A BIBLIOGRAPHY OP Alv^RAN DhIFENSIVE MSCMNISMS
C. KENNETH DODD, JR.
SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOfxICAL II^IPORI^ATION
SERVICE NO. 37
1976
Division of Reptiles i Amphibians National Museum of Natural History Washington, DC 2O56O
INTRODUCTION
Although many aspects of the biology of frogs and toads are reasonably well known, antipredator mechanisms have been largely overlooked or superficially treated. To date, there has not been a review of anuran defensive mechanisms.
The purpose of this bibliography is twofold. One objective is to present a conprehensive list of published works dealing in any way with frog defensive mechanisms. To accomplish this, I have tried to review all references of frog antipredator mechanisms to verify that the reference is correct, to catalogue the different behaviors rnd mechanisms, and to list the species involved. Papers dealing t:ith biocheraistry and pharmacology of secretions have been e::cluded e::cept where they pertain directly to antipredator ov defensive mechanisms,
I suggest those interested in biochemistry and pharmacology consult
Lot: (1972"! and Paly and Witkop (1971) for references on these sub- jects. At tr.e end of the bibliography, there is a subject by reference listing.
The second objective of this bibliography is to sti^^alate re- ferrch in the area of anuran antipredator m.echanisms. Much remains to be learned about anuran behavior and a bibliography hopefully will provide stimulation as vrell as a reference source, I would appreciate
receivin;;; any additional information v:hich itiay have been excluded.
Finally, T worild like to thank the following people xiho provided needed information: H-eorge Zug, Ron Heyer, Bruce Bury, Steve Busack, Ron Crombie, and Ron Altig, Bart Kavruck provided the cover illustra- tion of a I'aloula pulchra in its defensive posture,
Abalos, J.N. 1967. The coraline frog. (A venomoris amphibian of the EoutJiern ^_aco ), Turtox News l!5:3'^-3^.
Allen, "3.R, and '•',?, Neill, 1^56. Effect of marine toad toxins on laan.
Ferpetologica ISrl^O-l^l,
Altjf, R. 197^. Pefensive behavior in Rana areolata and Hyla avivcca. Quart. J. Fla, Acad. Sci, 35:212-TT:F7
Anderson, P.K. 195^. Studies in the ecology of the narrow-mouthed toad Microhyla carolinensis carolinensis. Tulane Stud, Zool. 2:l^-l\.6,
Angel, P, 19ii7. Vie et moeurs des' amphibiens, Payot, Paris.
Annandale, N. 1900, Observatiops on the habits and natural surround- incs of inr'ftcts r:r.do durir.g tl-e »-ksat
^medi
bion' to the N,.li"^rrir.sula, 1899-1900, Proc, Zool, Soc, London 1900:837-866.
Annandale, N. 1912, Zoological results of the Abor e;cpedil,ion 1911- 1912. Batrachia. Records of the ^ndian ^'^is, 8:7-36,
Banta, E.H. and G. Oarl. 1^67. Death feigning behavior in^the eastern gray treefrog Hyla versicol or versicolor. Herpetologica 23:317- 318.
Barbour, T, 1926. Reptiles and Amphibians. Houghton Ilifflin Co., Boston.
Barbour, T. and A. Loveridge. 1928, A comparative study of the herpe- tolcgical fauna of the TTluguru and Usambara Mountains, Tangan- yika "territory, with descriptions of new species. Mem. Mus,
Comp. Zool. Harvard ^0:87-265.
Berridge, K.S. 1935. All about reptiles and batrachians. George G,
Farrap Co. Ltd., London.
Belt, T. I87i|-. The Naturalist in Nicaragua, J. ITurray, London.
-1-
Blair, F.P. 1972, Evolution in the genus Bufo. Univ. Texas Press, Austin, Texas,
Bogert,
CM.
19$li, Amphibians and Reptiles of the world. In: P.T)rirnirer (ed. ), The Animal Kingdom, Doubleday and Co., Garden Bogert, C.M. I960. The influence of sound on the behavior of amphi-
bians and reptiles, Tn: Aninal sounds and comi-iunicatlonE, A.T.B.?. T^.bl. Fo. 7:137-320.
Boice, R, and R.C. ^.Ti^iiams. 1971. Pelay in onset of tonic iiToobility in
Ram
pipiens. Copeia 1^71: 714-7-714.8,Bokermann, '^G.A. 1965. Tres novos batraquios da regiao central de Mate Grcsso, Brasil (Amphibia, Salientia). Rav. Brasil Biol.
??: 257- 26K.
