LEXICAL BORROWING ANALYSIS OF JAVA ISLAND CITY AND REGION’S NAME ON THE立地成 (LÌDÌ CHÉNG) SITE
Laurenctius Jefferson Natan Universitas Brawijaya
SUBMISSION TRACK A B S T R A C T Submitted : 31 December
2022 In the development of a language, there are transformation. One of the transformation caused by loanwords which a language insert the lexicon or vocabulary from other language. According to Octaviana (2021), the loanwords or borrowing is one of categorization of communication strategies in the language. This research is about loanwords analysis of Java Island’s city and region names on the立地成 (lìdì chéng) site and aims to identify the language loanwords classification by Niklas-Salminen theory.
Through this research, the Java Island’s name of city and region on the 立 地 成 (lìdì chéng) site were analyzed to know the loanwords classification to Chinese. From this research result, it was found that 24 names of city and region absorbed phonological, 35 names of city and region absorbed morphosyntactic, 32 names of city and region absorbed lexical, 2 names of city and region absorbed xenism, and 6 names city and region absorbed xenism-morphosyntactic. Therefore, this reserch is needed to analyze the absorption of Java Island’s city and region names into Chinese so that knowing by peoples.
Accepted : 6 February 2023 Published : 18 March 2023
KEYWORDS
Chinese, loanwords, 立地成 (lìdì chéng) site, loanwords classification, niklas-salminen
CORRESPONDENCE
E-mail:
Introduction
In the development of languages, a language have various changes include Chinese. The changes that occur usually refers to vocabularies and one of the vocabularies changes in Chinese caused by absorption from other languages, like naming of geoghraphic which involves regional names and tophography. Loanwords, according to Kridalaksana (1988, in Zaenulloh 2020:8) are loanword who insert phonological, gramatical, and lexical elements in the language due to contact. In absorption, at some point the language entered its new lexicon as a result of borrowing (Haspelmath, 2009:36), like Indonesian has loanwords from other language, English, Chinese, Portuguese, Dutch, Arabic, Latin, and Greek. In Mandarin, the absorption vocabulary from foreign language usually occur for naming place or area (geographical) that not using Chinese. The place named from origin language absorp by word or 汉字 (hànzì) characters. This absorption be adapted with origin pronouncation, its also with the names of city and regency in Indonesia, especially names of city and region in Java Island.
There are several previous study about borrowing. First is Zaenulloh (2020) discussed about borrowing countries names on Chinese dictionary, Yinghan (2020) discussed about Min Nan dialect borrowing influence in Indonesian. Third research by Mellyna (2011) discussed the use of borrowing and non borrowing words that not been certainly have meaning correctly. The last research by Zaqi (2018) analyzed about Indonesian borrowing in Chinese on “印度尼西亚自助游” Yìndùníxīyà Zìzhùyóu”
books.
The names of city and region on Java Island in Chinese founded at立地城 (lìdì chéng) site which contains map and area names in Chnese. 立地城 (lìdì chéng) site is a
website from China that discusses tourism both in China and outside China where there is absorption of geographical names from Indonesian to Chinese. This research is unique because usually the names of city and regency in Indonesia are not absorp into other language, but in Chinese can be absorp. This research is important because there has been no research by other people who discussed about borrowed words especially the name of cities and regencies on Java Island from Indonesian to Chinese.
Website
Stein (in Hariyanto, 2017:21) states that arise as result of information technology development and globalization. Hariyanto (2017:21) also states that website is collection of electronic page which are generally formatted in HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) or PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) which contain text, images, and some visual media effects.
Nuopponen (2002:122) classified websites into several types, namely website based on target readers, based on structure, and interconnected website.
Morphology
Morphology is one of the smallest units that studies or studies word forms and word meanings (Ramlan in Busri and Badin, 2018: 70). In this case, morphology relates to word formation and what is learned is about the ins and outs of words. Morphology, which is a branch of linguistics, is used to help analyze word formation, especially loanwords because words are a component of language (Suparno, 2015:2).
Loanwords
In the development of a language, there are changes. One of the changes is loanwords, that some point the language entered its new lexicon as a result of borrowing (Haspelmath, 2009:36). This case has happened in Indonesian, where the history of Indonesian can not be separated from Sanskrit influence. Holmes (2013:43) states that loanwords or lexical borrowing important to distinguish the types of transitions that can be explained by a lack of vocabulary in a language.
Kridalaksana in Zaenulloh (2020:8) states that are loanword who insert phonological, gramatical, and lexical elements in the language due to contact.
