a. Nama Jurnal b. NomorlSSN : ISSN:2$724292 d. 'Penerbit '

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Variability of Diuraai Sea Surfaee Temperahre durirg Short Terrn and High SST Eveni in the Western Equatorial Pacific as Revealed by Satgllite Data

4 orang (A. Wirasatriya, IC Hosoda, Joga D. Setiawan, R. D. Susanto) Penulis ke:3

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^Nama

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Remote Sensing

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(2)

LEMBAR

HASIL PENILAIAN SEJAWAT SEBIDANG ATAU PEER REVIEW KARYA ILMIAH : JURNAL ILMIAH

Judul Jurnal Ilmiah (Artikel) : Variability of Diurnal Sea Surface Temperature during Short Term and High SST Event in the Western Equatorial Pacific as Revealed by Satellite Data

Jumlah Penulis : 4 orang (A. Wirasatriya, K. Hosoda, Joga D. Setiawan, R. D. Susanto) Status Pengusul : Penulis ke-3

Identitas Jurnal Ilmiah : a. Nama Jurnal : Remote Sensing b. Nomor ISSN : ISSN: 20724292

c. Vol, No., Bln Thn : Volume 12, Issue 19, Oktober 2020

d. Penerbit : MDPI Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute e. DOI artikel (jika ada) : https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12193230

f. Alamat web jurnal : https://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Alamat Artikel : https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/19/3230 Kategori Publikasi Jurnal Ilmiah : √ Jurnal Ilmiah Internasional

(beri pada kategori yang tepat) Jurnal Ilmiah Nasional Terakreditasi Jurnal Ilmiah Nasional Tidak Terakreditasi Hasil Penilaian Peer Review :

Komponen Yang Dinilai

Nilai Maksimal Jurnal Ilmiah

Nilai Akhir Yang Diperoleh Internasional

Nasional Terakreditasi

Nasional Tidak Terakreditasi

a. Kelengkapan unsur isi jurnal (10%) 4,00 4

b. Ruang lingkup dan kedalaman pembahasan (30%)

12,00 11,5

c. Kecukupan dan kemutahiran

data/informasi dan metodologi (30%)

12,00 11,5

d. Kelengkapan unsur dan kualitas terbitan/jurnal (30%)

12,00 12

Total = (100%) 40,00 39

Nilai Pengusul = (40% x 39) / 3 = 5,2 Catatan Penilaian artikel oleh Reviewer :

1. Kesesuaian dan kelengkapan unsur isi jurnal:

Penulisan artikel sudah sesuai dan mengkuti panduan dari jurnal jurnal yang dituju yaitu remote sensing. Unsur kelengkapan dari jurnal seperti dari abstrak, pendahuluan, metode penelitian, hasil, kesimpulan, dan saran, daftar Pustaka telah ditulis dengan lengkap.

2. Ruang lingkup dan kedalaman pembahasan:

Artikel ini menggunakan data observasi satelite untuk studi suhu permukaan laut (SST) harian (diurnal) sehingga dapat menentukan apakah telah terjadi Hot Even (HE) yang memiliki efek negative terhadap kehidupan biota di laut.

Hasil dari studi telah ditulis dalam hasil dan pembahasan disertai dengan penjelasan yang lengkap dan detail.

3. Kecukupan dan kemutakhiran data/informasi dan metodologi:

Metoda ini cukup mutakhir karena mengembangkan metoda penentuan SST menggunakan data satelit dan divalidasi menggunakan data dari berbagai in-situ sensor di laut seperti buoy yang telah tersedia. Sehingga selanjutnya penentuan SST melalui satelit akan dapat mencakup area yang lebih luas dan efektif.