Bokermann, ^'.C.A. and I. Sazima. 1973. Os sapos. Revistados amigos da Kercedes-Benz do Brasil. No, 38.
Boulenger, G.A. l897. The tailless batrachians of Europe, The Ray Society, London,
Boulenger, a. A. loil. On a new tree-frog from Trinidad, living in the Society's Gardens. Proc. Zool, Soc. London 1911:108?-10e3.
P-'f'^eg, A.r. 19'j-5. Fotes on the psychology of frogs and toads, J. Gen.
Psychol. 32:27-37.
Bragg, A.N. 1965. Gnomes of the night. TTniv. of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia,
Brattstrom, B.H. and J.W, ^-farren. 1955. Observations on the ecology and behavior of the Pacific treefrog, Fyla regilla, Copeia
1955:181-191,
—
^Brown, T.^. I97I4.. Behavioral reactions of bullfrogs while attempting to er.t toads. S,V. Nat. 1°: 335-337.
Brueck- G, 1967. Pasivni obrana obojzivelniku a plazu. Ziva l5:66- Budgett,^ J.S. 1899. Notes of the batrachians of the Paraguayan Chaco,
vith observations upon their breeding habits and development, especially with regard to Phyllomedusa hypocho nd rialis Cope.
Also a description of a new genus. O^uart. JourV Microsc. 3ci,
l!-2:305-333.
Camp, C.L, l'^17. Notes on the systenatic ct.".tus of the toads and frogs of California, Univ, Calif. Publ. Zool. 17:115-125.
Capra?iicr, R.R. 1965. The evoked vocal response of the bullfrog, a study of coriru.nication by sound. Res. Monog. No, 33, M.I.T.
Press, Cambridge, Mass,
Cei, J.M. 1955. Chacoan batrachians in Central Argentina. Copeia 1955:291-293.
Cei, J.r. 1^62. Batracios de Chile. Ediciones de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile.
Chen, K.K. and A.L. Chen. 1^33. Notes on the poisonous secretions of twelve species of toads, J, Pharm. and Exper. Therap. 14.7:281-
293.
Chen, K.K, and A,L, Chen, I93I4-. Studies on toad poisons. Arch, Tntern, Pharm, Therap, I4.7: 297-317,
Cloudsley- Thompson, J.L. 1959. Defence reactions in frogs and toads.
Country-side N.S. I8:l|.32-l4.33.
Clyne,D. 1969. Australian frogs. Periwinkle Books. Melbourne, Vic.
Australia,
Cochran, D,M. I96I, Living Amphibians of the IJorld. Doubleday ^ Co.
Garden Citv, N.Y.
Cooke, A,S. 19714-. Differential predation by newts on anuran tadpoles, Br, J. Herpetol. 5:386-388.
-2-
Oott, H.B. lPi].0. Adaptive coloration in anirfials. Kethuen, London.
::imningham, J.T. and G.A. Boulenger. 1Q12. Amphibia. In: J.T.
Cunningham (ed.), Reptiles, Amphibia, Pishes, and Lower Chordates, Nethuen, London.
Daly, J.I^ and n.y, Myers. 1967. Toxicity of '"anaraanian poison frogs
^endrobates) :sortie biolo'-ical and cheraical aspects. Science
l-^S:970-^73.
Daly, J.'-, and B. ''itkop. 1971. Batrachotoxin, an extremely active cardio- sind neurotoxin from the Colombian arrovj pcison frog,
"^lyllobates Furo taenia. Clinical Toxicology k:3M~3h2,
Paly, J.'-, and B. V'i^rop. lo7i. chemir^try arc pharmacology of frog venoms. In: \J, Bucherl and E. Buckley (ed.). Venomous animals and their venoms. Volume II, Venomous Vertebrates. Academic Press, F.Y,
Davies, M. 1Q68. Unusual defence attitude in Rana temporaria. Br.
J, Herpotol. ij.:63.
Davis, D.D. 1933. Unusual behavior in a leopard frog. Copsia 1933:
223-221;.
Dehaut, E.-G. 1910, Les venins de batrachiens et les batrachiens venlmevtx. ^tude de Zoologie T^edicr.lc. G. Steinheil, Paris.
Deulofeu, V. and E.A. Ruveda. 1971. The basic constituents of toad venoms. In: ¥. Bucherl and T. Buckley (ed.). Venomous animals and their venoms, Voliome II, Venomous Vertebrates. Academic Press, N.Y.