According to Holmes (2013:43), a language can absorp and borrow vocabulary in other languages to express a concept involving words for lexical needs. Loanwords is also caused by the development of language in place that follows changing time (Zaenulloh, 2020:8).
Loanwords Theory
There are several theories regarding loanwords, Niklas-Salminen in Mellyna (2011:9) states that absorption of words has the peculiarity of producing new language units without using pre-existing lexical elements. Crowly (1987) argues that in loanwords there are three types of sound changes, namely phonetic changes without changing phonemes, phonetic changes with phoneme changes, and phonetic changes without phonetic changes. Daulton (in Hoque, et.al, 2021:
161) states that loawords refers to the step of adopting vocabulary from another language or dialect, and according to Kachru (in Hoque, et.al, 2021: 161) states that loanwords is a common phenomenon in whole language.
Niklas-Salminen (1997) classifies loanwords into five classifications, namely xenism, phonological change, morphosyntactic change, xenism- morphosyntactic change, and lexical change. Xenism is a language absorption method that uses a foreign language but the meaning and form in the target language are equated with the source language. Phonology is a field that studies the sounds of language in general. Morphosyntactic changes are changes that replace or add several suffixes. Lexical changes are changes that absorb sounds from the original language. The sounds of a foreign language are initially absorbed, but over time the sounds of the foreign language will be lost or replaced with sounds that are equivalent or according to the sound system of the target language. Xenism-morphosyntactic changes are combined changes between xenism changes and morphosyntactic changes. This change incorporates language absorption methods that use foreign languages but the meaning and form in the target language are equated with the original language and changes that replace or add several suffixes.
Research Method
In this chapter, the method used in this research is discussed, the method used is descriptive qualitative method.
Type of Research
The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative research method. According to Sugiyono (2018: 2) "the research method is a scientific way to obtain data with specific purposes and uses", while qualitative research in a linguistic perspective is a method that directly presents linguistic data obtained according to its use (Zaim, 2014: 13). Zaim (2014: 14) explains that in language research a description method is needed to give meaning to the research. Descriptive qualitative research methods are used to explain and describe absorption words in the translation of regency and city names on the of Java Island into Chinese on the 立地城 (lìdì chéng) site.
Data Source
There is one source of data in this research, namely the 立地城 (lìdì chéng) site which is a China’s tourism website that contains general knowledge of a country and there is loanwords of the names of provinces and cities or regencies in each country.
Data Collection
The data collected in this study amounted to 116 names of regencies and cities on the Java Island. Data collection techniques used in this research include four techniques, there is:
a. Log in to the 立地城 (lìdì chéng) site
b. Click on the 世界各国地图 (shìjiè gèguó dìtú) or world map section in site c. Looking for data from the table of city and regency names on Java Island in
Chinese on the 立地城 (lìdì chéng) site.
d. Copying the names of cities and regencies in Java Island that are found on the 立地城 (lìdì chéng) site into the research table.
Data Analysis
Data analysis is the last thing to do after obtaining research data. The stages of data analysis that were passed in this study included:
a. The order of the city and county names of the site 立地城 (lìdì chéng) according to the province.
b. Identifying the classification of loanwords classification contained in the absorption of city and regency names in Java Island at the 立地城 (lìdì chéng) site based on the loanwords classification according to Niklas- Salminen. This is because the loanwords according to Niklas-Salminen is appropriate and suitable for identifying loanwords contained in the loanwords of city and regency names on Java Island in the 立地城 (lìdì chéng) site. Guidelines for identifying absorption method classifications are contained in the table below
NO Classification of Loanwords
Guide
1
Xenism A foreign language in which the meaning and form in the source language are equated with the target language
2 Morphosyntax A change that replaces or add some suffixes 3 Phonology A change that follows the pronunciation of the
borrower's language
4 Lexical A change that absorbs sounds from the
original language
5 Xenism-morphosyntax A combined change between xenism and morphosyntax
c. Drawing conclusions from the results of the classification of loan words in terms of the Niklas-Salminen absorption method.
Result and Discussion
This chapter presents the findings and discussion of the results of research on the names of regencies and cities on the Java Island which are absorbed in Chinese on the 立地城 (lìdì chéng) site.
Result
There are 116 findings of district and city names on the island of Java that are absorbed in Chinese on the 立地城 (lìdì chéng) site which are classified into 5 absorption characteristics according to Niklas-Salminen. The following table identifies the characteristics of absorption words contained in the translation of city and regency names on the island of Java on the site 立地城 (lìdì chéng) based on the absorption method according to Niklas-Salminen, which includes: 2 absorptions of names by xenism (1.72%), 28 absorptions phonological names (24.13%), 42 names absorption morphosyntactically (36.20%), 38 names absorption lexically (32.75%), and 6 names absorption xenism-morphosyntactically (5.87%).