4. Kelengkapan unsur dan kualitas terbitan:

Penerbit dari jurnal Remote Sensing adalah Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). Jurnal ini telah terindeks oleh Scopus. Jurnal remote sensing termasuk kategori Q1 dengan nilai SJR 1.285 pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan. Jurnal remote sensing juga terindeks oleh WOS dengan kategori Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) dengan Impact factor 4.118

40

(3)

LEMBAR

HASIL PENILAIAN SEJAWAT SEBIDANG ATAU PEER REVIEW KARYA ILMIAH : JURNAL ILMIAH

Judul Jurnal Ilmiah (Artikel) : Variability of Diurnal Sea Surface Temperature during Short Term and High SST Event in the Western Equatorial Pacific as Revealed by Satellite Data

Jumlah Penulis : 4 orang (A. Wirasatriya, K. Hosoda, Joga D. Setiawan, R. D. Susanto) Status Pengusul : Penulis ke-3

Identitas Jurnal Ilmiah : a. Nama Jurnal : Remote Sensing b. Nomor ISSN : ISSN: 20724292

c. Vol, No., Bln Thn : Volume 12, Issue 19, Oktober 2020

d. Penerbit : MDPI Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute e. DOI artikel (jika ada) : https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12193230

f. Alamat web jurnal : https://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Alamat Artikel : https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/19/3230 Kategori Publikasi Jurnal Ilmiah : √ Jurnal Ilmiah Internasional

(beri pada kategori yang tepat) Jurnal Ilmiah Nasional Terakreditasi Jurnal Ilmiah Nasional Tidak Terakreditasi Hasil Penilaian Peer Review :

Komponen Yang Dinilai

Nilai Maksimal Jurnal Ilmiah

Nilai Akhir Yang Diperoleh Internasional

Nasional Terakreditasi

Nasional Tidak Terakreditasi

e. Kelengkapan unsur isi jurnal (10%) 4,00 4

f. Ruang lingkup dan kedalaman pembahasan (30%)

12,00 11,5

g. Kecukupan dan kemutahiran

data/informasi dan metodologi (30%)

12,00 11,5

h. Kelengkapan unsur dan kualitas terbitan/jurnal (30%)

12,00 12

Total = (100%) 40,00 39

Nilai Pengusul = (40% x 39) / 3 = 5,2 Catatan Penilaian artikel oleh Reviewer :

1. Kesesuaian dan kelengkapan unsur isi jurnal:

Penulisan artikel telah mengikuti template dan guideline dari jurnal yang dituju yaitu remote sensing. Unsur jurnal mulai dari abstrak, pendahuluan, metode, hasil, pembahasan, dan daftar pustaka telah ditulis lengkap pada artikel.

2. Ruang lingkup dan kedalaman pembahasan:

Artikel ini pengukuran menggunakan data satellite pada studi suhu permukaan laut (SST) harian (diurnal) untuk menentukan apakah telah terjadi Hot Even (HE) yang telah diketahui memiliki efek negative terhadap cuaca, iklim dan kehidupan manusia, hewan dan tumbuhan. Hasil dari studi telah ditulis dalam hasil dan pembahasan disertai dengan penjelasan yang lengkap dan detail.

3. Kecukupan dan kemutakhiran data/informasi dan metodologi:

Metoda ini cukup mutakhir karena mengklarifikasi inkonsisteni hubungan antara HE dan SST pada publikasi sebelumnya dengan menggunakan data satelit dan divalidasi menggunakan data akusisi dari sensor-sensor dipermukaan laut yang telah tesrsedia. Sehingga selanjutnya penentuan HE melalui observasi gambar via satelit dapat mencakup area sekitar laut tropis menjadi lebih mudah dilakukan.

4. Kelengkapan unsur dan kualitas terbitan:

Artikel ini diterbitkan Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) yang mempunyai kualitas terbitan yang sudah baik. Jurnal ini terindeks Scopus dengan kategori Q1 dengan nilai SJR 1.285. Artikel ini mempunyai Impact factor 4.118 pada WOS dengan kategori Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE).

Semarang, 1 Juni 2021 Reviewer 2

Prof. Dr. Jamari, S.T., M.T.