Dickerson, M.C, 1906, The Prog Book, Doubleday, Page ft Co,, V.Y, Ditmars, R.L. loip. The feeding habits of serpents. Zoologica 1:
1"7-23P, ir- o
DocTds, C.T. 1923. A note on Bufo marinus. Copeia 1923:5-6, Duellman, ¥,^. 19^6, The frogs~Tf the hylid genus Phrynohyas
Pitzinger, 1o1l3. Misc. Publ, Mus. Zool, Univ. Mich. Wo, 96:
l-i|7.
Duellman, V.P. and L. Trueb, 1966. Neotropical hylid frogs, genus Smallsea. Univ. TCansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. 17:2ea-375.
Dunn, P R. T^35. The survival value of specific characters. Copeia Kibl-Pibesfeldt,i, igl^y. Imponierstellungen bei amphibien und rep-
tilien. Umwelt, ^ruhelminenberg Rft. 6:l61;-l66.
•:lkan,E. 1968. Post mortem on a tropical frog. Br, J, Herpetol, k:
60—61,
Pi-rert, J. P. and B. Rehn, I969. Quantitative analyse der reiz-
reaktions-beziehungen bei visuellem auslosen des fluchtverhaltens der wechselkrote (Bufo viridis Laur.). Behaviour 35:212-231;.
Pirschein, I.L. 1951. Phragmosis and the "Unken Reflex" in a Mexican
-lylid frog Fternohyla fodiens. Copeia 1951:71;.
Frazer, J.P.D. 1973. Amphibians, Hykeham Science Series. Hykeham Publications, London.
Preytag, G. E, 1Q62, Vom Abx^ehrverhalten der Knoblauchkrote. Aquar.
u, Terrar. 9:1.
Gadow. H. 1901. Amphibia and Reptiles. Cambridge Natural History
P:1-668. rac-illan & Co., London.
Gallardo, J.M. 1958. Observaciones sobre el comportamiento de algunos anfibios rrgentinos. I. Roferldas especialmente a la defensa,
'
retorno y alimentacion en Bufo arenariim Hensel y Leptodactylus ocellatus (L.). Cien. InvesTT'lk:2^1-302.
—
"^-3-
Gilmore, G,¥, and D.M. Cochran, 1930, Cold-blooded vertebrates. Part II and III, Amphibians and reptiles, Smithsonian Scientific
Series 8:l57-20S,
acin, T.J, and J.F. Layne. 1958. TTotes on a collection of frogs from Lcticia, Colombia, Publ. Res, Div, Ross Allen Rept, Inst, 1:
97-lli;.
Hanson, J,A. and J.L. Vial, 1956. Defensive behavior and effects of to::ins in Bufo alvarius. HerDetologica 12:lb.l-liL9,
Hardy, J.D, 196/j., A new frog, Rana palustris mansuettl, subsp, nov,, from the Atlantic Coastal Plain, Chesapeake Sci, 5:91-100,
Hargitt, C.H. 1912, Behavior and color changes of tree frogs, J,
Anim. Behav, 2:51-78,
Hazelvrood, ^. 197ij-. Notes on some Brisbane frogs. Br. J. Herpetol,
5: U27-l|.28,
Heatwole, H, 1962. Contributions to the natural history of Eleuthere- dactylus cornutus raaussi, Stahlia No. 2:1-11,
Heusner, H. 197'l. Differenzierendes Kaulquappen-Pressen durch Molche.
^-cpsrientia 27:1|75.
Heyer, H.R. 1973. Ecological interactions of frog larvae at a season- al tropical location in Thailand, J, Herpetol. 7:^>37-36l.
Heyer, H.R,, R.H. McDiarmid, and D.L, Wiegmann. 1975. Tadpoles, pre- dation and pond habitats in the tropics. Biotropica 7:100-111.
Hinsche, G, 1923. Uber Bewegungs und Haltungsreaktionen bei Kroten, Biol, Zentralbl, 1^3:16-26.
Hinsche, G, 1926, Vergleichende iintersuchungen zuiti sogenannten unJcen- reflex, Biol. Zentralbl, 1^6:296-305,
Hinsche, G, 1928, Kampfreaktionen bei einheimschen Anuren. Biol, Zentralbl, Il8:577-617.
Hinsche, G, 1939. Uber die Entvjicklung von Haltungs-und Bevjegungs- reaktionen. Arch, Entw. Mech. Org. Berlin 139:7214.-731.
Holman, J.A, 1957, Bullfrog predation on the eastern spadefoot, Scaphiopus holbrooki. Copeia 1957:229,
Inger, n,P. 195Ii-. Systenatics and zoogeography of Fhillippine am- phibia. Pieldiana: Zoology 33: 181-531.