In findings on Banten province, there are 3 names that absorbed phonological, 1 name absorbed morphosyntactically, and 2 names absorbed
lexically. In Jakarta Capital Special Region founded 1 name absorbed xenism and 5 names absorbed xenism-morphosyntactically, in West Java founded 1 name absorbed xenism, 4 names absorbed phonologically, 14 names absorbed morphosyntactically, 6 names absorbed lexically, and 1 name absorbed xenism- morphosyntactically. In Central Java there are 11 names absorbed phonologically, 10 names absorbed morphosyntactically, 14 names absorbed lexically, in Special Region of Yogyakarta founded 1 name absorbed phonologically, 1 name absorbed morphosyntactically, 3 names absorbed lexically. In East Java, there are 9 names absorbed phonologically, 16 names absorbed morphosyntactically, and 13 names absorbed lexically.
Discussion
In the discussion section, there are several previous research on loanwords. Mellyna's research (2011) discusses loanwords and non-absorption words in French which are found in the translated novel The Foreigner and the Rebel and the novel's original work entitled L'Étranger. Although Mellyna's research (2011) has similarities in the use of the Niklas-Salminen absorption theory, Mellyna's research (2011) only explains loanwords in foreign language nouns, namely French, and Mellyna also discusses more in a discourse that sees and analyzes word meaning, where looking at a denotative meaning, component analysis of meaning is used, while to analyze connotative meaning, questionnaires from native language speakers can be used.
Zaenulloh (2020) discusses borrowed words in the Mandarin-Indonesian dictionary. Zaenulloh's research (2020) explains the absorption of the names of countries in the world in Mandarin. The similarity of this research with Zaenulloh's research (2020) is the discussion of borrowed words in Mandarin, especially in the vocabulary of geographical names. The findings in Zaenulloh's research were that there were 101 country names absorbed phonologically, 29 country names absorbed morphosyntactically, 20 country names absorbed lexically, 1 country name absorbed xenism, 4 country names absorbed xenism- morphosyntactically, and 3 country names absorbed lexically. xenism- phonological. The majority of country names in the 大汉语词典 (dà hànyǔ cídiǎn) use phonological absorption, that is, the pronunciation of Mandarin equates to the pronunciation of Indonesian. The significant difference between Zaenulloh's research and this research is that in Zaenulloh's research there are findings of xenism-phonological absorption which are not found in this study.
Another research written by Zaqi (2018) discusses Chinese loanwords based on the types of nouns in Mandarin in 爪哇岛西部 Zhǎowā Dǎo Xībù (West Java) in the book “印度尼西亚自助游” Yìndùníxīyà Zìzhùyóu. Zaqi's research discusses the absorption of Mandarin in terms of noun types, in Zaqi's research there are 3 forms of absorption in the study, namely phonemic absorption, semantic absorption, and hybrid or mixed absorption, while in this research there are forms of absorption but follow the rules of absorption according to the Niklas- Salminen. The similarity of this research with Zaqi's research (2018), namely the topic presented is the absorption of words in Mandarin.
Another research written by Yinghan (2020) discusses loanwords in the Min Nan language (Hokkien dialect), Yinghan's research (2020) and this study
have similarities discussing absorption of words from foreign languages into local languages. In Yinghan's research, there were 952 loan words found in the Indonesian-Malay Dictionary. What makes this research different from Yinghan's research is that Yinghan's research discusses the absorption of vocabulary from the Min Nan language (Hokkien dialect) and the absorption described is a general vocabulary, while this research was conducted by examining the absorption of district and city names in Mandarin in立地城 (lìdì chéng) website.
The next research is research written by Rizka (2017) entitled "The Lexical Process of Acehnese Borrowing", discussing the process of lexical borrowing in Acehnese. found that there are three types of lexical borrowing processes. The three processes are 57 lexicon loan words, 101 lexicon mixed loans and 19 lexicon adoption. The similarity of this research with Rizka's research is the similarity in the field of absorption of one language into another language, while the difference between this research and Rizka's research is the language taken, where the language in this research is Mandarin while in Rizka's research the Acehnese language is used which is one of the a language that has changed along with the social evolution that occurred in the people of Aceh.
Conclusion
Based on the research about the name of regencies and cities in Java Island hat absorbed from Chinese on the 立 地 城 (lìdì chéng) site, there are 116 absorption researches based on loanwords characteristics according to Nikolas Salminen method which are classified into : 28 phonological absorption names, 48 morphosyntax absorption names, 38 lexical absorption names, 2 xenism absorption names, and 6 xenism-morphosyntactic absorption names.
