MAJOR TASK URBAN MORPHOLOGY Lecturers:
Retno Susanti, ST., MT (RS) Dr. Ing. Santy Paulla Dewi, ST., MT (SPD) Dr. Ing. Wakhidah Kurniawati, ST., MT (WK)
IDENTIFICATION OF URBAN MORPHOLOGY STUDY CASE KAMPUNG KAUMAN
GROUP 1 IUP CLASS COURSE CODE: PTPW 6304
Armeino Fadhlan Atana NIM. 21040121190050
Aura Faruz Kurniazahra NIM. 21040121190046
Reyhan Wisnu Aliandri NIM. 21040121190045
Zahran Sofyan Falahuddin NIM. 21040121190049
INTERNATIONAL UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAM URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY
2022
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER I ... 1
INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background ... 1
1.2 Problems ... 2
1.2 Purpose ... 3
1.3 Scope of Area ... 3
1.4 Methods ... 4
CHAPTER II ... 6
Theoretical Study ... 6
2.1 Urban Morphology ... 6
2.2 Urban Elements ... 6
2.4 Spatial structure and spatial organization ... 8
2.5 Urban Development ... 8
2.6 Slopes, and Topography ... 9
2.7 Disaster Prone ... 10
2.8 Urban Transect ... 11
2.9 Economic, Socio-Cultural, and Religious Activities... 12
CHAPTER III ... 14
RESULT OF OBSERVATION & IDENTIFICATION ... 14
3.1 Location ... 14
3.2 History of the Development of the Study Area in Kampung Kauman ... 15
3.3 Natural Physical Features ... 16
3.3.1 Geographical location ... 16
3.3.2 Topography ... 16
3.3.3 Slope ... 16
3.3.5 Natural Characteristics ... 18
3.3.6 Vulnerability ... 18
3.3.7 Land Use... 21
3.4 City Physical Structure ... 22
3.4.1 Street ... 22
3.4.2 Block ... 24
3.4.3 Plot ... 25
3.4.3 Building Use ... 26
3.5 Kauman Figure Ground ... 27
3.6 Linkage Theory ... 30
3.7 Place Theory ... 31
3.8 Image of City ... 32
3.9 Townscape ... 33
3.10 Aesthetic Elements ... 36
3.11 Area and Building Conservation ... 38
CHAPTER IV ... 42
Conclusion ... 42
LIST OF MAP
Map 1 Administrative ... 4
Map 2 Administrative ... 14
Map 3 Slope ... 17
Map 4 Natrual Characteristic ... 18
Map 5 Subsidence ... 19
Map 6 Natural Characteristic Vulnerability ... 20
Map 7 Land Use ... 21
Map 8 Road ... 22
Map 9 Plot ... 26
Map 10 RDTRK ... 27
Map 11 Figure Ground ... 28
Map 12 Linkage ... 30
Map 13 Image of City ... 32
Map 14 Townscape... 33
Map 15 Aesthetic Elements... 36
Map 16 Area and Building Conservation ... 38
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Land Slope ... 16
Figure 2 Road ... 24
Figure 3 Building Use ... 27
Figure 4 Kauman Time Series ... 29
Figure 5 Visual & Structural Linkage ... 31
Figure 6 Image of City ... 33
Figure 7 Townscape ... 35
Figure 8 Balance ... 36
Figure 9 Hierarchy Size ... 37
Figure 10 Hierarchy Shape... 37
Figure 11 Hierarchy Placement ... 38
Figure 12 Area Building Conservation ... 40
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Semarang city is one of the coastal cities north to the island of Java and has been developing massively in the last decades. Semarang is one of the cultural city centers in Central Java and Indonesia since the previous decades. It has various kinds of culture, ethnics and backgrounds namely; arab, chinese, europe, and java. Semarang as the capital of central Java province located in a strategic location because semarang holds a role as a ‘hub’ from the western and eastern part of the whole Java island. The development of the city of Semarang as a coastal city has been going on for a long time. In 1416, the city of Semarang began to be occupied by indigenous outsiders, such as ethnic Chinese (Liem,1933) . Following those years, other ethnic such as the Europeans migrated to Semarang city. Since then, Semarang city became a multicultural city that not just the indigeneous lives there, but other ethnicity from other background with different character also appear to live in Semarang as well. From this phenomena, makes the city of Semarang as the center of cultural civilization and heritage which then has an influence in the physical form of the city of Semarang where in its development it gave rise to traditional Kampoeng according to their ethnicity and race. These traditional Kampoeng have characteristics that highlight the characteristics of each culture of the people in it. One of these Kampoeng is the Kampoeng of Kauman.