Inger, R.F, 1966, The systematics and zoogeography of the amphibia of Borneo, Pieldiana: Zoology 52:l-i|.02,
Jameson, D.L. 1951;. Social patterns in leptodactylid frogs Syrrhopus and Eleuthere dactylus. Copeia 1951;:36-38.
Janzen, D.H. 196^. Injury caused by toxic secretions of Phrynohyas spilomma Cope. Copeia 1962:651,
Labler,L,, H.Keilova, P, Sorm, P, Kornalik, and Z. Styblova. I968, Toxic skin secretions of the spade-foot toad Pelobates fuscus, Toxicon 5:2l;7-25l.
Lataste, P. I876, Essai d'une faune herpetologiaue de la Gironde, Bordeaux, Prance,
Licht, L.E. 1967. Death following possible ingestion of toad eggs.
Toxicon 5:llil-lli2. ^
Licht, L.E. 1968, Unpalatability and toxicity of toad eggs, Herpe- tologica 2l;:93-98,
Licht, L,E. 1969, Palatabillty of Rana and Hyla eggs. Am, Midi.
Natur. 82:296-298. "^
—
Liem, J^.P. 1959. The breeding habits and development of Rana chalconota (Schleg) (Amphibia). Truebia 25:89-lllo
-h-
Liem, T.'^. I06I. On the taxonoi.iic cto.tus r.nd the granular patches cf the Javanese frog Rana chalconota ?!chlegel. Herpe tologica 17:
f-9-71.
Tiu., O.C. 191l0. Natural hir.tory studies of ^'est China Amphibia. I.
Adaptations in tc.dpoles and adults. Peking Hat. Rist. Bull.
I^^:l6l-17k.
Liu, C,C.. IQ50. Amphibians of western China. Field Mus. Kat. Hist., PieldianaiZool. Mem. (2):l-[;00.
Liu, G.n. and >^>.Q. Hu. 1961, The \nura of ^lina. Science Tress,
"'^
©^'iIff
Loveridge, A. 1<"'^?. Reports on the scientific results of an expedi- tion to the ?outhvrestern ^^ighlands of Tanganyika Territory. VII.
Herpetolosy. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Tk:197-1+16.
Lor, B.r. 1971. Evidence from parotoid-gland secretions. In: r.F.
Blair led.), Evolution in tVie cenus Buf
o
. Hniv. Texas Press,
\ustin, Texas.
Luling, "'.n. 1^71. ^'er Faberfrosch r'hyllobates bicolor Bibron der Cordillera Azul (Peru). Bonn zool, Beitr, 2Z:lbl-17h-'
Lutz, A. and B. Lutz. 1939. Mosquitos biting Batrachians and phrag- mosis in casque-headed frogs. Ann. Acr^.d.Sci. Brazil 11:250-252.
I,utz, B. 1966. Biological significance of cutaneous secretions in toads ar.d frogs. Mem. Inst. Butantan Simp. Internac. 33:55-59.
Lutz, B. 1971. Venomous toads and frogs. In: \J, Bucherl and E, Buckley (ed.). Venomous animals and their vonoms, Voliuie li, Vonom.ous Vertebrates, Academic ""ress, V.Y.
Ti;.ts, B. l'^7-''. n-eographi cal and ecological notes on Cisandine ai,d T^lr:tln(- frogs. J. Herpetol. 6:8^-100.
Lutz, B. 1973. Brazilian Species of Hyla. Univ. Texas Press, Austin, Texas.
Lutz, B. and G.R. Kloss. 1952. Anfibios anuros do alto oolimcos e
^io '"^egro, Apoiitar.ientos sobro al,;u:ias formas e suas vicariantes, Mem. Inst. Osw, Cruz 50:625-678.^
Mangold, E. 1^25. Methodik der Versuche uber tierische Fypnose.
Abderhaldens Handb. biol. Arbeitsmeth. 5:320-368.
''angold, E. and A. Eckstein, 1^19. Piie Peflexerregbarkeit in der tierischen Hypnore. Arch, ges, Ph.yriol, 177:1-37.
T'cAllister, F. 195'l. Natural history notes on the barking frog.
Herpetologica 10:197-199.
McDiarmid, R.W. 1971. Comparative morphology and evolution of the frogs of tlie neotropical genera Atelopus, Dendrophrynisous, Melanophrynisous, and Oreophrynella. Bull. L.A. Co. I'lus. Tiat.
Hist. "Ho. 12:1-66.
^ '
McWicholl, M.F. 1972. An observation of apparent death-feigning by
a toad. Blue Jay 30:5i;-55.