Naming of cities and regencies in Java Island on the立地城 (lìdì chéng) site is the result from lexical borrowing. This is because in Chinese, names who came from foreign language have to absorp. On this site, the names of cities and regencies absorbed from Indonesian to Chinese and to facilitate pronouncation for Chinese people.
Loanwords from Indonesian to Chinese on立地城 (lìdì chéng) site uses same method either equated with the language, changes that replace or add some suffixes, changes that follow the pronunciation, and changes that absorb sounds.
References
Busri, H. & Badrih,M. (2018). Linguistik Indonesia, Pengantar Memahami Hakikat Bahasa. Malang, Madani Media.
Devianty, R. (2017). BAHASA SEBAGAI CERMIN KEBUDAYAAN. Jurnal Tarbiyahh, 24(2).
Falah, M., L, N. H., & Sofianto, K. (2017). Morfologi Kota-kota di Priangan Timur pada Abad XX–XXI; Studi Kasus Kota Garut, Ciamis, dan Tasikmalaya. Patanjala, 9(1), 1-14.
Hariyanto, S. (2017). Website Translation (with special reference to English-Indonesian language pair). Malang: CV Transkomunika Kencana
Haryono, A. (2012). Perubahan dan perkembangan bahasa: Tinjauan historis dan sosiolinguistik (Doctoral dissertation, Udayana University).
Haspelmath, M. (2009). Lexical borrowing: Concepts and issues. Loanwords in the world’s languages: A comparative handbook, 35-54.
https://sur.ly/i/lidicity.com/ diakses 6 Juli 2022
Hoffer, B. L. (2005). Language borrowing and the indices of adaptability and receptivity. Intercultural communication studies, 14(2), 53.
Hoque, M.A., Ali, M.M., Puteh-Behak, F., & Baharun, H. (2021). Lexical borrowings from the English language into Bangla short stories. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 17 (1), 158-172. Doi: 10.52462/jlls.9
Melyyna, K. (2011). Kata Serapan dan Kata Non-serapan dalam Orang Asing dan Sang Pemberontak: Sebuah Kajian Semantis. Depok: Universitas Indonesia Mulyaningsih, D. H. (2014). Perbandingan Fonologi Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa
Mandarin. BAHTERA: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra, 13(1), 1-10.
Octaviana, D. W. (2021). THE IMPORTANCE OF STRATEGIC COMPETENCE IN SUPPORTING STUDENTS’SPEAKING PERFORMANCE. Journey: Journal of English Language and Pedagogy, 4(2), 51-61.
Rizka, B. (2017). The Lexical Process of Acehnese Borrowing. Getsempena English Education Journal, 4(1), 17-26.
Rochmawati, I. (2019). Analisis user interface situs web iwearup. com. COM.
Visualita, 7(2).
Santoso, J. (1993). Pengertian Morfologi dan Ruang Lingkupnya.
Sugiyono. (2013). Metodologi Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung:
Alfabeta.
Sugiyono, P. D. (2018). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung:
ALFABETA.
Suparno, D. (2015). Morfologi Bahasa Indonesia.
Komara, U., Sobarna, C., Gunardi, G., & Sya, A. (2019). A MORPHOSEMANTIC STUDY OF TOPONYM WITH PREFIX ‘CI’ IN SUNDANESE ETHNIC – INDONESIA. Journey: Journal of English Language and Pedagogy, 2(2), 79- 91. https://doi.org/10.33503/journey.v2i2.488
Wurianto, A. B. (2015). Kata serapan bahasa Sanskerta dalam bahasa Indonesia. KEMBARA: Jurnal Keilmuan Bahasa, Sastra, Dan Pengajarannya, 1(2), 125-134.
Yinghan. (2020). ANALISIS KATA-KATA SERAPAN DARI DIALEK MIN NAN DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA
Zaenulloh, M. A. (2020). ANALISIS KATA SERAPAN 借词 JIÈCÍ PENAMAAN NAMA NEGARA DI DUNIA PADA KAMUS 大汉 语词典 DÀ HÀNYǓ CÍDIǍN, 8.
Zaim, M. (2014). Metode penelitian bahasa: Pendekatan struktural.
Zaqi, M Anasril (2018) Analisis Kata Serapan Nomina Bahasa Indonesia Ke Bahasa Mandarin 爪哇岛西部 Zhǎowā Dǎo Xībù (Jawa Barat) Dalam Buku “印度尼 西亚自助游” Yìndùníxīyà Zìzhùyóu. Sarjana thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
