8th

Organised by:

Sponsored by:

Sustaining the World with Better Structures and Construction Practices

²

^nd

^{– 4}

^th

October 2012 Surabaya INDONESIA

8 ^th ASIA PACIFIC STUCTURAL

ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION CONFERENCE

APSEC 2012

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING RESEARCH

Proceedings of the

Proceeding of Joint Conference

8^th ASIA-PACIFIC STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING CONFERENCE (APSEC 2012) &

1^st INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING RESEARCH (ICCER 2012) Sustaining the World with Better Structures and Construction Practices

Volume 1 & 2 (Digital version)

Jointly Published by

Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Johor Bahru

Johor, MALAYSIA

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Keputih Sukolilo, Surabaya

INDONESIA

© Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

© Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Printed in Malaysia

e-ISBN: 978-983-44826-3-3

No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or any damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein.

Copyright © 2012 by Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia and Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise.

CONTENTS (Vol.1)

No. Title. Page.

KEYNOTE PAPERS

1. Recent Research and Development Trends of Concrete-Polymer Composites in Japan

Yoshihiko Ohama and Muhammad Aamer Rafique Bhutta

1-7

2 Managing UTM 9th Malaysia Plan Development Projects: Issues and Challenges Wahid Omar, Aminah Md Yusof , Asliza Abu Bakar and Abdol Fatah Abu Bakar

8-14

3 Sustainable Construction Practice: Beyond the Horizon Muhd Zaimi Abd Majid

15-18

4 Risk-Based Seismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings Pierino Lestuzzi

19-24

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

5 A Review on The Finite Element Modelling of Integral Abutment Bridges Akilu Muhammad, Redzuan Abdullah and Yusof Ahmad

25-30

6 An Experimental Study of Shape Memory Alloy Bolts under Tension and Direct-shear Cheng Fang, Michael Yam, K.F. Chung and Hongwei Ma

31-35

7 Modeling of Buckling Behavior of Reinforcing Bars Under Monotonic Loading Data Iranata

36-40

8 Static Non-Linear Analysis of RC Simple House Building Heppy Kristijanto and Data Iranata

41-46

9 Experimental and Numerical Study on The Fracture Energy of Early Age Concrete Fawzy El_Behairy

47-57

10 Effect of Groove Sizes and Positions on Timber Beams Strengthened with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer

H. Sarlan and Y. Ahmad

58-64

11 Extreme Value Analysis and Joint Density of Metocean Loads for Malaysian Water Idzwan Mohamad Selamat, Mohd Shahir Liew and Mohd. Nasir Abdullah

65-69

12 Numerical Investigation of Head Diameter Influence on Tensile Capacity of Headed Studs

Jindřich Fornůsek and Petr Konvalinka

70-74

13 Experimental and Numerical Study on Softening and Pinching Effects of Reinforced Concrete Frame

Mariyana A. Ab-Kadir, J.Zhang and Asif S. Usmani

75-78

14 Reinforcing Techniques Using Fiber-Reinforced Polymer: A Review N. I. Mokhtar and Y. Ahmad

79-89

15 Spectral & Cross-Spectral Analysis of Metocean Data for Malaysian Water Nurul Ashikin Binti Othman, Mohd Shahir Liew and Mohd Nasir Abdullah

90-93

16 Strength and Rigidity of Strengthened Cold-Formed Steel Moment Connection Prabowo Setiyawan, Mohd Hanim Osman and A Aziz Saim

94-98

17 Determination of Steel Cold-Form Deformation Behaviour Using Multiple Stereo Image Technique

Radzuan Sa’ari, Suhaimi Abu Bakar, Aziz Saim, Mushairry Mustaffar, Prabowo Setiawan and Hanim Osman

99-104

18 Finite Element Models for Blind-Bolted End-Plate Connection on Structural Hollow Section

Roya Kohandel Gargari , Mahmood Md Tahir and Shek Poi-Ngian

105-108

19 Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Wide Beams Under Different Shear Reinforcement Seyed Esmaeil Mohammadyan Yasouj and Ramli Abdullah

109-112

20 Strength and Initial Stiffness of Extended End-Plate Connection based on the Component Model

Shek Poi-Ngian, Mahmood Md Tahir and Arizu Sulaiman

113-119

21 Numerical Modelling of Top-Seat Flange-Cleat Connection In Light Steel Framing Lee Yeong Huei, Tan Cher Siang, Lee Yee Ling, Mahmood Md. Tahir and Shek Poi Ngian

120-124

22 Reliability in Forecasting Metocean Condition for Offshore Operation and Workability using ARIMA method

Wan Zalikha Anas, Mohd Shahir Liew and Mohd Nasir Abdullah

125-129

23 Validating Hindcast Metocean Parameter with Measured Environmental Loads of Malaysian Water

Zuraida Mayeetae, Mohd Shahir Liew, Kurian V. John and Mohd Nasir Abdullah

130-133

24 Numerical Implementation in Modeling Hysteretic Cyclic Response Behavior with Pinching of A Reinforced Concrete Beam-to-Column Connection

Dicky I. Wahjudi, Priyo Suprobo, Hidajat Sugihardjo and Tavio

134-139

25 Elastic Lateral Torsional Buckling of I-Beam With Stiffener Parallel To Web Paulus Karta Wijaya

140-149

26 Elastic Lateral Torsional Buckling of I-Beam With Lateral Support Paulus Karta Wijaya

145-150

27 Influence of Chromosome Repairing in Genetic Algorithm for 2D Frame Optimization Mohammad Ghozi, Pujo Aji and Priyo Suprobo

151-155

28 High Grade Bolt Failure Concept in Truss Bridge According to Transformation from Static Load Case to Dynamic Vibration Load

Arie Febry Fardheny and Priyo Suprobo

156-159

29 Optimization of Eccentrically Braced Frame (EBF) Steel Structure Using Genetic Algorithm-SAP 2000

Rokhmad Joni Catur Utomo, Mohammad Ghozi and Priyo Suprobo

160-164

COMPOSITE STRUCTURES

30 Structural Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Concrete Filled Steel Box Columns S. Abdullah, H. Eltobgy and I. Shaaban

165-171

31 Partial and Full Interaction Behaviour of CFRP Plated Steel Member due to The Yielding of Steel

Ibrisam Akbar, Deric J. Oehlers and Mohamed Ali Sadakkathulla

172-179

32 The Flexural Behaviour of Tubular Steel Member Strengthened With CFRP Ephrem Aragaw and Ibrisam Akbar

180-184

33 Application of Component Method on Partial Strength Connections Connected Between Column Flanges

M. Md. Tahir, N. Yahya, S. Mohammad, A. B. A. Rahman and I. Juki

185-191

34 Influence of Roughness, Cohesion and Friction on the Interface Shear Strength of Composite Concrete-to-Concrete Bond

Mazizah Ezdiani Mohamed Izni Syahrizal Ibrahim, A. Aziz Saim and Ahmad Baharuddin Abdul Rahman