Mertens,R. 1930. Die Amphibien und Reptilien der Inseln Bali,Loii:bGA-, .".ujrbavia und T'lores. Abh. Senck. Faturf. Ges. it.2:117-2i!i!-.
:"3r':ons, P. ic'39. Ferpetologische "^rgebnisse einer Poise nr.ch der
Tiicel TJ-ispaniola, "estindien. Abh. senckenb. naturf. Ges. liJ'9:
l-8|j.
I'^ertens, P. 1959. The Uorld of Amphibians and Reptiles. McCr3v;-HilT , N.Y.
Michl, JI. and E. Kaiser. 196?. Chcmie und Biochemie der Amphibien- gifte. Toxicon 1:175-228.
Miles, P.i.i. 1958. Indigestibility of the eggs of the common frog (Rana temporaria ) to the comm.on heron (Ardea £. cinerea)
.
Nature in ^'ales 3:Li26-l!28
.
Minton, S.-. ., Jr. l'^66. A contribution to the herpetology of 'i.'est Pakistan. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 13ii-:27-ieij-.
Muhse, 'Z,F, 1909. The cutaneous glands of the coiranon toads. Anier.
Jour. Anat. 9:321-359.
Mulcare, D.J. 1965. The problem of toxicity in Rana palustris. Proc.
Indiana Acad. Sci. 75:319-321^.
Kullally, D.P. 1953. Observations on the ecology of the toad Bufo canorus. Copeia 1953 :l82-l83,
i\inriel^ P. and R.G. Jaeger, 1971. Notes on the ecology and behaviour of six species of Mexican anurans, Br. J. Herpetol. i;:221-22lj..
Musgrave, M.E. 1930, Bufo alvarius, a poisonous toad. Copeia 1930:
96-98.
Myers, C.l'. 1966, The distribution and behavior of a tropical horned frog, Cerathyla panamensis. Herpetologica 22:68-71.
Myers, G.S. 1911-3. Rediscovery of the Philliprine discoglossid frog, Barbourula busuangensis. Copeia 19i;3 :lM-S-l50.
Nash, R.P., G.G. rxallup,Jr., and M.K. McClure. 1970. The iiriinobility
reaction in leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) as a function of noise-induced fear, Psychon, Sci, 21:1^5-156.
Neill, ^'.T, 1957. Notes on the metamorphic and breeding aggregations of the eastern spadefoot, Fcaphiopu.s hol'-)ro<:>l-j_ (Harlan),
Herpetologica 13:185-1^7.
Nel-on, C.E. and G.A. Miller. 1971. A possible case of minicry in frogs. Herpetol. Rev. 3:109.
Nero, R,W. 1967, A possible record of death-feigning in a toad. Blue Jay 25:193-19lj.
Nikol'skii, A.M. 1918. Fauna of Russia and adjacent countries, Anphibians, Petrograd,
Noble, G.K. 1931. The Biology of the Amphibia. ITcGrav Hill, N.Y.
Panton, ^^.P. 1952. Our ground and tree-frogs - their eneiiiies by day and night. Nat. Hist. Notes Nat. Hist. Soc. Jamaica 5:123-125.
Papenfuss, T.J. I960. Toad poisoning in a lizard. Herpetologica 16:L|3.
Pefaur, J. 1971, Nota sobre Telmatobufo bullocki Schmidt (Anura, Leptodactylidae). Bol. }^i^ . Wac. !!ist. Mat. Chile 32:215-225.
"Phisalix, M. 1922. Animaux venimeux et venins. Masson et Cie., Paris, 2 Vol,
Pope, n.H. 1931. Notes on the ajnphibjr.ns from Pukien, Hainan, and other parts of China. Bull. Amer. Mii-^. Nat. Hist. 61:397-611.
Posada-Arango, A. l869. le poiron de rainette ces ^ativages du choco.
Bull. Soc. Med. Allemande 1869:203-213,
Rabor, D.S. 1952. Preliminary notes on the giant toad, Bufo marinus.
in the Phillippine Islands. Copeia 1952:281-282,
'
^elnhardt, J. and C. Lutken. l86l. Contribution to a knowledge of Brazilian Amphibians and Reptiles, Part T: The amphibians and lizards. Scientific reports froir! the Natural History Societ7f of Copenliagen, Second decade,
"o.se, V, 1950, The reptiles and amphibians of southern Africa. Maskew filler Ltd., Cape Town.
^ose, ¥, 1956, Parental care in batrachians. Afr. 1/ild Life 10:257,
"o'-jtand, J. l'^3lj.. Toads and to-d life. T^evthon and Co. Ltd., London,
Rou'^.in, M. 18.35. Las pluies de crapauds. Rev. Deux Mondes, Ser.ii.,
1^:159-209.