NIP. 197403042000121001

Unit kerja : Teknik Mesin FT UNDIP

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Document type Article Source type Journal ISSN

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Remote Sensing • Open Access • Volume , Issue , Pages - • October • Article number

Variability of diurnal sea surface temperature during short term and high SST event in the

western equatorial pacific as revealed by satellite data

Wirasatriya A. , Hosoda K. , Setiawan J.D. , Dwi Susanto R.

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a, b c b, d e, f

Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, 50275, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia

Center for Coastal Disaster Mitigation and Rehabilitation Studies, Diponegoro University, Semarang, 50275, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia

Weathernews Inc. Makuhari Techno Garden, Nakase 1-3 Mihama-ku, Chiba-shi, 261-8501, Japan

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang, 50275, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia

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Cited by 2 documents

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(2021) Water (Switzerland)

, ,

(2021) Indonesian Journal of Geography

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Remote Sensing is a peer-reviewed (https://www.mdpi.com/editorial_process), open access journal about the science and application of remote sensing technology, and is published semimonthly online by MDPI. The Remote Sensing Society of Japan (RSSJ) (http://www.rssj.or.jp/eng/) and the Japan Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (JSPRS) (http://www.jsprs.jp/english.html) are affiliated with Remote Sensing, and their members receive a discount on the article processing charge.

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Special Issue in Remote Sensing: Learning to Understand Remote Sensing Images (/journal/remotesensing/special_issues/rsimages) Special Issue in Remote Sensing: Change Detection Using Multi-Source Remotely Sensed Imagery

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INRAE Bordeaux, ISPA, 71 avenue E. Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave-d'Ornon, France

Interests: passive and active microwave remote sensing of soil and vegetation; water and carbon cycles; soil moisture; vegetation optical depth (VOD); L-MEB model (L-band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere); Sentinel 1; ASCAT; AMSR2; SMAP; SMOS-IC

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Website (https://atmo.tamu.edu/people/faculty/yangping.html)

Holder of the David Bullock Harris Chair, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA Interests: light scattering; radiative transfer; atmospheric radiation; remote sensing

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Website (https://docenti.unisa.it/020346/home) SciProfiles (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/563812) DIEM, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy

Interests: remote sensing; image processing; signal processing; sequential Bayesian estimation; estimation theory; detection theory; statistical signal processing; fractal models; data fusion; gravitational waves; localization; nonlinear devices; sensor networks

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School of Information Technology and Engineering, Melbourne Institute of Technology, 288 Latrobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia Interests: remote sensing; sensors, smart environments; deep learning; IoT; radar (lidar); wireless power transer

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Applied Physics Department, University of Granada, and Andalusian Research Institute for the Earth System, 18071 Granada, Spain Interests: atmospheric aerosol; lidar; remote sensing; atmospheric radiation; aerosol–cloud interaction

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GeoSAT ReSearch Lab, Institute for Mediterranean Studies, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Rethymno 74100, Crete, Greece Interests: Remote Sensing (Satellite, SAR, UAV, Aerial, Lidar); GIS; geomorphology; natural hazards; spatial analysis; land use/land cover monitoring; soil erosion; soil moisture; floods; landscape ecology; landscape archaeology; hydrology; environmental surveillance

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Laboratory of Remote Sensing, Spectroscopy and GIS, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece

Interests: agronomic applications of Earth Observation; remote sensing; digital image processing; geoinformatics; spectroscopy; precision agriculture; UAV;

crops; irrigation; soil

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Remote Sens., Volume 12, Issue 19 (October-1 2020) – 162 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image (/files/uploaded/covers/remotesensing/big_cover-remotesensing-v12-i19.png)): This study presents missing pixel reconstruction on Landsat land surface temperature image patches using source-augmented partial convolution.