Kampoeng Kauman as an urban village has different characteristics compared to other areas. Both in terms of physical in the form of buildings, road patterns, as well as in terms of non-physical in the form of social life of the community. The location of the Kampoeng Kauman is also located in the center of the commercial area of the city of Semarang. Kampoeng Kauman is a strategically located ‘sub-district’ close to the center of Semarang city activities both from offices, trade or services. Kampoeng Kauman is also clear evidence that the history of the city of Semarang has a different morphology from the surrounding environment, one of which is seen from the type of building and architectural style and continues to experience development, renovation, revitalization which aims to make the Kampoeng of Kauman more modern and adaptive to the times which exists.
1.2 Problems
Nowadays, the development of Kampung Kauman certainly has the direct involve to the nature, with the number of many developments that occurs will affected the spatial morphology of the area as well as the history of Kauman. Several aspects of the morphology of space and regions that can be seen starting from environment, green open space, accessibility, community activity and socio-cultural of the local community. First, the environment aspect, Land use in Kampoeng Kauman areas trade and services, settlements with facilities other supporting infrastructure. The partial function of the area large trade and services cause loss historical area identity. Kampung Kauman is a student village formerly an area settlement. and building settlements have changed into trade and services. Kampung Kauman is an old city center of Semarang City which is the embryo of urban development initiatives. In addition, Kampung Kauman is located in a strategic area close to the center of Semarang City activity is a good activity office and trading activities and services. Kampung Kauman also known as The historical area of Semarang City has a regional morphology that is different from the surrounding environment, one of which is seen from the type of building inside, which continues to experience the effects of modernization.
Green open space is space within the city or a wider area, both in rounded and lengthwise or path wherein its use is more open basically without buildings. Public Green Open Space is owned and managed by the City/Regency Regional Government which is used for the benefit of the community in general. According to research conducted in 2013 by Student at Diponegoro University, Most of Kampung Kauman is minimal green open space, the square that used to be lost and changed places for trade and services.
The Kauman village area is not paying enough attention to the space requirement factor for pedestrians because of the lack of availability of pedestrian paths. So the pedestrians feel uncomfortable because many vehicles pass weeds. Other problems in Kauman are that there are street children who are felt by the residents not to have an impact on their benefits in terms of material. but these children have rights that must be fulfilled, such as the right to get a proper education and others, these children can also be empowered. The empowerment of street children can be interpreted as an effort to increase the empowerment of a community so that they are able to act in accordance with their dignity in carrying out their empowerment and responsibilities as a community. The ultimate goal of empowering street children is that there
will be changes in empowered people. The empowerment carried out by the Harapan Community has resulted in changes in street children.
Social and cultural developments in Kauman Village still has nuances islam. And until now Kauman has a characteristic with the name of each gang that has meaning separately. Like Krendo Village because it is a place to store crando, Kampung Buntulan because of the village dead ends, and so on.
Lots of changes happened in Kauman Village, like traditional buildings and squares that it's gone because it's currently being used for trade and services. However, culture and Islamic nuances that are still thick in Kauman makes this village still survive, especially the Great Mosque of Kauman which is still standing strong to this day. This kind of situation makes Kauman village have lost its identity as a historical city of Semarang and also a traditional village. Efforts are needed to restore the identity of the village Even though you don't come back completely like the beginning, at least society especially immigrants take care of the culture that still exists in the village.
1.2 Purpose
The purpose of this study is to discuss the growth, development, and changes that occur in the Kampung Kauman-District related to Urban Morphology by identifying the various problem that exists in the location of the Kampung Kauman-District area and by identifying the scientific environment of the built-space, green open space, accessibility, activities, and socio- cultural communities in Kampung Kauman-District.
1.3 Scope of Area
The scope of the study of this analysis is in the Kampung Kauman-District. Kauman is a village in the Central Semarang sub-district, Semarang City, Central Java Province. Kuman village is located in the center of the city with an area of 28,652 hectares adjacent to the Johar market area. With a population of 3,879, the majority are inhabited by 90% of the Muslim population and the average population is traders in the Kauman area. Which is divided into 5 RW and 17 RT. Kampung Kauman Area Boundary :
NORTH : Pandansari Sub-District EASTERN : Purwodinatan Sub-District
WEST : Kembangsari Sub-District
Map 1 Administrative
1.4 Methods
Our method of research are doing such as field observation and interview with the indigenous people in Kauman area. We also gather other data from the Kauman government web-site provided by the Semarang City Government, then, we also seek for the related literature and article about the Kampung Kuman Morphology. The result from the observation, interviewm and online research will be then compiled as the methods of research upon the completition of the analysis.
CHAPTER II Theoretical Study
2.1 Urban Morphology
Urban morphology is the study of historical patterns past and present. Morphology consists of two syllables, namely morph which means form and logos which means knowledge.