Sanderson, I.T. 1936. The amphibians of the Mamfe Division, Cameroons II. Ecology of the frogs. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1936:165-208.
Savage, J M. I968, The dendijbatid frogs of Central .^erica. Copeia 1968:7'i.5-776,
-6-
3azir.m, I. 1972. Nota prelininar sobre tanatose em tres especies de TTylidae ("pererecr.s'M . ^ienc. Cult. (Rupl.). P.h.:3^'3»
3n.s5.riP, I. 197l|.. Sxiperimental predation on the leaf -frog
"Trylloriedufia rohdei by the i;r.ter snake Llophls miliaris. J.
rierpetol. Hn76-,^,77.
^^r«.2ilnfl., I, 1975. Distress call in newly metamorphosed smith frog,
Hyla faber Wied. Rerpetologica 31:lj-71-l|72.
SchaaTTT.T. and J.S. Garten, 1970. Raccoon predation on the Ameri- can toad, Bufo americanus. Herpetologica 26:33^-335*
Schiotz, A. 1967, The treefrogs (Phacophoridae) of '/est Africs.
Spolia zoologica Fusei hauniensis 25:1-3^!^.
Schwartz, A. and R. Etheridge. 195ij-. New and additional herpetological records from the North Carolina coastal plain. Herpetologica
10:167-1'71.
Silverstone, T'.A. l'^75. A revision of the poi5>on--^.ri-ov; frogs of the genus Dendrobates Vagler. Fat, Hist. Mus. L.A. Go. Sci. Bull.
21:1-55^
3nith. H,F. io[;i. Fnakes, frogs, and bromeliads. Chicago Nat. i].:35-
Smith, M. 1950. Further notes on the midwife toad (Alytes obstetre- cians) in ^^gland. Br, J. Herpetol. 1:^9-91.
Smyth, TT.R. 1962. Amphibians and their ways. T^ie rfecllillan Co., F.Y.
Stebbins, R.C. 1^51. Amphibians of western ^'^orth unerica. TTro.v.
'"alif. Press, Berkeley, Calif.
Stephenson, E.M. and N.G. Stephenson. 1957. Field observations of the New Zealand frog, Leiopelma Fit^inger. Trans. Roy. Soc. New
Zealand. 8k:867-88?;;
Storer, T.I. 1^25. A synopr-if! of the Amphibia of California, Univ.
Calif. Piibl. 2col. 27:l-3l'l.
Stuf'rt, I.e. 1935. A contribution to the knowledge of the herpetology of a portion of the Savanna Region of Central Peten, Guatemala, Fisc. ^i.bl. Univ. Fich. 29:1-56.
Taylor, ^.H. and H.M. Smith. I9I4.5, Siimmary of the collections of
amphibians m-ade in T^exico under the Walter Rathbone Bacon Travel- ing Scholarship. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, 95:521-613.
Tmiitt, J.O. I96I;, Observations on the defensive attitude of a southern toad (Bufo terrestris). Br. J. Herpetol. 3:167.
Tschambers, B. 19i]-8. Death of a snake from toad venom. Herpetologica
l;:21l+.
Van Denburgh, J. 1912. Concerning certain species of reptiles and amphibians from China, Japan, the Loo Choo Islands, and Formosa.
^-00. Cr.lif. Acad. Sci, Series Ij., 3:1^7-258.
van Dijk, D.E. 1971. Anuran ecology in relation particularly to ovi- pocition and develom.ient out of vater. '^oclo;jica afr. 6:119- 132.
vrn RG]:um., M, 1959. ^en zeer fraaie grijpkikker, ''hylloiiedusa rohdei,
Lacerta 17:72-75.
Vaz-Ferreira, R, and A. Gehrau, 1975. Comportamiento epimeletico de la rana coiiiun, Leptodactylus ocellatus (L.) (Amphibia, Lepto- dactylidae), I. Atencion de la cria y actividades alimentaires y agresivas relacionades. Physis Secc. B. Buenos Aires 3i|-:l-l^.
Vellard, J. 1'=)[).8. Batraclos del Chaco Argentina. Acta. Zool, Lilloana 5:137-171;.
Vestal, E.H. 1914-1. Defensive inflation of the body in Bufo boreas halophi lus. Copeia 19l|.l:l83.
Villa, J. 1969, Comportamiento defensive do la "Rana Ternero", Leptodactylus pentadactylus, Rev, Biol, Trop, 15:323-329.
