
4 Rosihon Anwar And Saehudin, Akidah Akhlak (Bandung: Pustaka Setiia, 2016).
5 Abuddin Nata, Akhlak Tasawuf (Jakarta: Rajagrafindo Persada, 2018) <Https://Inlislite.Uin- Suska.Ac.Id/Opac/Detail-Opac?Id=2330> [Accessed 12 March 2023].
Man was created by Allah Swt on this earth is for prosperity and regulates it, maintains and builds it as the caliph of Allah in order to maintain its existence and preservation and provide for the needs of man himself in order to devote himself to Allah Swt.
The effect of the Free Fire Battlegrounds online game on Teenage Morals
Free Fire Battlegrounds is a relatively complex virtual world game, which offers wide and diverse possibilities for entertainment. The components of this game consist of the social dimension of the virtual world. Playing online games is social in principle. Playing alongside others can result in certain social commitments. The purpose of online games is not only for entertainment, but also to be able to add friends, and increase rupiah income.
Playing games turns out to have many benefits that can be taken, even though for some people playing games has a bad impact but it depends on us how we play the game. Here are some of the effects of playing the Free Fire Battlegrounds online game including: 6
1. Positive Effects of Playing Free Fire Battlegrounds Online Game
a. Each ranked in the Free Fire Battlegrounds game has a different level / level. Generally, the game is equipped with different trinkets of weapons, ammo, characters and game maps. To complete levels or efficiently defeat enemies requires strategy. Online game play will train its players to be able to win the game quickly, efficiently and earn more points.
b. Improves concentration. The concentration ability of online game players will increase because they have to complete several tasks, find loopholes that may be passed and monitor the course of the game. The more difficult a game is, the more a high level of concentration is needed.
c. Improves hand and eye coordination. Research conducted at Manchester University and Central Lanchashire University states that people who play games 18 hours a week or about two and a half hours per day can improve coordination between eyes and hands.
d. Improving reading skills, Psychologists from Finland Univesity state that games improve reading skills in children. So the opinion that this type of game lowers the level of children's reading interest is very unwarranted. Improve English proficiency.
e. One study found that gamers had better English skills despite not taking courses during school or college. This is because many storylines are told in English and sometimes they chat with other players from different countries.
f. Increase knowledge about mobile phones. To be able to enjoy the game comfortably and excellent image quality, an online game player will try to find information about mobile specifications and an internet connection that can be used to play the game.7
6 Tohari. H, SUPERGAMES FOR ISLAMIC MENTORING (Bandung: Sygma Publishing, 2008).
7 Muhammad Shalih Al-Munajjid, Bahaya Game (Solo: Aqwam, 2016).
Vol. 01, No. 01, Juni 2020 65 g. Disturbing health, in order to increase the level of playing online games, teenagers play until they forget the time, so that their health is not controlled and eventually causes gamers to experience health problems. This really needs to be addressed by parents who must be swift and strict with their children, especially those who always play online games every day.8
RESEARCH METHODS
This research uses a qualitative approach, this is the case. This approach is used to understand social phenomena that occur in a research place9. The phenomenon that occurs in this study is the behavior of adolescents who are addicted to playing the Free Fire Battlegrounds online game. This type of research is a case study (Case Study). This research is about the negative effects of playing the Free Fire Battlegrounds online game on teenage morals. Data collection techniques were carried out with participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The collected data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive data analysis of Miles and Huberman's interactive model, namely data collection, condensation, data presentation and drawing conclusions10, while the validity of the data was checked using source triangulation and techniques.
Negative Effects of Playing Free Fire Battlegrounds Game on Adolescent Morals in Krajan Ambulu Hamlet
The addictive effect of the Free Fire Battlegrounds game is the activity of playing the Free Fire Battlegrounds game that causes dependence or addiction to this game and if he does not play online games his mind will continue to float and imagine to play online games.
From the results of researchers' interviews with teenagers, the Free Fire Battlegrounds game is a means of their entertainment in the spare time because the game is good and fun to play, a game that is easy to download and can be played by cellphones with low specs.
Entertainment for playing online games is a good thing if a teenager can control himself and benefit from his games. The findings of the addictive effects of playing Free Fire Battlegrounds affect the morals or behavior of teenagers as follows.
8 PRASETYO YUDHA PRATAMA, „PENELITIAN EKSPLORATIF PERILAKU GAMERS DI KALANGAN MAHASISWA‟ (Bogor: Skripsi, PENELITIAN EKSPLORATIF PERILAKU GAMERS DI KALANGAN MAHASISWA (Kasus: Mahasiswa Perguruan Tinggi Negeri Di Kabupaten Bogor, Jawa Barat) PRASETYO YUDHA PRATAMA I34051751 DEPARTEMEN SAINS KOMUNIKASI DAN PENGEMBANGAN MASYARAKAT FAKULTAS EKOLOGI MA, 2009).
9 Lexy J. Moleong, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, 38th Edn (Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya, 2018)
<Https://Opac.Perpusnas.Go.Id/Detailopac.Aspx?Id=1133305> [Accessed 28 December 2022].