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Open Access Article

Thermophysical Features of the Rümker Region in Northern Oceanus Procellarum: Insights from CE-2 CELMS Data (/2072-4292/12/19/3272) by Zhiguo Meng (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/353851), Jietao Lei (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1280005),

Yuqi Qian (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1280062),

Long Xiao (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/OU11Wk1PRHJHREI1aGd5djc2Y0lRMUtxN3JUL2M4cGZmdUdDSEFjWHdWUT0=), James W. Head (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/RUI0bUZUM2J5aU5qWTQ0eUJLdjdxZ0taVVl2UldxQi96Z3JrdUI0aXBCVT0=), Shengbo Chen (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/459646), Weiming Cheng (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/267177),

Jiancheng Shi (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/V3dYZkJ6QnFWd2w1NXc1Tndsd3d4RVJMaTNLcVNLanVITzY3SE84bHN1az0=), Jinsong Ping (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/857136) and Zhizhong Kang (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/57141)

Remote Sens. 2020, 12(19), 3272; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12193272 (https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12193272) - 08 Oct 2020 Cited by 2 (/2072-4292/12/19/3272#citedby) | Viewed by 1082

(https://www.mdpi.com/2072- 4292/12/19/3143)

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Coastal Wetland Classification with Deep U-Net Convolutional Networks and Sentinel-2 Imagery: A Case Study at the Tien Yen Estuary of Vietnam (/2072-4292/12/19/3270)

by Kinh Bac Dang (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/919738), Manh Ha Nguyen (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1273782),

Duc Anh Nguyen (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/QzFBMmltM080WEdxSVNWZ3BtQzlRdGxRY09sSWR5ZmRWam16aEF3VVdmTT0=), Thi Thanh Hai Phan (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/Wm1KMHlQb05wUFJlN0dKSEZuYituNmVSZVJTYmVUYVVWdTdLeGZxL2xSMD0=), Tuan Linh Giang (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/NVMxb1NNWHp6VDdMZWxpZWtlRkg1N05HL3YwaXlmbS9vTHFMblZnNXpDaz0=), Hoang Hai Pham (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/dzlPcXBET2EwTzBSR3hQMkdZSFRpSWQ4M1lyM1RmTFhKQloyamZhdGpsVT0=), Thu Nhung Nguyen (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/VUgwWUd0eDNKTDNUdEtKek0rUy9TeGRsOWNsTllDMzdIMHZiNmxvU2NsQT0=), Thi Thuy Van Tran (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/YjZjS25OQlBwVVdlckE4eUVxTE5OZmdYVW1YZlJLREk0TGszR3R1bzgyVT0=) and Dieu Tien Bui (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/101864)

Abstract The natural wetland areas in Vietnam, which are transition areas from inland and ocean, play a crucial role in minimizing coastal hazards; however, during the last two decades, about 64% of these areas have been converted from the natural wetland to the human-made [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Geospatial Artificial Intelligence for Forest Modeling, Prediction, Conservation and Management ( /journal/remotesensing/special_issues/AI_forest ))

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Open Access Article

Impacts of Urbanization on the Ecosystem Services in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China (/2072-4292/12/19/3269) by Xuege Wang (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1066263), Fengqin Yan (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/942526) and

Fenzhen Su (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/190177)

Abstract Unprecedented urbanization has occurred globally, which has converted substantial natural landscapes into impervious surfaces and further impacted ecosystem services and functioning. In this study, we quantified the spatiotemporal patterns of urbanization and investigated the impacts of urbanization on the ecosystem service value (ESV) [...] Read more.

03269/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-12-03269-g002-550.jpg) (/remotesensing/remotesensing-12- 03269/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-12-03269-g003-550.jpg) (/remotesensing/remotesensing-12- 03269/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-12-03269-g004-550.jpg) (/remotesensing/remotesensing-12- 03269/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-12-03269-g005-550.jpg) (/remotesensing/remotesensing-12- 03269/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-12-03269-g006-550.jpg)

Open Access Letter

Comparison of TEC Calculations Based on Trimble, Javad, Leica, and Septentrio GNSS Receiver Data (/2072-4292/12/19/3268)

by Vladislav Demyanov (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/V0d5V2dHbVZEUVBkNE9BQWgvUk9mZytMenhZaWZQZ0NuK0ppalU1bHE4OD0=), Maria Sergeeva (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1226410),