Villa, J. 1Q72. Anfibios de Nicaragua. Institute Geographica TTacional, Banco Certral de Ficaragua, T'^anagua.
Vogel, Z. 1Q61|.. Reptiles and Amphibians, Studio Vista. London,
^''oris, H.K. and J. P. Bacon, 1966. Differential predation on tadpoles.
Copeia 1966:5oi;-598,
V'ager, V.A. 1965. The frogs of South Africa, Purnell and Sons Ltd., Cape Toi-m.,
Waite, ^.R. 1Q29, The reptiles and amphibians of South Australia, British Science Cruild (South Australia Branch), Adelaide, Australia,
''alt-^rs, B. 1975. Studies of interspecific predation vjithin an amphibian cortBou.nity. J. Ferpeto].. "^i267-279.
Hassersug, R.J, 1°71. On the comparative palatability of some dry season tadpoles from Costa Rica. Am. Midi. Natur. 86:101-109.
':rig:it, A.H, 191I|-, North American Anura; life histories of the Anura of Ithaca, Few York, Carnegie Inst. IJash. Pub, No, 197:1-98.
^'right, J,V. 1966, Predation on the Colorado River toad, Bufo alvarius. Herpetolop;ica 22:127-128,
Wright, A.H. and A.A. Wright. 1914-9. Handbook of frogs and toads of the Frited States Pnd Canada, Comstock :\i.bl. Co,, Ithaca, F.Y,
Yerkes, R.K. 1903. The instincts, habits and reactions of the frog.
Psychol. Rev. Monog, I|.:579-636,
Yerkes, R.M. 1905. The sense of hearing in frogs. J. Corap. Feurol, Pf-ychol, 15: ,"7O-30l.i.
Reference by subject cross listing. -"- indicates that the reference was not reviewed.
1, aposenatic coloration
2, flash colors 3, eye camouflage
k* protective coloration (crypsis) 5. mimicry, procrypsis
6. immobility
7. puffing the body up
8. defensive posture
9. movement as defense 10. noxious secretions 11. disagreeable odors
12, bony armor 13. biting
ll|L. sound as defense
15, release of bladder ^^fater
16, spines, spades, or clav;s
17, records a predator's reactions 18, venom ejection
19, histology of glands
20, tadpole defensive behav, 21, noxious eggs
22, phragmosis Abalos (1967): 1,7,8,10.
Allen & Feill (1956): 12.
Altig (1972): 8,11,
Anderson (195^;): 9,10,11;, Angel (19l<-7): 10, l8, Annandale (1900): 7.
Annandale (1912): 4.
B?nta & Carl (1967): 6.
Barbour (1926): 1,1;,6, 8, 10,13,16,22.
Barbour <^ Loveridge (1928): 1,10, Berridge (1935): 7.
Belt (1871;): 17.
Blair (1972): 8, Bogert (1951;): *
Bogert (I960): ll;.
Boice & Williams (1971): 6.
Bokermann (1965): 6,
Bokermann & Sazima (1973) :8.
Boulenger (1897) :8,li;,
Boulenger (1911):1|..
Bragg (I9i;5):7,8,9, 6.
Bragg (1965) :10, 11,
Bratt Strom & Warren (1955) :l4-,6,9.
Brown (1971;) : 10.
Brueck (1967): 8,
Budgett (1899): 1,14,10,17,18,20.
Camp (1917):7,9.11;, Capranica (1965) :ll4-.
-8-
Cei (1955): 8.
Cei (1962): 10.
Chen & Chen (1933): 10, Chen & Chen (1931;): *
Cloudsley-Thompson (I960): * Clyne (1969): 2,l;,6,7,8,10,l[|.,l5 Cochran (1961): 2,6,7,8,9,10,11,
12,l[).,l6,
Cooke (197I|.): 20.
Cott (191+0): 1, 2,3,I|.,7,8,10,17.
Cunningham & Boulenger (1912) :li, Daly & Myers (1967):10.
Daly &. Witkop (1971): 10.
Daly & VJitkop (1971): 10.
Davies (1968): 8,
Davis (1933): 6,11;.
Dehaut(1910) : -::-
Deulofeu & Ruveda (1971): 10.
Dickerson (1906): 1,2,1}.,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, lU, 15, 17.
Ditmars (1912): 6,17.
Dodds (1923): 10,17.
Duellman (1956) :10.
Duellman & Trueb (1966): ll(.,20.
Dunn (1935): 17.
T^ibl-Eibesfeldt (1970): 8.
Elkan (1968): 12.
Bvjert & Rehn (1969): 8.
Pirschein (195l):8.