192-198

35 Structural Performance Analysis of Fiber Reinforced Polymer-Concrete Bonding System Under Tropical Climates

M.H. Mohd.Hashim , M.F. Mohd.Arshad , A.R. Mohd.Sam and M.W. Hussin

199-207

36 Modelling of Shear Bond With Cohesive Element and Slenderness Study of Composite Slabs

Yusuf Abdinasir, Redzuan Abdullah and Mushairry Mustaffa

208-216

37 Flexural Behaviour of Composite Slab Panel With Cold-formed Steel Section

Lee Yee Ling, Tan Cher Siang, Lee Yeong Huei, Shahrin Mohammad and Shek Poi Ngian

217-221

38 Choice of Beam-to-Column Connection Systems in A Precast Concrete Moment Resisting Frame – Influence on Its Performance and Constructability

Dicky I. Wahjudi, Priyo Suprobo, Hidajat Sugihardjo and Tavio

222-229

DISASTER AND MITIGATION

39 Application of Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Approach to Evaluate Strategic Importance of Lifeline Components

Taksiah A. Majid and Ali Yousefi

230-233

40 Seismic Zone Mapping In Johor Bahru for Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Choo Kok Wah, Rozana Zakaria and Azlan Adnan

234-238

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

41 Dominate Frequency Tailing Embankment Interface to Bridge by 3D Finite Element Method

Behrouz Gordan, Azlan Adnan and Rajeev Kumar Prasannan Pillai

239-243

42 Earthquake Resistant Mainframe Computer Structure Analysis Design and Testing Budy D. Notohardjono

244-250

43 Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Infilled Frames under Seismic Loads A. Kadid, S. Noui, A. Zine and D. Yahiaoui

251-256

44 A Comparison of the Structural Performance of Low-Rise Timber Framed Buildings and Masonry Buildings in a Developing Country (Indonesia)

Gede A. Susila, Partha Mandal and Tom Swailes

257-265

45 Study of Peak Ground Acceleration for Earthquake in Banda Aceh City Iman Wimbadi, Tavio, S. Kurdian and Hilda

266-271

ENGINEERING EDUCATION AND TRAINING

46 A Formal Program to Deliver Experience Civil Engineering Professionals C.J. Nel and J.A. Wium

272-277

CONSTRUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

47 An Overview of Reusing and Recycling of Material Waste and Its Benefit Asyran Syafiq Ya'cob

278-280

48 Sustainable Management in International Construction Environment and Cultural Issues

M.Z. Abd Majid, R. Zakaria, K. Yahya, Z. Haron and Iraj Nikookar

281-285

49 A Life Cycle-Assessment of Clay Brick Production: Comparing The Sawdust With Petroleum Coke Energy

K. Yahya, Z. Haron, S. N. Z. Mohd. Rasid and R. Zakaria

286-289

50 Construction Disputes and Negligence’s on Living Environment

M. Z. Abd Majid, R. Zakaria, K. Yahya, Z. Haron, M. Rakhshanifar and I. Nikookar

290-294

51 The Sustainability of Construction and Demolition Waste Management K. Yahya, R. Zakaria, Z. Haron, F. Othman, N. Othman, and F. Firmawan

295-300

52 Implementing 3R Concept in Construction Waste Management at Construction Site K. Yahya, R. Zakaria, Z. Haron and N.A. Rahman

301-303

53 A Sustainable Tourism Area – In A Way to Preserve the Environment: An Overview E.T. Mohamad, M. Mustaffar, R. Zakaria, K. Yahya, Z. Haron and N. Tajul Molok

304-308

54 Automated Prediction of Noise from Construction Sites

Zaiton Haron, Nur’ain Idris, Zanariah Jahya, Khairulzan Yahya and Mushairry Mustaffar

309-314

55 Environmental Performance Assessment in Construction Projects: A Review Ferry Firmawan, Fadil Othman and Khairulzan Yahya

315-319

INDUSTRIALISED BUILDING SYSTEM

56 Adaptation of Green Technology (Industrialised Building System) in Sarawak Construction Industry

Asmah Alia Mohamad Bohari, Kumalasari Kipli, Husrul Nizam Hussin and Natasha Khalil

320-324

57 Assessment of Indoor Environmental Quality of Fast Track Wall System House R. Mohammad Zin, R. Zakaria, K. Yahya, Z. Haron, F. Ghavami Rad and M.H.

Kashefizadeh

325-331

58 An Integrated Approach to Enhance Sustainability in Industrialised Building Systems Riduan Yunus and Jay Yang

332-337

59 Selection Factors of Formwork System

M. Mustaffar, R. Zakaria, R. Mohamad Zin, N. Sulong, M.A. Ismail, M. Taher Alashwal and S. Hassin

338-342

60 Drivers and Challenges of Industrialised Building System (IBS) in Sustainable Construction

Siti Mazzuana Shamsuddin, Rozana Zakaria, Sarajol Fikri Mohamed and Mushairry Mustaffar

343-348

61 Comparative Study of Conventional and Industrialized Building System (IBS) Construction Methods in Government Projects

R.M. Zin, R. Zakaria, K. Yahya, Z. Haron and Nurul Asma’ Nas

349-351

CONTENTS (Vol. 2)

No. Title. Page.

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

1. The Effectiveness of Planning Technique on Construction Projects Achievement Adnan Enshassi and Bernd Kochendoerfer

1 – 5

2. Analytic Network Process Approach in Risk Assessment of Public-Private Partnership projects

A.R. Valipour, N. Yahaya and N.M. Noor

6 – 10

3. Dispute Resolution in Malaysia: The Potential of Graph Model (GMCR) A. Md Yusof and W.F. Wan Husain

11 – 14

4. Standard Quality Achievement Level For Mont Kiara 11

Bachan Singh Besawa Jagar Singh, Abdul Rahim Abdul Hamid and Mohd Sukry Mohamad

15 – 19

5. Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) in Power Plant Projects in Iran Bahman Salami and Aminah Binti Yusof

20 – 24

6. Knowledge Sharing Barriers in Construction Industry in Sarawak

Favilla Zaini, Asmah Alia Mohamad Bohari, Kumalasari Kipli and Azlina Bujang

25 – 29

7. The Implementation of Alternative Dispute Resolution in Sarawak, Malaysia Kumalasari Kipli, Asmah Alia Mohd Bohari, Shahela Mamter and Mohd Esham Mamat

30 – 34

8. Knowledge Management and Growth Performance:Construction industry Perspective

Mohamad Nizam Yusof, Abu Hassan Abu Bakar and Muhammad Asim Tufail

35 – 39

9. A Review of Value Creation from Procurement Contracts and Business Models for District Cooling Systems In Malaysia

Ammar Maarof Adnan and Mohamad Syazli Fathi

40 – 48

10. Towards a Framework to Integrate the Usage of Standard Method of Measurement in Building Services Works

Suhaila Remeli and Sarajul Fikri Mohamed

49 – 54

11. Knowledge Sharing in Malaysian Construction Organisation

Shaza Rina Sahamir, Rozana Zakaria, Othman Ibrahimand A. H. Nawawi

55 – 62

INNOVATIVE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS & MATERIAL BEHAVIOUR 12. The Effectiveness of Metal Straps Strengthening In Layers at High Strength

