As the authors rightly point out, the study of medical parasitology is indeed daunting for the uninitiated, and this book aims to promote an easy but comprehensive way to learn the subject. Once again, congratulations to the authors who released this book at this opportune time.
Protozoa and Helminths
Giardia lamblia Small intestine malabsorption, diarrhea Trichomonas vaginalis Vagina, urethra Vaginitis, urethritis Trypanosoma brucei Blood, lymph nodes, CNS Sleeping sickness.
Amoebae
As the trophozoite travels through the intestine, it encysts and is excreted in the stool. Liver abscess can be multiple or more often solitary, usually located in the upper right lobe of the liver.
Intestinal and Genital Flagellates
In men, it occurs mainly in the anterior urethra, but can also be found in the prostate. In females, it can cause severe itching in the genital area with foul-smelling yellow-green foamy discharge, dysuria, burning sensation with urination and dyspareunia.
Hemoflagellates
There is an initial period of parasitemia, followed by localization of the parasites in the lymph nodes. The trypomastigote is a non-multiplying form found in the peripheral blood of humans and other mammals.
Malaria Parasites and Babesia
It takes place in red blood cells (erythrocytic schizogony) and in liver cells (exoerythrocytic or preerythrocytic schizogony). Clinical manifestations include bilious vomiting and prostration, with dark red or blackish urine (black water). Pathogenesis is due to massive intravascular hemolysis caused by anti-erythrocyte antibodies, resulting in hemoglobinuria.
Coccidia
Tissue cysts are found during the chronic phase of infection in the brain, eyes, skeletal muscles, and other organs. Zoites released into the small intestine undergo asexual reproduction (schizogony) leading to the formation of merozoites. The amoeboid form develops into thick-walled cysts and is excreted in the host's feces.
Microsporidia
In the duodenum, the spore with its nuclear material is injected into the host cell through the polar tube. 4–5) Inside the cell, the microsporidia multiply by repeated binary fission and produce large numbers of spores. Microsporidia can cause a wide range of diseases in patients with HIV, organ transplant recipients and other immunosuppressed diseases. HIV-infected patients receive antiretroviral therapy (ART) to boost the host's immune status.
Ciliate
If the stool examination is negative, biopsy samples and scrapings from duodenal ulcers can be examined for the presence of trophozoites. Tetracycline (500 mg orally, 4 times a day for 10 days) is the drug of choice and doxycycline is an alternative drug. The cyst is the infectious stage and is acquired by the host through ingestion of contaminated food or water.
Nematodes: Roundworms
The female adult worm is found embedded in the mucous membrane of the small intestine of humans. Adult worms of Necator americanus are somewhat smaller than A. The anterior end is bent in a direction opposite to the general curvature of the body, while in A. duodenale the bend is in the same direction. They are then swallowed and develop into adults in the lumen of the small intestine within 1-2 months.
Cestodes: Tapeworms
The adult worm is found in the human small intestine, usually in the ileum. The sparganum (plerocercoid larva) is released from the second intermediate host (fish, reptiles, amphibians) into the human intestine. 5–6) Adults develop in the human small intestine and scolex attaches to the lining of the small intestine. a) Scolex, (b) Pregnant proglottid, (c) Larvae (cysticercus cellulosae).
Trematodes: Flukes
The eggs contain ciliated miracidium and are laid in the venules of the vesical and pelvic plexus. In the chronic stage, there is generalized hyperplasia and fibrosis of the bladder mucosa with a granular appearance (sand patch). The metacercariae excyst in the duodenum and develop into adults in the bile ducts of the liver.
Ectoparasites of Medical Importance
Common sites of skin lesions are the interdigital spaces, flexor surfaces of the wrists and forearms, elbows, axillae, inguinal region, and genitalia. Evidence of mites, eggs, or fecal material after scraping or scratching the lesion with the tip of a scalpel blade or sterile needle. Detection of adult lice or nits of head and canker lice confirms the diagnosis.
Case Reports
Amoebic Liver Abscess
Fatal case of amoebic liver abscess in a child.” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 8, no. Lack of suspicion of an amoebic liver abscess leads to a delay in treatment, which can be fatal. Aspirated 'anchovy sauce' colored pus strongly indicates an amoebic liver abscess, which should prompt the treating physician to initiate treatment with metronidazole.
Gigantic Amoebic Liver Abscess in Pregnancy
Source: Ng, Khuen Foong, Kah Kee Tan, Romano Ngui, Yvonne AL Lim, Amirah Amir, Yamuna Rajoo, Hamimah Hassan and Rohela Mahmud. Amoebic liver abscess in pregnancy is rare and associated with a high risk of mortality.
Child Infected with Plasmodium vivax via Blood Transfusion
Hyperparasitaemia of Plasmodium knowlesi Infection in Human Case report: A 56-year-old Chinese man was admitted to the hospital with a his-
Plasmodium knowlesi Reinfection in Human
Severe Plasmodium knowlesi Infection
Mortality due to Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in Sabah, Malaysia: association with reporting as Plasmodium malariae and delayed parenteral artesunate. Blood film for malaria parasites (BFMP) was reported as Plasmodium malariae with a parasite count of 120,000 parasites/μL. Chest radiography after intubation showed bilateral diffuse heterogeneous opacities, and she died 18 hours after presentation from severe malaria with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Imported Case of Plasmodium ovale Infection in Malaysia
This may be more important in severe knowledge malaria, where pulmonary complications are common.