Prazer (1973): I|.,10,l6.
Preytag (1962):^
Gadow (1901) :1,10-17.
Gallardo (1958):1I|..
Gilmore & Cochran (1930) :8,10.
Goin & Layne (1958) :10,ll;.
Hanson & Vial (1956) :17,l8,8,10.
Hardy (1961^): 1+.
Hargitt (1912) :-?t Hazelwood (197l4-):8.
Heatwole (1962) :7,8,lij.,15.
Heusser (1971):20.
Keyer (1973): 20.
Heyer et al. (1975):20.
Hinsche (1923) :8,114..
Hinsche (1926): 1,8.
Hinsche (1928):8.
Hinsche (1939):8.
Holman (1957) :17.
Inger (1951;) :7,10.
Inger (1966):9.
Jameson (1951;') :1U.
Janzen (1962):10.
Labler et al. (1^68) :10,11.
Lataste (l876):10.
Licht (1967): 17,21.
Licht (1966): 17,21.
Licht (1969): 21.
Liem (1959):20.
Liem (196l):17,19,20.
Liu (19l;0):l;,6,7,9,10,ll,17,20.
.Liu (1950):!;, 7,8,10, 17, 19.
Liu &: Hu (1961):-::-
Loveridge (1933) :10.
Low (1972) :10, Luling (1971):-:^
aLutz & Lutz (1939):10,22.
Lutz (1966): 10.12,22.
Lutz (1971): 2,14.,5, 6,7,8,10, 11, 12,22.
Lutz (1972) :9,11;.
Lutz (1973) :2,5, 6,10, 11,111.
Lutz & Kloss (1952) :10.
Mangold (1925):6.
Mangold & Eckstein (1919) :6.
McAllister (1951;): 7.
McDiarmid (1971) :1, 8,10.
McNicholl (1972) :6,17.
Mertens (1930):7.
Mertens (1939):1;.
Mertens (1959) : 7,8l3,ll;,l6.
Michl .^Kaiser (1963):10.
Miles (1958):-K-
Minton (1966) :10,11, Muhse (1909):10,19.
Mulcare (1965):10.
Mullally (1953):9.
Mundel & Jaeger (1971) :6,9.
Musgrave (1930) :7,10,17.
Myers (1966): 1,8,13.
Myers (19li.3): 9.
Nash et al. (1970) :6, Neill (1957):10,11,17.
Nelson & Miller (1971) :1,5,10.
Nero (1967) :6,
Nikol'skii (1918):7,8.
Noble (1931) :7,8.9,10, 12, 13, 15.
Panton (1952) :7.8,ll;,17.
Papenfuss (I960): 17, Pefaur (1971) :6.
Phisalix (1922) :10,21.
Pope (1931):10, 20.
Posada-Arango (l869):10.
Rabor (1952):17.
Reinhardt & Lutken (l86l):7.
Rose (1950) :1;,6,7, 9,10,11+,18, 20.
Rose (1956) :13.
Rostand (1931;) :10.
Roulin (1835) :10.
Sanderson (1936):!;.
Savage (1968) :1, -9-
Sazima (1972): 6.
Sazima (197^): 6,11,17.
Sazima (1975): ill.
Schaaf & Garton (1970) :17.
Schiotz (1967): 6,8,10,
Schvjartz & Ktheridge (1951;) :8.
Silverstone (1975) :1,10.
Smith (191^0) :10,13, 16.
Smith (1950):20.
Smyth (1962):!; 8, 9,10, 13,11;,16, 20.
Stebbins (195l) :ll,l5,17.
Stephenson & Stephenson (1957) :ii,
6,11;.
Storer (1925) :!;,9, 10,11;.
Stuart (1935):22.
Taylor & Smith (19l;5) : 10.
Truitt (196I|.): 8.
Tschambers (19l;8): 10,17.
Van Denburgh (1912):16.
van Dijk (1971):*
van Rekxun (1959):17.
Vaz-Ferreira a Gehrau (1975) :13.
Vellard (19l;8):10.
Vestal (19l;l):7,17.
Villa Villa Vogel Voris
I-^ager V^aite
(1969) :7,5.
(1972) :8.
(196l;):l,10,li^
& Bacon (1966) :17,20.
(1965) :i;,6, 7,8,9,10,13,20.
(1929):7,9.
''alters (1975):20, 21, V'assersug (1971): 20.
Wright (1911;):10.
Wright (1966):17.
Wright & Wright (19l;9) :7,10,11,
11;,17, 18.
Yerkes (1903): 9,11;.
Yerkes (1905): 9,11;,
-10-