Concrete Column

A.Z. Awang, W. Omarand H.P. Lee

63 – 68

13. Behaviour of Externally-Confined High Strength Concrete Column Under Uniaxial Compression Load

A.Z. Awang, W. Omar, H.P. Leeand C.K. Ma

69 – 77

14. Make Concrete as a Sustainable Material for the Environment

S.R. Sumadi, R. Zakaria, K. Yahya, Z. Haron, A. Ahankoob, S.M. Khoshnava and A.S. Abdulrahman

78 – 84

15. Oil palm shell structural lightweight aggregate concrete with low cement content Hilmi Mahmud, Payam Shafigh and Mohd Zamin Jumaat

85 – 89

16. New Concept for Optimal Application of Natural Fibre Reinforced Plastic (NFRP) in Building Construction

Jauhar Fajrin, Yan Zhuge, Frank Bullen and Hao Wang

90 – 97

17. Application of Semi-Delphi Method in Material Selection for Concrete Pontoons Mohammad Ali Nekooie, Mohamad Ibrahim Mohamad, Payam Hosseini and Mahyar Mahdinezhad

98 – 104

18. Resistance of Blended Ash Geopolymer Concrete Exposed to 2% Sulfuric Acid for 1-year (Acid Resistance of Geopolymer Concrete)

M.A.M. Ariffin, M.A.R. Bhutta and M.W. Hussin

105 – 110

19. Chloride Resistance of Blended Ash Geopolymer Concrete (Chloride Resistance

& Microstructural Analysis)

M.W. Hussin, M.A.R. Bhutta and M.A.M. Ariffin

111 – 116

20. The Potential of Coal Bottom Ash as Additives in Road Sub-Base Aggregate Norazlan Khalid, Mazidah Mukri, Faizah Kamarudin, Norbaya Sidek and Mohd Fadzil Arshad

117 – 123

21. Mixture Design and Testing of Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete Petr Máca, Radoslav Sovják and Petr Konvalinka

124 – 130

22. Durability of Geopolymer Mortar Using Blended Ash from Agro-Industrial Waste M. Aamer Rafique Bhutta, Mohd Warid Hussin, Nur Farhayu Ariffin, Nor Hasanah and Abdul Shukor Lim

131 – 136

23. The Effect of Underside Shaped Concrete Block on Pavement Rutting Azman Mohamed, Hasanan Md Nor and Mohd Rosli Hainin

137 – 142

24. Electrical Conductivity Measurement in Evaluating Pozzolanic Activity of Palm Oil Fuel Ash

Mohd Azrul Abdul Rajak, Zaiton Abdul Majid and Mohammad Ismail

143 – 149

25. Investigating Several Mechanical Properties of Concrete Made up with Hasankale Pasinler Pumice

Mustafa Pekdemir, Rüstem Güland Muhammed Said Gül

150 – 158

26. Permeability of The Roller Compacted Concrete:A Case Study of Zirdan Dam of Iran

Taha Mehmannavaz, Salihuddin Radin Sumadi, Muhammad Aamer Rafique Bhutta, Vahid Khalili Khorram and Seyed Mahdi Sajjadi

159 – 166

27. Elastic-Plastic Performance of Calcrete Stabilized Unbound Material for Optimized Use in Pavement Layers in Northern Namibia

Courage Silombela and Victor S. Kamara

167 – 171

28. Shear Capacity of Precast Beam Half-Joints Made of Steel Fibre Self-Compacting Concrete

Roslli Noor Mohamed

172 – 176

29. The Effect of Waste Ash from Empty Fruit Bunches of Palm Oil on The Marshall Properties of Asphalt Concrete

Miftahul Fauziah and Alfian Saleh

177 – 181

30. Prediction of Fly Ash-Concrete Strength under Steam Curing with Maturity Method Candra Irawan, Januarti Jaya Ekaputri, Pujo Aji and Triwulan

182 – 185

31. Influence of Clay Fraction on Viscosity in Relation to Mudflow Budijanto Widjaja and Shannon Hsien-Heng Lee

186 – 189

32. Volcanic Ash on the Steam Curing Concrete Triwulan, J.E. Januarti, Pujo Aji and Rivoduta

190 – 194

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST

33. Initial Study of Low Frequency Ultrasound for Mitigation of Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria (SRB)

Norhazilan Md Noor, Nordin Yahaya, Rosilawati Mohd Rasol and Arman Abdullah

195 – 198

SAFETY AND RELIABILITY

34. Investigating Risk Factors Leading to Single-vehicle Rollover Collisions Essam Dabbour

199 – 203

35. Corrosion Characterisation of Reinforced Concrete Structures Exposed to Marine Environment

Mohammad Ismail, Hassan Ibrahim Ogiri, Abdulrahman Salawu Asitipa and Thayalan Balakrishnan

204 – 209

36. Reliability Based Design Optimization of Soil Nail System (abstract) Indra Sati Hamonangan Harahapand Mohammad Hazlee

210

37. Integrated Risk-Based Inspection Planning for Corroded Oil and Gas Pipeline Libriati Zardasti, Norhazilan Md. Noor and Nordin Yahaya

211 – 214

38. Conceptual Framework of a Sustainable Decommissioning Alternative for Offshore Platforms in Malaysia

Noor Amila Wan Zawawi, Mohd Shahir Liew, Na Kai Lun

215 – 221

39. Development of a Framework for Safety Assessment of Mobile Mooring System Silvianita, Mohd Faris Khamidi and V.J Kurian

222 – 227

40. Risk Factor Analysis in the Manufacturing Process of Hollow Core Slab Theresita Herni Setiawan and Ihzarmurafi Huza Sukarni

228 – 234

41. Acoustic Emission Weibull Analysis for Reliability Evaluation of Pulsed Power Recycle Coarse Aggregate Concrete under Bending

Ni Nyoman Kencanawati and Mitsuhiro Shigeishi

235 – 240

SOIL-STRUCTURES INTERACTION

42. Suction Distributions of Heterogeneous Residual Soils with Relict Discontinuities A. Kassim, N. Gofar, N.A. Mokhtar and M.L. Lee

241 – 247

43. Numerical Modelling for Prediction on Axial Bearing Capacity of Driven Pile Ehsan Momeni, Harnedi Maizir and Nurly Gofar

248 – 253

44. The Effects of Deep Cracks on the Rain-Induced Instability of Slopes: A Study Case

E. A. Suryo, C. Gallage, B. Trigunarsyah and A.Rachmansyah

254 – 259

45. Developing Qualitative Index of Pipeline Soil Corrosivity for Tropical Region Fatimah Aqilah Mohamad Nazim, Norhazilan Md Noor and Nordin Yahaya