Plasmodium ovale Infection with Fatal Outcome
On day 3 of admission, he developed loose stools and lung examination revealed fine basal crepitations. Hematologic examination showed that his platelet count was 120,000/μL and that the malaria parasite load was reduced to 0.03%. His anti-malarial treatment was changed to IV quinine 850 mg (1 dose) and then to IV artesunate 160 mg (for 7 days).
Unusual Manifestation of Cutaneous Toxoplasmosis in a HIV-Positive Patient
The organism was confirmed when the skin biopsy was subjected to a nested PCR that successfully amplified a 96 base pair region of the T. It is likely that the patient has had a previous latent infection that was reactivated during the HIV infection. The patient's humoral immunity may be compromised, as evidenced by the lack of an anti-Toxoplasma antibody response.
Zoonotic Ancylostoma ceylanicum Infection Detected by Endoscopy Case report: A 58-year-old Chinese woman who presented with upper gastrointes-
Microscopic examination of the mouthpart was not clear and detailed enough to allow specific species identification. For species-specific characterization, the worm was subjected to PCR, which confirmed the type of hookworm as Ancylostoma ceylanicum. Zoonotic infection Ancylostoma ceylanicum detected by endoscopy. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 91, no.
Enterobius vermicularis Salpingitis Seen in the Setting of Ectopic Pregnancy
Gubuayan: Ngui, Romano, Yvonne A. L. Lim, Wan Hafiz Wan Ismail, Kie Nyok Lim ken Rohela Mahmud. Gubuayan: Ngui, Romano, Sarala Ravindran, Diana Bee Lan Ong, Tak Kuan Chow, Kah Pin Low, Zaidi Syeda Nureena, Yamuna Rajoo ken dagiti kakaduana. Ti ectopic migration ti Enterobius vermicularis ket mabalin a mangpataud kadagiti sintomatiko a sugat iti babai a reproductive tract.
Case Report on Anisakiasis
Zoonotic Brugia pahangi Filariasis
Relatives of the patients (including their domestic helpers, who were all migrant workers) also had their blood screened for mf and Brugia Rapid test at the time of diagnosis. The sequence of the PCR product was found to be identical to that of patient 4 and of the larvae in the Ar. These findings therefore suggest that infected domestic cats may be the source of the zoonotic infection in the suburbs.
Eye Lesion Caused by Filarial Worm
The worm was put in formalin and sent to the Parasitology Department of the University of Malaya Faculty of Medicine for identification. On examination, the specimen was found to be an immature female nematode worm measuring 11.5 cm in length and a maximum width of 400 μm. The worm was rounded at both ends, with the anterior end being wider than the posterior.
Taeniasis saginata and Neurocysticercosis
There were no other positive findings except for a laboratory test that showed it was positive for hepatitis B. Based on the size of the gravid proglottid, the species was identified as Taenia saginata. He was admitted to a teaching hospital and an MRI of the brain showed a partially calcified enhancing lesion in the posterior occipital region with surrounding edema.
Hymenolepis diminuta Infection in a Child
Six weeks later the child returned with the same complaints and again another sample sent for examination came back as 'normal'. On her third visit, a similar sample obtained from the child's stool was sent to a diagnostic laboratory for a second opinion. When there is a high index of suspicion, repeated samples must be sent to the diagnostic laboratory for species identification so that the patient can receive the appropriate treatment.
Diphyllobothriasis
The infected child was prescribed a single dose of praziquantel (20 mg/kg body weight) and a stool examination performed 2 weeks after treatment was negative for H. The patient revealed that he traveled to Thailand quite often and enjoyed eating. raw fish there. In Malaysia, he often ate raw fish in Japanese restaurants and had been consuming raw fish for years.
Liver Cirrhosis and Splenomegaly Associated with Schistosomiasis mansoni
When questioned further, the patient said she lives in the Rabak region, Sudan, where her daily routine involves raising cows and farming. While in Sudan, the patient had a history of malaria and was treated with intravenous artesunate. After diagnosis, the patient was treated with praziquantel 40 mg/kg body weight in a single dose and the patient made good progress.
Acute Cholecystitis Caused by Clonorchis sinensis
Schistosoma mansoni eggs were detected in stool by stool examination with Kato-Katz thick stain confirming the diagnosis of schistosomiasis. While schistosomiasis is rare in Malaysia, it is one of the most common causes of portal hypertension in endemic areas. Upon further questioning, the patient gave a history of travel to China and Hong Kong 1 month prior to admission and had consumed raw fish while visiting these countries.
Visceral Leishmaniasis
Clonorchiasis is commonly reported in the Far East and is contracted through the ingestion of raw/undercooked freshwater fish. Six months after a 2-week holiday in rural central India, a 22-year-old female patient developed irregular fever with chills and severe abdominal discomfort with hepatosplenomegaly.