Mark Fedorov (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/UDFaQWlKTCtPc2EvMXBHWjJxUXFxVm0rTml1VkNxb2Q1c0ZxZ0g1VlVPYz0=), Tatiana Ishina (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/dnBlUktYbEh5NjVnM0lPMmlsRlRUbGNQNnFPUW9xLzlzaXhLSXdmM1JLND0=),

Victor Jose Gatica-Acevedo (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/UEJzZ0VzU0pDYThpR3pzZlJSTk9GU3VSZUhYRjdnVHh4cTF0MTFoVFU0dz0=) and

Enrique Cabral-Cano (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/eGV2RXEvYU00VW5tMzZDamdDcmdBVXVjazhZSGY3UG9HclhIWFdUWWtORT0=) Remote Sens. 2020, 12(19), 3268; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12193268 (https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12193268) - 08 Oct 2020

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Open Access Article

Correlation Analysis between Air Temperature and MODIS Land Surface Temperature and Prediction of Air Temperature Using TensorFlow Long Short-Term Memory for the Period of Occurrence of Cold and Heat Waves (/2072-4292/12/19/3231)

by Jeehun Chung (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/947202), Yonggwan Lee (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/645635), Wonjin Jang (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/824061),

Siwoon Lee (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/b1l4QzRqLzdBSXUyMVJ1dGdEUUs3d2pJa0hmalh6Z3RIWVdMRzlqSDM4UT0=) and Seongjoon Kim (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/153219)

Abstract The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between surface air temperature (SAT) and land surface temperature (LST) based on land use when heat and cold waves occur and to predict the distribution of SAT using the long short-term memory (LSTM) [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing for Streamflow Simulation ( /journal/remotesensing/special_issues/streamflow_simulation ))

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Open Access Article

Variability of Diurnal Sea Surface Temperature during Short Term and High SST Event in the Western Equatorial Pacific as Revealed by Satellite Data (/2072-4292/12/19/3230)

by Anindya Wirasatriya (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1218874), Kohtaro Hosoda (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/199224), Joga Dharma Setiawan (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/570745) and R. Dwi Susanto (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/505115) Remote Sens. 2020, 12(19), 3230; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12193230 (https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12193230) - 04 Oct 2020

Cited by 2 (/2072-4292/12/19/3230#citedby) | Viewed by 766

Abstract Near-surface diurnal warming is an important process in the climate system, driving exchanges of water vapor and heat between the ocean and the atmosphere. The occurrence of the hot event (HE) is associated with the high diurnal sea surface temperature amplitude (δSST), which [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Retrieval, Operationalization, Monitoring and Application of Sea Surface Temperature ( /journal/remotesensing/special_issues/sea_surface_temperature ))

03230/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-12-03230-g002-550.jpg) (/remotesensing/remotesensing-12- 03230/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-12-03230-g003-550.jpg) (/remotesensing/remotesensing-12- 03230/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-12-03230-g004-550.jpg) (/remotesensing/remotesensing-12-

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remote sensing

Article

Variability of Diurnal Sea Surface Temperature

during Short Term and High SST Event in the Western Equatorial Pacific as Revealed by Satellite Data

Anindya Wirasatriya

^1,2,

* , Kohtaro Hosoda

³

, Joga Dharma Setiawan

^2,4

and R. Dwi Susanto

^5,6

1

Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Jawa Tengah 50275, Indonesia

2

Center for Coastal Disaster Mitigation and Rehabilitation Studies, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Jawa Tengah 50275, Indonesia; joga.setiawan@ft.undip.ac.id

3

Weathernews Inc. Makuhari Techno Garden, Nakase 1-3 Mihama-ku, Chiba-shi 261-8501, Japan;

hoso-k@wni.com

4

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Jawa Tengah 50275, Indonesia

5

Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, Maryland, MD 20742, USA;

dwisusa@umd.edu

6

Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Jawa Barat 40132, Indonesia

*

Correspondence: aninosi@yahoo.co.id; Tel.:

+62-2-4747-4698

Received: 30 August 2020; Accepted: 2 October 2020; Published: 4 October 2020

Abstract: Near-surface diurnal warming is an important process in the climate system, driving exchanges of water vapor and heat between the ocean and the atmosphere. The occurrence of the hot event (HE) is associated with the high diurnal sea surface temperature amplitude (δSST), which is defined as the difference between daily maximum and minimum sea surface temperature (SST).