260 – 263

46. Pullout Response of Irregular Shape Anchor in Dense Cohesionless Soil Hamed Niroumand, Khairul Anuar Kassim and Ramli Nazir

264 – 266

47. Uplift Response of Square Anchor Plates in Reinforced Sand Hamed Niroumand, Ramli Nazir and Khairul Anuar Kassim

267 – 274

48. Effect of Soilcrete Characteristics on Surface Settlement during Tunneling in Vietnam

Hoang-Hung Tran-Nguyen and Binh T.T. Nguyen

275 – 279

49. Remedial Structures to Stabilize Long Xuyen Riverbank to Prevent Sliding in An Giang Province, Vietnam

Hoang-Hung Tran-Nguyen and Du Ngoc Nguyen

280 – 285

50. The Effect of Tree Induce Suction on Soil Stabilization M.F. Ishak, A. H. Yahaya, N. Ali and A. Kassim

286 – 291

51. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) Analysis Via MatPIV for Measuring Displacement of Shallow Foundation on Uniform Sand

Siti Noor Linda Taib, Lau See Hung and Prabir Kumar Kolay

292 – 297

52. Multiple Regression Model for Predicting Metal Loss Using In-Situ Parameter Siti Nor Fariza Mior Mohd Tahir, Norhazilan Md Noor, Nordin Yahaya and Lim Kar Sing

298 – 301

53. Determination of Failure Surface Pattern due to Strip Footing Ahmad Safuan A. Rashid and Kamaruddin Ahmad

302 – 306

SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING

54. Potential Improvement of UTM Existing Buildings to Response to Sustainable Campus Initiatives

A.L. Saleh, R. Zakaria, K. Yahya, Z. Haron, H. Ismailand K.S. Foo

307 – 311

55. Feasibility Study on Potential of Photovoltaic Implementation in Malaysia to Reducing Carbon Emission

A.L. Saleh, R. Zakaria, K. Yahya, Z. Haron, M.H. Kashefizadeh, F. Ghavami Rad and Hamed Rahnama

312 – 318

56. The Promotion of Sustainability Agenda for Facilities Management Through Developing Knowledge Capabilities

Norliana Sarpin and Jay Yang

319 -324

57. Investigation of Eco-labeling Implementation in Malaysia

M. Mustaffar, R. Zakaria, K. Yahya, Z. Haron, S.M.Hosseini, S. Pezeshkzadehand W.S. Yoong

325 -333

58. Parametric Cost-Benefit Analysis of Using Photovoltaic Technology in Commercial Buildings in Malaysia

R. Zakaria,, K. Yahya, Z. Haron, S. Abolfazl Pezeshkzadehand S. M. Hosseini

334 -342

59. Integration between Sustainable Design and Constructability

R. Mohamad Zin, R. Zakaria, K. Yahya, Z. Haron, S. M. Khoshnava and A.

Ahankoob

343 – 348

TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE

60. Multi-Criteria Analysis for Effectiveness and Difficulty of Traffic Management in Disasters

Anil Minhans and Chitrakala Muthuverrapan Pillai

349 – 358

61. Potential Adoption of Rubberised Asphalt Concrete (RAC) in Malaysia towards Green Road Construction

H. Yaacob, M.Z. Abd. Majid, M.R. Hainin, R. Mohamad Zin, R. Zakaria, K. Yahya, Z. Haron and H. Kamarul Bahrin

359 – 362

62. Performance of Steel Slag As Potential of Aggregate Replacement Towards Green Highway

M.R. Hainin, R. Mohamad Zin, M.Z. Abd. Majid, H. Md. Nor, A. Adnan, H. Yaacob, R. Zakaria, M. Bujang and W.N. Aifa

363 – 367

63. Installation of Midblock U–Turn Facilities on Multilane Divided Highways: An Evaluation of Driver’s Merging Gap

Othman Che Puan, Sharifah Nurrul Hazwani Sayed Abdullah and Che Ros Ismail

368 – 374

64. The Risk Perspective of Green Highway Investment

R. Zakaria, M.Z. Abd. Majid , R. Mohamad Zin, M. R. Hainin, H. Yaacob, A.

Adnan, H. Md. Nor, A.N. Mazlan,A. Ismail, Y.S. Yazid, K.S. Foo and N. Derin

375 – 378

65. Identification of Energy Efficiency Criteria for Malaysia Green Highway R. Zakaria, M.Z. Abd. Majid , R. Mohamad Zin, M.R. Hainin, O. Che Puan, H.

Yaacob, A. Adnan, H.M. Nor, M. Ahmad, K.S. Foo, F. Ainee, N. Hamzah, S.O.

Balubaid, A.N. Mazlan, A. Ismail and Y.S. Yazid

379 – 383

66. A Review of Sustainability Principles as A Comprehensive Approach to Assist Green Site Planning to Design Toll House in Green Road

M.Z. Abdul Majid, R. Zakaria, K. Yahya, Z. Haron and S. Balubaid

384 -390

67. Recycling of Pavement towards Sustainable Green Highway

M.R. Hainin, R. Mohamad Zin, M.Z. Abd. Majid, H. Md. Nor, A. Adnan, H. Yaacob, R. Zakaria, M. Bujang, W.N. Aifa, N. Derin and Y.S. Yazid

391 – 395

68. Design of Minimum Services Standard of Public Transport Terminal Infrastructure in Indonesia

Agung Sedayu, Harnen Sulistio, Agoes Soehardjono and Achmad Wicaksono

396 – 400

i

APSEC 2012

is an international conference focusing on topics related to structural engineering and construction.

The 1st APSEC conference was held in 1989 in the historical city of Malacca. Since then the conference was held regularly

at every three years and had attracted many researchers, academicians and engineers from local and abroad. The

previous 7th APSEC 2009 was jointly organised with Universitas Pelita Harapan, Indonesia and was held at Awana Porto Malai, Langkawi, Malaysia. APSEC 2012 is organized to provide platform for exchanging ideas on latest

advances in research and innovations, as well as state-of- the-art information in the fields of structural engineering and construction between scientists and engineers from both

the academia and industries.

ICCER 2012

is a two yearly event aimed at establishing scientific link at international level, in order to share and

disseminate valuable information on activities in Civil Engineering research in developing countries. The conference covers state-of-the-art Civil Engineering research

in the field of structure, material, transportation engineering and management, water resource engineering

and management, geotechnical engineering, construction engineering and management, education in Civil Engineering, design, experiment and construction regulations and other related Civil Engineering research

issues. The conference offers opportunities to young researchers, postgraduate students and professionals to

share ideas related to Civil Engineering research in developing countries. The conference also provides opportunities for future planning and initiative of

collaborations and joint-venture research.

The theme “Sustaining the world with better structures and construction practice” expresses a wide range of issues

to be discussed in the conference.