10 Matthew B. Miles, A. Michael Huberman, And Johnny Saldaña, Qualitative Data Analysis A Methods Sourcebook, Arizona State University, 3rd Edn (Los Angeles: Arizona State University, 2016), XXX
<Https://Doi.Org/10.7748/Ns.30.25.33.S40>.
a. Using pocket money to play games, teenagers have been given pocket money by their parents, from the lowest pocket money of 10 thousand to a lot of 50 rb. From the results of observations and interviews, the pocket money they use for daily needs is only 50% of the total value of the remaining pocket money they spend playing the Free Fire Battlegrounds game. For a teenage gamer, the need for money to buy game needs is very important because their extension in a game is very necessary. As explained by Ardana that:
“When a gamer has money, of course, he will use it to buy pleasures that he does not get in the house. A person who loves online games will not stop playing online games as long as he has the money to play”.11
b. Neglect of worship time, This behavior is a behavior that is not self-disciplined, self-discipline that refers to the individual's ability to carry out self-discipline such as the act of following the rules in his social environment12. From the results of the interview, it can be seen that in self- discipline the teenager has not been able to control the time in playing the Free Fire Battlegrounds game they just ignore it, until they forget the activities or obligations and rules at home and also the rules what's in school.
This is in accordance with the negative impact of playing online games according to Hilmuniati, that online games make people become distant from this surrounding environment because of the effect of playing games too often so that they forget about social relationships in their lives.13
c. Lack of association in the environment. Man is a being who cannot live without the presence of other human beings. This requires us to interact well with each other. The time that we were supposed to use to meet face to face and chat, was used up to play the Free Fire game.
Teenagers in Ambulu Village often spend their time playing Free Fire games.
d. Unstable emotions.14 Teenagers who are playing the Free Fire game often do not control their emotions, all emotions must come out when they lose to play, there are friends who can't (noob). Defeat also makes their emotions sometimes unstable because there are feelings of anger, disappointment and dissatisfaction so they are challenged to try to continue until they
11 Ardanareswari Ayu Pitaloka, „Perilaku Konsumsi Game Online Pada Pelajar (Studi Fenomenologi Tentang Perilaku Konsumsi Game Online Pada Pelajar Di Kelurahan Gemolong, Kabupaten Sragen Tahun 2013)‟, 2013, 1–12.
12 Siti Fatimah, „Hubungan Kontrol Diri Dan Pengungkapan Diri Dengan Intensitas Penggunaan Facebook Pada Siswa SMP Sunan Giri Malang‟, Undergraduate Thesis, 2013, 1–124 <http://etheses.uin- malang.ac.id/5238/1/12410197.pdf>.
13 Hilmuniati. F Anak, „Dampak Bermain Game Online Dalam Pengamalan Ibadah Shalat Pada Anak Di Kelurahan Pisangan Kecamatan Ciputat Kota Tangerang Selatan. Sikripsi UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta‟, 45.July (2011), 1–7.
14 Al-Munajjid.
Vol. 01, No. 01, Juni 2020 67 manage to get what they want. What they feel is one of the repercussions arising from being immersed in the euphoria of playing online games.15
In the Big Indonesian Dictionary, the term addictive means addiction or dependence physically and mentally on a substance. Addictive is a brain disease that is recurrent and chronic in nature, and cannot be cured but can be controlled (recovered). Addictive can concern a wide variety of things/substances. So, addictive online games are activities that cause dependence or addiction to online games and if he does not play online games his mind will continue to float and imagine to play online games. Addiction that cannot be controlled or unable to stop these activities will result in someone negligent in other activities. At the age of development, teenagers are always looking for new things to make themselves happy, they can find entertainment by playing games.16 If a teenager cannot control himself in doing anything then it will have a bad impact on his life.
Morals is a behavior inherent in a person that can give rise to good or bad deeds without considering thoughts first. The behavior is done repeatedly is not enough just to do the act once.
Adolescent behavior is one of the morals that is easy to change quickly due to environmental conditions, adolescents who are undergoing changes from childhood to adulthood. These changes include physical changes and emotional changes that are then reflected in attitudes and behaviors17.
Negative Effects of Playing Free Fire Battlegrounds Game on Adolescent Social Interaction in Krajan Ambulu Hamlet
Social interaction is a foundation of relationships in the form of actions based on social norms and values that apply and are applied in society. Interaction can be established with communication and social contacts in the environment. Good interaction with the environment can foster kinship relationships with the environment.
Based on the results of observations and interviews of the unhealthy interaction process that occurs between teenagers who play the Free Fire Battleground game and the surrounding environment. This is due to the time spent playing the Free Fire Battlegrounds game. The process of interaction between teenagers with peers and the surrounding environment rarely occurs because teenagers prefer to play the Free Fire Battlegrounds game and interact with their game friends instead of interacting with the surrounding environment and peers.
Social interaction is a foundation of relationships in the form of actions based on social norms and values that apply and are applied in society. According to Soerjono Soekanto, social interaction is impossible without two conditions, namely social contact and communication.