However, previous studies still show some inconsistency for the area of HE occurrence and high δ SST. The present study produces global δ SST data based on the SST, sea surface wind data derived from microwave radiometers, and solar radiation data obtained from visible/infrared radiometers.

The value of δ SSTs are estimated and validated over tropical oceans and then used for investigating HE in the western equatorial Pacific. A three-way error analysis was conducted using in situ mooring buoy arrays and geostationary SST measurements by the Himawari-8 and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES). The standard deviation error of daily and 10-day validation is around 0.3

^◦

C and 0.14–0.19

^◦

C, respectively. Our case study in the western Pacific (from 110

^◦

E to 150

^◦

W) shows that the area of HE occurrence coincided well with the area of high δ SST. Climatological analysis shows that the collocated area between high occurrence rate of HE and high δSST, which coincides with the western Pacific warm pool region in all seasons. Thus, this study provides more persuasive evidence of the relation between HE occurrence and high δ SST.

Keywords: diurnal SST amplitude; hot event; western equatorial Pacific; three-way error analysis;

microwave radiometry

1. Introduction

Sea surface temperature (SST) has a typical daily cycle, called diurnal SST. The generation of diurnal SST is mainly caused by the changes in solar heating as a result of day and night differences.

The amplitude/range of the diurnal SST variation (δSST) is enhanced up to more than 3

^◦

C under the

Remote Sens.2020,12, 3230; doi:10.3390/rs12193230 www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing

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remote sensing

Article

Thermophysical Features of the Rümker Region in Northern Oceanus Procellarum: Insights from CE-2 CELMS Data

Zhiguo Meng

^1,2,3,

* , Jietao Lei

¹

, Yuqi Qian

^4,5

, Long Xiao

⁴

, James W. Head

⁵

,

Shengbo Chen

¹

, Weiming Cheng

²

, Jiancheng Shi

⁶

, Jinsong Ping

⁷

and Zhizhong Kang

^8,9

1

College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China;

leijt19@mails.jlu.edu.cn (J.L.); chensb@jlu.edu.cn (S.C.)

2

State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; chengwm@lreis.ac.cn

3

Institute of National Development and Security Studies, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China

4

School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China;

yuqi_qian@cug.edu.cn (Y.Q.); longxiao@cug.edu.cn (L.X.)

5

Departmental of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; James_Head@brown.edu

6

National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; shijiancheng@nssc.ac.cn

7

Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; jsping@bao.ac.cn

8

School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China;

zzkang@cugb.edu.cn

9

Subcenter of International Cooperation and Research on Lunar and Planetary Exploration, Center of Space Exploration, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100083, China

*

Correspondence: mengzg@jlu.edu.cn; Tel.:

+86-186-4306-2191

Received: 5 September 2020; Accepted: 6 October 2020; Published: 8 October 2020

Abstract: The Rümker region is located in the northern Oceanus Procellarum, which has been selected as the landing and sampling region for China’s Chang’e-5 (CE-5) mission. The thermophysical features of the mare units are studied in detail using the brightness temperature (TB) maps (TB, normalized TB, TB difference) derived from the CE-2 microwave radiometer data. The previously interpreted geological boundaries of the Rümker region are revisited in this study according to their TB behaviors: IR1, IR2, and IR3 Rümker plateau units are combined into one single unit (IR); and a hidden unit is found on the Mons Rümker; Mare basaltic units Im1 and Em1 are combined into Em1; and Em2 is more likely the extending of Im2. Each of the previous proposed landing sites and their scientific value are summarized and reevaluated. Based on this, four landing sites are recommended in order to maximize the scientific outcome of the CE-5 mission. We suggest that the Eratosthenian-aged Em4 and Em1 units as the top priority landing site for the CE-5 mission;

the age-dating results will provide important clues concerning the thermal evolution of the Moon.