This year conference is jointly organised by Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia and Faculty of Civil Engineering & Planning, Institut Teknologi

Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia.

Editor-in-Chief

Dr. Norhazilan bin Md. Noor Prof. Dr. Mohammad bin Ismail

Editorial Board (UTM)

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Redzuan bin Abdullah Assoc. Prof. Dr. Aminah binti Md. Yusof Dr. Yusof bin Ahmad

Dr. Izni Syahrizal bin Ibrahim Dr. Roslli Noor Mohammed Dr. Rozana binti Zakaria

Mr. Bachan Singh s/o Besawa Jagar Singh

Editorial Board (ITS) Prof. Ir. Dr. Priyo Suprobo Prof. Dr. Christiono Utomo Prof. Dr. Nadjaji Anwar

Prof. Dr. Indrasurya B. Mochtar

Dr. Januarti Jaya Eka Putri

Dr. Budi Suswanto

ii

Advisor:

Dato’ Prof. Ir. Dr. Zaini bin Ujang, Vice Chancellor, UTM

Prof. Dr. Shahrin bin Mohammad, Dean Faculty of Civil Engineering, UTM Chairman:

Prof. Dr. Mohammad bin Ismail, Faculty of Civil Engineering, UTM (APSEC 2012) Prof. Ir. Dr. Priyo Suprobo, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Planning, ITS (ICCER 2012) Deputy Chairman:

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Aminah binti Md. Yusof Secretary:

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Redzuan bin Abdullah, Faculty of Civil Engineering, UTM Dr. Rozana binti Zakaria

Treasurer:

Dr. Yusof bin Ahmad, Faculty of Civil Engineering, UTM

Members:

Faculty of Civil Engineering, UTM Dr. Izni Syahrizal bin Ibrahim Dr. Roslli Noor Mohammed Dr. Norhazilan bin Md. Noor

Mr. Bachan Singh s/o Besawa Jagar Singh Miss Mardiana binti Abdul Azis

Faculty of Civil Engineering & Planning, ITS Prof. Dr. Christiono Utomo

Prof. Dr. Nadjaji Anwar

Prof. Dr. Indrasurya B. Mochtar Dr. Januarti Jaya Eka Putri Dr. Budi Suswanto

ORGANISING COMMITTEE

iii

Prof. Dr. David A. Nethercot, Imperial College London, UK Prof. Dr. Gamal Abdelaziz, Banha University, Egypt

Prof. Dr. Omar Saeed Baghabra Al-Amoudi, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia

Prof. Dr. Abbas Aminmansour, University of Illinois, USA

Prof. Dr. Martin Skitmore, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia Prof. Dr. Ing. Harianto Hardjasaputra, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Indonesia Prof. Emeritus Dr. Vijaya Rangan, Curtin University, Australia

Prof. Emeritus Dr. R. N. Swamy, University of Sheffield, UK

Prof. Dr. Wan Hamidon bin Wan Badaruzzaman, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia

Prof. Ir. Dr. Mohd Zamin bin Jumaat, Universiti Malaya (UM), Malaysia

Prof. Dato’ Ir Abang Abdullah bin Abang Mohamad Ali, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Malaysia

Prof. Dr. Kamaruzaman Jusoff , Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Malaysia

Prof. Dr. Abdul Aziz bin Dato’ Abdul Samad, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Malaysia

Assoc. Prof Dr. Taksiah binti A. Majid, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Malaysia Dr. Kim S. Elliott, British Precast, UK

Dr. Hamid Solaymani, University of Alberta, Canada

INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

iv

FORWARD

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ESSAGE

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ROM

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HAIRMAN

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HE

A

PSEC

2012

APSEC is a conference that has been organized by the Faculty of Civil Engineering, UTM, after every three years. Beginning from APSEC-5 (2003), we organised this conference jointly with other institutions. For this conference, not only do we jointly organised with ICCER (ITS) but also the venue itself is outside Malaysia, i.e. in Surabaya Indonesia. The theme of today’s conference is ‘Sustaining the World with Better Structures and Construction Practice’. This theme was chosen with the hope that this conference will be able to generate creative and innovative ideas in addressing the current hot issues of green technology, sustainable materials, automation, disaster management, soil structure interaction, structural analysis, material behavior, composite structure particularly in the construction sector.

This conference has been well attended as well as successful. Our participants are from around the globe (Europe, Middle East, Africa, America, Australia, Malaysia and Indonesia). Hence this conference provides a good platform for discussion and forum for engineering professionals, academics and researchers to widen their knowledge and approaches in solving engineering problem and research. A total number of 130 papers were received and reviewed. Almost 90%

were presented. This proceeding is divided into sixteen sections in two separate volumes according to discipline and area.

The sections are Keynote, Construction and Environmental, Construction Management, Composite Structures, Disaster Mitigation, Earthquake Engineering, Engineering Education and Training, Industrialised Building System, Innovative Construction Materials and Material Behaviour, Non Destructive Testing, Structural Analysis and Design, Sustainable Construction and Building, Soil-Structures Interaction, Safety and Reliability and Transportation Infrastructure,

I would like to express my deepest appreciation, especially to our distinguished keynote speaker, Minister Ir. Djoko Kirmanto-Indonesia who officiated this conference. My appreciation also to all the keynote speakers; Prof. Dr. Eng.

Yoshihiko Ohama-Japan (polymer concrete), Prof. Dr. Muhd Zaimi Abdul Majid-Malaysia (construction), Prof Dr.

Wahid Omar-Malaysia (green campus), Prof Dr Pierino Lestuzzi-Switzerland (earthquake), session chairman and also to all presenters and participants for their contribution to this conference

I would like to extend my appreciation to the following organizations who have given support for this conference ; The Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia (CIDB), Public Works Department (JKR), Board of engineers (BEM), The Institution of Engineers Malaysia (IEM), Malaysian society for engineering and technology (MSET), Federation of engineering institution in Islamic countries (FEIIC), Malaysian highway authority (MHA), the Mayor from the city of Surabaya Indonesia, HK-PT HUTAMA KARYA (persero), Waskita, NK-PT NIDYA KARYA (persero), GEOSISTEM, Public works ministry of Indonesia. Thank you to our partner ICCER from the Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Planning, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS).

Special thank you to all APSEC organizing committee, the International Advisory and Technical Committee for their time and effort put forth to ensure the success of this conference. To all delegates and participants I wish you beneficial sessions throughout the conference and a pleasant stay in Surabaya, Indonesia.

PROF. DR. MOHAMMAD BIN ISMAIL

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

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ICCER 2012

Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.

It is my pleasure to conduct the Joint Conference of the 1st International Conference on Civil Engineering Research (ICCER) and the 8th Asia Pacific Structural Engineering and Construction (APSEC) 2012 in Mercure Grand Mirama Hotel, Surabaya, Indonesia at 2-4 October 2012.