15 Pitaloka.
16 BKKBN, „Cerita Remaja Indonesia‟, 2019 <https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20200630202610- 289-519238/hari-keluarga-nasional-bkkbn-sasar-remaja-indonesia> [accessed 12 March 2023].
17 Jenab Ramadhani and Adeng Hudaya, „Pengaruh Adiktif Game Online Terhadap Prestasi Belajar Siswa Kelas X Sman 1 Cileungsi‟, Research and Development Journal of Education, 2.1 (2015)
<https://doi.org/10.30998/rdje.v2i1.1422>.
A Social Interaction can occur if there is Social Contact and Communication. Social contact can be positive or negative. Positive social contact leads to cooperation, while negative social contact leads to an opposition or conflict. Communication is the activity of interpreting each other's behavior (speech, physical movements, or attitudes) and the feelings conveyed.18
If only one of them happens Good social interaction cannot happen. Teenage Free game players are busy communicating with friends in the Free Fire Game with the wrong characters and ways of communication, which are rude and too mature for a teenager to do.
This is evident from the results of the study according to Suryanto "the negative impact of playing online games is that someone who is addicted to online games shows addictive behavior, online game players do not remember the time in playing sometimes someone who plays games can play for more than 12 hours just for the sake of playing the online game which eventually causes addiction (addictive) to its users. A person who has been addicted will forget about his environment and friends because he will do something that makes him happy.19
Negative Effects of Playing Free Fire Battlegrounds Game on Adolescent Academic Achievement in Krajan Ambulu Hamlet
Academic achievement is a learning process experienced by students to produce changes in the fields of knowledge, understanding, application, analytical power, and evaluation.20 Based on the results of interviews with resource persons The addictive effect of playing the Free Fire Battlegrounds game has a bad influence on adolescent academic performance, namely a decrease in academic scores at school, this is due to using free time to play the Free Fire Battleggrounds game.
Free time, which should be ideal for studying school subjects, is more often used to complete level by level in the game, their concentration is generally also disturbed so that the ability to absorb the subjects delivered by the teacher is not optimal.
In accordance with Fita's research that "The negative behavior obtained by adolescents in playing online games, adolescents who play online games seem to tend to pay more attention to their pleasure in playing than their main task as students, namely attending school and studying”.21
Academic achievement is the learning process that students experience to produce changes in the fields of knowledge, understanding, application, analytical power, and evaluation. Academic Achievement can get good this happens if a student is able to learn everything and take the positive side of it.
18 Al-Munajjid.
19 RAHMAD NICO SURYANTO, „DAMPAK POSITIF DAN NEGATIF PERMAINAN GAME ONLINE DIKALANGAN PELAJAR‟, Jom FISIP, 2 (2015), 1–37 <http://eprints.ums.ac.id/37501/6/BAB II.pdf>.
20 Sumadi Suryabrata, Psikologi Pendidikan (Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada, 2006).
21 Fita Qori‟ Fatmala Muhammad Luqman Hadi, „Interaksi Sosial Pada Remaja Yang Kecanduan Game Online‟, At-Tarbiyat, 2.1 (2019) <https://doi.org/10.30649/fisheries.v1i2.23>.
Vol. 01, No. 01, Juni 2020 69 In the world of education, various factors and aspects are involved as a whole. No educational effort in itself succeeds in achieving the outlined goals without the interaction of various supporting factors from outside and within the system in question. It is not feasible to declare the existence of an educational program's progress or success without providing evidence of improvement or achievement that has been obtained. Evidence of this improvement or achievement must, among other things, be taken from the planned measurement of achievement.
Thus, changes in learning outcomes exist that are intangible changes in behavior that are considered important and are expected to reflect changes that occur as a result of student learning.22
The success or failure of achieving educational goals depends largely on the learning process experienced by the student whether he is in school or in the home or family environment. It can be concluded that learning achievement is the result of a person's learning obtained by students from a learning and the learning outcomes obtained by them are the result of evaluations or assessments made by researchers or instructors to students. Interpretation assessment in the form of numbers.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of research and discussions that have been carried out regarding the Addictive Effects of playing the Free Fire Battleground online game in Ambulu Village, it can be concluded that the negative effects caused to adolescent morals are that teenagers use the money given by their parents only to play games, often neglect worship time, aloof habits just to play games cause a lack of association in the environment, The mind will always be directed at the game and result in reduced concentration on learning, unstable emotions, poor social interaction with family, environment and peers due to uncontrolled character, freedom to be a character when playing games carried over to the real world, decreased and poor Academic Achievement because teenagers choose to play games for a long time instead of studying and repeating lessons. To overcome the negative impact of online game addiction, guidance from schools and parents is needed.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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I34051751 DEPARTEMEN SAINS KOMUNIKASI DAN PENGEMBANGAN
MASYARAKAT FAKULTAS EKOLOGI MA, 2009)
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ONLINE DIKALANGAN PELAJAR‟, Jom FISIP, 2 (2015), 1–37
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