Keywords: the Rümker region; thermophysical features; CELMS data; Chang’e-5 mission;

mare volcanism; lunar landing site

1. Introduction

The Chang’e-5 (CE-5) mission, scheduled to launch at the end of 2020, is China’s first lunar sample return mission [1–3]. The Rümker region (41–45

^◦

N, 49–69

^◦

W; Figure 1a) in northern Oceanus Procellarum has been selected as the landing region [4].

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remote sensing

Letter

Comparison of TEC Calculations Based on Trimble, Javad, Leica, and Septentrio GNSS Receiver Data

Vladislav Demyanov

^1,2,

*, Maria Sergeeva

^3,4

, Mark Fedorov

²

, Tatiana Ishina

²

, Victor Jose Gatica-Acevedo

^3,5

and Enrique Cabral-Cano

⁶

1

Department of near-Earth Space Physics, Institute of Solar Terrestrial Physics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia

2

Department of transportation control systems, Irkutsk State Transport University, 664074 Irkutsk, Russia;

metalgear@mail.ru (M.F.); t.v.ishina@yandex.ru (T.I.)

3

SCiESMEX, LANCE, Instituto de Geofisica, Unidad Michoacan, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Morelia 58089, Mexico; maria.a.sergeeva@gmail.com (M.S.); vic_gatica@hotmail.com (V.J.G.-A.)

4

CONACYT, Instituto de Geofisica, Unidad Michoacan, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Morelia 58089, Mexico

5

Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico

6

Instituto de Geofisica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;

ecabral@geofisica.unam.mx

*

Correspondence: demyanov_vv@irgups.ru; Tel.:

+7-950-051-3095

Received: 27 August 2020; Accepted: 2 October 2020; Published: 8 October 2020

Abstract: A Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver is, to some extent, a “black box” when its data is used for ionospheric studies. Our results based on Javad, Septentrio, Trimble, and Leica GNSS receivers have proven that the accuracy of the slant Total Electron Content (TEC) calculation can differ significantly depending on the GNSS receiver type/model, because TEC measurements depend on the carrier phase tracking technique applied in a receiver. The correlation coefficient between carrier phase noise in L1 and L2 channels is considered as a possible indicator that shows if the L1-aided tracking technique or independent tracking is applied inside a receiver. An empirical model of the TEC noise component was provided to determine the TEC noise value in different types/models of GNSS receivers.

Keywords: GNSS receiver; slant TEC; Trimble; Javad; Leica; Septentrio

1. Introduction

Slant Total Electron Content (TEC) calculations are based on data from carrier phase and code delays of GNSS satellite signals received by dual-frequency ground-based GNSS receivers. TEC and its derivatives are widely used for different tasks of ionospheric studies. The most popular TEC-based indices are ROTI, DROTI, AATR, DIX, and DIXSG [1–4]. The accuracy of these indices (and eventually their interpretation) depends on the quality of the primary TEC measurements.

Today, temporal resolution of GNSS receiver output data can reach up to 100 Hz [5]. Such a high temporal resolution allows us to detect small-scale weak ionospheric turbulences and provides a TEC measurement accuracy of approximately 10

⁻³

TECU or even better [6,7]. High-rate GNSS data can help researchers answer a fundamental question regarding which sampling rate is the border between the weak ionospheric events and non-informative noises [8]. At the same time, in regard to the problem of detecting weak ionospheric disturbances, signal processing techniques inside a GNSS receiver play the same crucial role as the data temporal resolution. Unfortunately, a GNSS receiver is, to some extent, a “black box” for researchers. Recent studies have proven that the TEC and TEC-based indices can differ significantly when derived from different types/models of GNSS receivers and based