I would like to extend my warmest regards to all of the distinguished participants, especially those who have travelled long distances to be present in Surabaya. Welcome to Indonesia, especially welcome to the heroic city of Surabaya, which has a high spirits of creation and innovation.

This joint conference is an event aimed for establishing a scientific link at international level, in order to share and disseminate valuable information on activities in Civil Engineering under the theme of Sustaining the World with Better Structures and Construction Practice. The conference covers state- of-the-art Civil Engineering research in the field of structure, material, transportation engineering and management, water resource engineering and management, geotechnical engineering, construction engineering and management, education in Civil Engineering; and other related Civil Engineering research issues: such as design, experiment and construction regulations.

I believe that that the conference will provide an opportunity for participant to disseminate new knowledge, and to share recent experiences, as well as new practices, technologies, and related codes.

In closing, I would like to once again extend my gratitude to all the participants and I look forward to a most successful and fruitful conference. Your contribution to this conference is highly appreciated.

Thank you for your attention. God bless all of you.

Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.

PROF. IR. PRIYO SUPROBO, MS, Ph.D

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember

Sustaining the World with Better Structures and Construction Practice Editor-in-Chief:

Norhazilan MD. NOOR Mohammad ISMAIL

1st International Conf

¹

erence on Civil Engineering R,esearch (ICCER 2012)

8th Asia Pacific Structural Engineering

& Construction Conference

(APSEC 2012)

UTM

2 - 4 October 2012 I Surabaya, Indonesia

i

APSEC 2012

is an international conference focusing on topics related to structural engineering and construction.

The 1st APSEC conference was held in 1989 in the historical city of Malacca. Since then the conference was held regularly

at every three years and had attracted many researchers, academicians and engineers from local and abroad. The

previous 7th APSEC 2009 was jointly organised with Universitas Pelita Harapan, Indonesia and was held at Awana Porto Malai, Langkawi, Malaysia. APSEC 2012 is organized to provide platform for exchanging ideas on latest

advances in research and innovations, as well as state-of- the-art information in the fields of structural engineering and construction between scientists and engineers from both

the academia and industries.

ICCER 2012

is a two yearly event aimed at establishing scientific link at international level, in order to share and

disseminate valuable information on activities in Civil Engineering research in developing countries. The conference covers state-of-the-art Civil Engineering research

in the field of structure, material, transportation engineering and management, water resource engineering

and management, geotechnical engineering, construction engineering and management, education in Civil Engineering, design, experiment and construction regulations and other related Civil Engineering research

issues. The conference offers opportunities to young researchers, postgraduate students and professionals to

share ideas related to Civil Engineering research in developing countries. The conference also provides opportunities for future planning and initiative of

collaborations and joint-venture research.

The theme “Sustaining the world with better structures and construction practice” expresses a wide range of issues

to be discussed in the conference.

This year conference is jointly organised by Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia and Faculty of Civil Engineering & Planning, Institut Teknologi

Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia.

Editor-in-Chief

Dr. Norhazilan bin Md. Noor Prof. Dr. Mohammad bin Ismail

Editorial Board (UTM)

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Redzuan bin Abdullah Assoc. Prof. Dr. Aminah binti Md. Yusof Dr. Yusof bin Ahmad

Dr. Izni Syahrizal bin Ibrahim Dr. Roslli Noor Mohammed Dr. Rozana binti Zakaria

Mr. Bachan Singh s/o Besawa Jagar Singh

Editorial Board (ITS) Prof. Ir. Dr. Priyo Suprobo Prof. Dr. Christiono Utomo Prof. Dr. Nadjaji Anwar

Prof. Dr. Indrasurya B. Mochtar

Dr. Januarti Jaya Eka Putri

Dr. Budi Suswanto

Deformation

D E

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LS CP

APSEC-ICCER 2012 Norhazilan Md. Noor et. al. (Eds.) 2 – 4 October 2012 | Surabaya, Indonesia

e-ISBN 978-983-44826-3-3 160

“Sustaining the World with Better Structures & Construction Practice”

Optimization of Eccentrically Braced Frame (EBF) Steel Structure Using Genetic Algorithm-SAP2000

Rokhmad Joni Catur Utomo Civil Engineering Department

Surabaya (INDONESIA) ITS E-mail: rokhmadjoni@gmail.com

Mohammad Ghozi Civil Engineering Department

Surabaya (INDONESIA) ITS E-mail: mghozi@ubhara.ac.id

Priyo Suprobo Civil Engineering Department

Surabaya (INDONESIA) ITS E-mail:priyo@ce.its.ac.id

Abstract— The optimization procedure for designing a steel frame is presented in this paper. The steel structure of a three storey and single portal bay eccentrically braced frame (EBF) is analyzed with the propose method. The objective function of the optimization is minimizing weight subjected to three constraints while AISC 2005 is used as preference in structural steel analysis.

Nonlinear static analysis also performed to determine the ductility of optimized structure. The final result of optimization is structure with total weight of 4984 kg and ductility of 3.1. It is concluded that GA-SAP2000 can optimize EBF structure with three constraints.

Keywords- optimization; weight; steel structure; eccentric braced frame; genetic algorithms; AISC 2005

I. INTRODUCTION

SAP2000 program is one of the finite element analysis tool which already used for analyzing and modeling the structure based on some relevant code such as AISC-LRFD 2005 code.

In this code, EBF steel structure is planned to meet several criteria such as planning link, diagonal brace, beam outside link, and columns [1, 2].

Genetic algorithm (GA) itself which is a member of the Evolutiossnary Algorithms (EA) is one approach to determine the global optimum is based on Darwin's theory [3, 4].

Common operators used in GA are initialization of population, evaluate population, selection, mating, crossover, mutation, stopping criterion and get results [5].

Since the commercial FEM (finite element method) program such as SAP2000 and genetic algorithms can be combined to obtain the structure automatically, then this combination would be good if it is used to solve optimization problems [5].

After obtained the results of the optimization process will be performance nonlinear static analysis to determine the ductility of the structure.

II. THEORIES A. Nonlinear Static Analysis

Pushover analysis is a static, nonlinear procedure in which the magnitude of the structural loading is incrementally increased in accordance with a certain predefined pattern.

With the increase in the magnitude of the loading, weak links and failure modes of the structure are found. The loading is monotonic with the effects of the cyclic behavior and load reversals being estimated by using a modified monotonic force-deformation criteria and with damping approximations.

Static pushover analysis is an attempt by the structural engineering profession to evaluate the real strength of the structure and it promises to be a useful and effective tool for performance based design [6].

The ATC-40 and FEMA 356 documents have developed modeling procedures, acceptance criteria and analysis procedures for pushover analysis. These documents define criteria for hinges used in this method. Two points labeled A, B, C, D and E are used to define force deflection behavior of the hinge and three points labeled IO, LS, and CP are labeled to define the acceptance criteria (IO, LS and CP stand for Immediately Occupation, Life Safety and Collapse Prevention, respectively) (see fig. 1). The FEMA 356 code is used in this paper for finding the target displacement of analyzed structures.

Figure. 1. Force-deformation for pushover hinge [6].

PL, PD QL, QD PL, PD

PQ3

0 0 IO (")

PQ2 0

0 IO

8 ⁰

IO (")

PQ1

0 0 IO (")

8000 APSEC-ICCER 2012: First A. Author, Second B. Author and Third C. Author

e-ISBN 978-983-44826-3-3 161

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B. Eccentrically braced frames (EBF)

EBF is expected to withstand significant inelastic deformations in the links when subjected to the forces resulting from the motions of the design earthquake. The diagonal braces, columns, and beam segments outside of the links shall be designed to remain essentially elastic under the maximum forces that can be generated by the fully yielded and strainhardened links, except where permitted in this Section.

EBF shall meet the requirements in Section 15 AISC-LRFD 2005 [7].

C. Failure Mechanisn Concept

Failure mechanism is expected in the structure if not unavoidable is the top of the first to collapse before the bottom had collapsed. So the bottom of column, beam, and brace planned stronger than the above. Strength elements can be seen from the large value of the cross-section area (A), profile’s depth (H), elasticity modulus (E) and plastic modulus (Z) (with the same yield strength) [8].

D. SAP2000

SAP2000 program is a finite element analysis tool which already used for analyzing and modeling structure. SAP2000 could process or import the file input with extension MDB, XLS, TXT and SDB. SAP2000 also could export analysis result and design to files with extension XLS, TXT and SDB.

After input file being opened, SAP2000 will run analysis, save the results and design of all members and create output file.

From the output file, the required data such as stress and displacement along the frame as an indicator for the acceptance criteria can be obtained [5, 8 & 9].

E. GA and SAP2000

Since the structure is simple, GA procedures are processed in Single PC. Optimization problems are solved by using combination of SAP2000 and simple GA (see fig. 2) [5, 8 &

9].

Start

Initialize Population Run Sap2000

Count Fitness

Check Stopping Criteria

Get Result Finish

Selection, Crossover, Mutation,

New Generation NO

YES Initiliziation

Figure. 2. Flowchart GA-SAP2000[5, 8 & 9].

After initial population is created, the program commands PC to 1) run SAP2000, 2) analyze input files, 3) design the input files, 3) close SAP2000. Each input file must have one output file. The message is to let PC to evaluate and calculate fitness value of each output file (see Fig. 2). Raw data for of drift calculation are taken from “Joint Displacements” table.

Data for stress constraint calculation are taken from “Steel Design 1 – Summary Data AISC360-05-IBC2006” Sap2000 output file table. This iteration is processed until the generation reach 300. The specific generation number is used as the stopping criteria.

III. MATERIALSANDMETHODS

Portal is optimized in this study based on cases in chapter 7.3.10 EBF design example in the book "Ductile Design of Steel Structures" and divided into nine elements (fig. 4).

ASTM A572 Grade 50 steel with a specified yield strenght of 345 Mpa (50 ksi) was used for the beams, columns, and links.

ASTM A500 Grade B square structural tube manufactured to a specified yield stength of 320 Mpa (46 ksi) was used for the eccentric braces. The portal works loads such as: gravity unfactored concentrated live loads (PL) of 100 kN (22,5 kips) and dead loads (PD) of 250 kN (56,2 kips) are applied to each column at each level, and uniformly distributed dead loads (QD) of 15 kN/m (1,11 kips/ft) and live loads (QL) 10 kN/m (0,74 kips/ft) are applied along the beams. Unfactored lateral seismic loads (PQ3, PQ2, and PQ1) of 259 kN (58 kips), 172,5 kN (39 kips), and 86,5 kN (19,4 kips) are aplied at the third, second, and first floor level of the frame (see fig. 3 for details).

Figure. 3. Steel structure model and loading [10].

266 types of WF profile used for the beams and column, and 332 types of HSS profiles used for fence as available profiles are taken from SAP2000 database in this optimization.

With a review of the 9 elements total possible configurations that can be generated is 6²⁶⁶ × 3³³².

The objective function is to minimize the weight of structure subjected to three constraints (stress constraint, displacement constraint, and and configuration of the profile properties):

300

Generation

250 200

100 150 50 12000

10000

..

8000

::,

ii >

6000

.. ..

s

..

4000 u:

2000 0

0

Max of Fitne ss

14 11

APSEC-ICCER 2012: First A. Author, Second B. Author and Third C. Author

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“Sustaining the World with Better Structures & Construction Practice”

Figure. 4. Grouping of the portal [11].

3

3 3 2 2

( )(1

)

i i i i j j

k l j m

Objfunc Min A L re rj ct

bt brt cbt bbrt



       

        (1)

i = all element number (1 to 9), j = joint number at outside column (3, 7, and 11), k = beam element number (4, 5, and 6), l = brace element number (7, 8, and 9), m = joint number at brace (4, 8, and 12).

Where Objfuncis objective function, ρ is a unit weight, A is an area of cross section, L is a length of element, c = column, b = beam , br = brace, t3 = outside height (WF) or outside depth (HSS) profile, t2 = top flange width (WF) or outside width (HSS) profile, rei is element capacity constraint, rei=0 if statusi="No Messages"and rei=2² if statusi≠"No Messages", rjj

is displacement constraint, rjj=0 if drifti<0,00875and rjj=drifti2

if drifti>0,00875, ct3j is outside height profile column constraint, ct3j=0 if Rct3j<1and ct3j= Rct3j2 if Rct3j>1, bt3k is outside height profile beam constraint, bt3k=0 if Rbt3k<1and bt3k= Rbt3k2 if Rbt3k>1, brt3l is outside depth profile brace constraint, brt3l=0 if Rbrt3l<1and brt3l= Rbrt3l2 if Rbrt3l>1, cbt2j is top flange width profile of beam and column constraint, cbt2j=0 if Rcbt2j<1and cbt2j= Rcbt2j2 if Rcbt2j>1, bbrt2m is top flange width profile of beam and brace constraint, bbrt2m=0 if Rbbrt2m<1and bbrt2m= Rbbrt2m2 if Rbbrt2m>1.

For displacement constraint, the interstory drift is limited to 0,0025 times the storey height. For stress constraints, the column status in the output file SAP2000 "Steel Design 1 - Summary Data - AISC360-05-IBC2006" should contain "no message".

For the outside height profile column constraint, ratio at every joint must under 1:

3 3 1

j 3

t column

Rct t of column at lower column (2) For the outside height profile beam constraint, ratio must under 1:

3 3 1

k 3

t beam

Rbt t of beam at lower beam (3) For the outside height profile brace constraint, ratio must under 1:

3 3 1

l 3 t brace

Rbrt t of brace at lower brace (4) For the top flange width of beam and column constraint, ratio must under 1:

2 2 1

j 2

t beam

Rcbt t of column on same storey (5) For the top flange width profile of beam and brace constraint, ratio must under 1:

2 2 1

2

t brace Rbbrt

t of beam on the same storey

  (6)

Where,

t3 = outside height (WF) or outside depth (HSS) profile t2 = top flange width (WF) or outside width (HSS) profile

GA process is carried out with the parameters: 50 individuals, 300 generations, 0,8 crossover, mutation 0,005, crosses a cut point, the elitism of 25% and use the rest of the roulette wheel selection. Nonlinear static analysis is then used to test the optimized structure.

IV. RESULTSANDDISCUSSION

Optimization is successfully done with combination of GA and SAP2000. Individual results are obtained with the best fitness value from 300^th generation with the weight of the structure is 4984,35 kg. The result profiles are shown in Table 1 and Fig. 7. Drift happened at the first storey is 6,256×10^-3 m.

The second storey drift is 6,313×10^-3 m. And the third storey drift is 5,355×10^-3 m. All drift do not exceed the specified limit (8,750×10^-3 m).

Figure. 5. Graph the highest fitness value of each generation.

Atu(cm'J ISO

so

JOO ZJJ(cm'J

ISOO 1000

soo

r

Ratio of t3 Beam

-,

Ratio of 133 Beam

~: l ^js

.::

Lo

^{JO 20 30}

_··o L

⁰

sooo

^{10000 ISOOO 10000}

tl(tml IU(cm')

I

Ratio of 233 Beam

-,

Ratio of Area Beam

Is ~ s

.:: .::

?.Ulcm'J

3000 2000 1000

l-

Ratio of 233 Column ¹

10000 40000 60000

IU(un')

l-

Ratio of 133 Column

Atu(cm'J

1'0

>O 100

Ratio of Area Column

60

10 40

1l(<m)

Ratio of t3 Column

-,

Generation

300 250

200 150 100 0 50

Min of Weight

18000 16000 14000 ..; 12000 'z: 10000 :.:

.c .!!." 8000

~ 6000 4000 2000 0

APSEC-ICCER 2012: First A. Author, Second B. Author and Third C. Author

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“Sustaining the World with Better Structures & Construction Practice”

Figure. 6. Graph the lowest weight of each generation.

Table. 1. Optimization result

Tipe Frame Profil 1 W16X77 2 W12X50 3 W12X45 4 W12X50 5 W12X50 6 W10X45 7 HSS10X8X.3125 8 HSS10X8X.3125 9 HSS7X7X.375 Column

Beam

Brace

Figure. 7. Cross-sectional profile of portal.

Ratio of properties column profile between the floors, shown in fig. 8.

Figure. 8. Ratio of properties column profile.

In Fig. 8 it is shown that the higher the floor, column properties (t3, area, i33, and Z33) will be equal or smaller.

Ratio of properties beam profile between the floors is shown in fig. 9.

Figure. 9. Ratio of properties beam profile.

From fig. 9 it is shown that the higher the floor, beam properties (t3, area, i33, and Z33) are equal or smaller.

Ratio of properties brace profile between the floor, shown in fig. 10.

14

110

6 1(1

Displa.omont (Cm) 0

100000

~ 4000UO

e ~ ~('1000~

... ..

;; zccocc

..

500000 600000

Relation of Base Force VS Displacement

Ratio of 133 Brace

Ratio of Z33 Brace

-,

i:S3:: i:=

L

~~~~~-!0_·~~-·-00~~~6-00~l~~~~-!0_0_·~-·000~~6000~~~8·_·_·_

^{ll3 lcm1) • IU fun•)}

t.3(cm}

lO

20 ^so

100

JO

.

~ 8

~ 71·--·

!·•··---- .

Ratio of Area Brace Ratio of t3 Brace

-r

r

APSEC-ICCER 2012: First A. Author, Second B. Author and Third C. Author

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Figure. 10. Ratio of properties brace profile.

From Fig. 10 it is shown that the higher the floor, brace properties (t3, area, i33, and Z33) will be equal or smaller.

Figure. 11. Pushover curve.

Ductility is ratio between the maximum drift of the building structure as it reaches the condition of the verge of collapse (∆m) and drift of the structure when the first yielding in the building structure (∆y). The value of ductility (∆m/∆y) shown in fig. 11 is 3,16.

V. CONCLUSION

Optimization process with three constraints (stress elements, interstory drift, and cross-sectional configuration properties) is carried out successfully with weight is 4984 kg and ductility is 3,16, it is based on after the control of all constraints that used none exceeded. In the control elements of the structure is based on the AISC LRFD 2005, met all the

requirements needed from the absence of portal elements that have overstressed, the absence of rotation of the link that exceed the limits, the absence of the element slenderness limit, all the elements required in the category (link profile and column category seismically compact, brace profile category compact), and others. Drift in all floors are not exceeding limitations. Likewise with height and width of profile configuration in all elements used in accordance with constraints. With use the height and width profile constraint are also available area, i33, and Z33 is uniform during the optimization process is complete (300 generations).

REFERENCES

[1] Computer and Structures, Inc., (2011). “Steel Frame Design Manual AISC 360-05 / IBC 2006 for SAP2000^®”. Version 15. California, USA.

[2] Engelhardt, Michael D., (2007). “Design of Seismic Resistant Steel Building Structures”. USA: University of Texas.

[3] Gen, M. and Cheng, R., (1997).“Evolutionary Algorithm and Engineering Design”. A wiley-Interscience publication, John wiley &

Sons, Inc., New York.

[4] Goldberg, D.E., (1989). Evolutionary Algorithm in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning. Addition wesley publishing company Inc, USA,.

[5] Ghozi, M., Aji, P., and Suprobo, P., (2011, March). “Evolutionary Parallel Sap2000 for Truss Structure Optimization”, International Journal of Academic Research. Vol. 3, No. 2, Part IV:1140-1145.

[6] Habibullah, A., Pyle, S., (1998). “Practical Three Dimensional Nonlinear Static Pushover Analysis”. Structure Magazine, Winter 1998.

[7] American Institute of Steel Construction., (2005). “Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings”. Chicago: AISC, Inc.

[8] Ghozi, M., Aji, P., and Suprobo, P., (2011, November). “Performance of 2D Frame Optimization Considering the Sequence of Column Failure Mechanism Using GA-SAP2000”. Academic Research International.

Vol. 1, Issue 3:394-402.

[9] Ghozi, M., Aji, P., and Suprobo, P., (2011, September). “Effects of Strong Column Weak Beam Ratıo as Constraınt for Steel Frame Optımızatıon”, Academic Research International, Vol. 1, Issue. 2:89-95 [10] Bruneau, M., Uang, C. M., and Whittaker, A., (1998). “Ductile Design

of Steel Structures”. New York: McGraw-Hill.

[11] Utomo, R. J. C., (2012). “Optimization and Reliability Assessment of Eccentrically Braced Frame (EBF) Steel Structures”. Surabaya: Civil Engineering Department FTSP-ITS.