In simple terms, city morphology means science which studies the product of the physical forms of the city logically. Morphology is an approach in understanding the logical shape of a city as a product of change socio-spatial caused by each spatial social characteristic in each different places the term morphology is closely related to the term typology.
Land use in the village of Kauman was originally used as an area which was originally used as a residential area and also trade. However, currently there are many changes in land use in the village of Kauman. The land use changes that occur are aimed at supporting the main activities, namely trade and services and offices. Changes in land use are viewed from several indicators, namely the amount of land use that changes, changes in species. The changes that occurred were found on the outside of the village bordering Jalan Kauman and inside the settlements in Kampung Kauman. Meanwhile, in terms of its area, changes in land use or building functions are not followed by changes in the building mass area. Changes only occur in the physical and visual of the building but do not increase the area of built-up land cover.
Road developments in Kampung Kauman are grouped into 3, namely roads in the north and south of Kampung Kauman (Jalan Pemuda and Jalan Kyai H. Wahid Hasyim), Jalan Kauman in the middle which is also the boundary between Kampung Kauman, Bangunharjo Village and Kampung Kauman, Kampung Kauman. , as well as small streets in the interior of Kampung Kauman. Jalan Pemuda as a secondary collector road in Semarang City which has a fairly good condition with the width of the road that facilitates the mobility of people who are active along the road. Meanwhile, Jalan Kyai H. Wahid Hasyim, which has a road width not as large as Jalan Pemuda, also has good accessibility and is dominated by trade and service activities along the road.
2.2 Urban Elements
The theory of elements of city formation was put by Kevin Lynch. His research is based on the mental image of the population of the city (Lynch, Kevin. The Image of the City.
Cambridge. 1969). There are 5 (five) basic elements of the city that can provide a visual quality for the city itself. Five The elements of the city are as follows:
a. Path
Path is one of the main elements that they know. Because any actor who uses the path element can feel and observe this element as you walk through it.
b. Edge
The bank lies on the boundary between two specific areas and serves as linear breakers, such as boundaries between coasts, walls, boundaries between railroad tracks, topography, and so on. According to Kevin Lynch, Edge is also a linear element that humans recognize when he walks, but are not paths. An edge is a line that separates two areas from each other in a different way. This line can be a natural boundary, such as rivers, bridges, and topography or artificial features such as greenbelts, waterfront, highway, elevated highway or others.
c. District
District or area is an urban area on a scale of two dimensions. A district has the same characteristics (shape, pattern, and form) and also unique in its limits, where people feel they have to end or start. District or inner city area can be said as an internal and external reference. Regions have more identity good if the boundaries are clear in appearance and can be seen uniformly, as well as functions and the position is clear.
d. Node
Node in an area strategic where directions or activities intersect and can be changed to directions or other activities, such as traffic intersections, stations, airports, bridges, the city as a whole on a large macro scale, markets, parks, squares, and so on. Node or knot is a place where people feel like going in and out of the same place.
e. Landmark
Landmarks are reference points like node elements, but can't go inside because it can be seen from the outside. Landmarks are an external element, a visual form that stands out from the city, such as a mountain or hills, tall buildings, towers, tall signs, places of worship, tall trees, and etc. Some landmarks are near the city center, while others far
from the city center. Several criteria on the landmark such as identifiable, memories, and clear form of the shape itself.
2.4 Spatial structure and spatial organization
The phrase "urban spatial structure" is commonly used to describe and debate the distribution of activities within a metropolitan region. The concept of urban spatial structure is multidimensional, encompassing population distribution, employment, built-up volume, transit networks, and land uses. This physical component can be supplemented by functional aspects such as flows of products and services, interactions between people and infrastructure, and/or face-to-face encounters among people, and other features such as geography, resource endowment, and route dependency.
Landscape or geographical features, transportation, social, economic, and regulatory issues all have an impact on the design of a city. According to Yunus, the sorts of urban spatial structures listed above are ecologically based spatial structures. The ecological perspective regards humans as living organisms having interrelationships with their environment, which appear as land use, essentially the process of living, creating children, and seeking sustenance.
The theory of urban spatial structure consists of concentric theory, sectoral theory, and multiple core theory. Theory Urban planning is used to be able to define road patterns, types buildings, and land use then can use the approach area physical space theory, namely figure ground theory, linkage system theory, and theory place.
2.5 Urban Development
The concept of urban development, according to the Spatial Planning Dictionary (1997), is the physical growth of an area or region followed by non-physical development, especially the socioeconomic situations of the people who live in it. Many internal (in the form of regional or regional potential) and external elements impact city growth (such as interaction with the surrounding area or area).
The Semarang city development is categorized as the interstitial form city. Which has the meaning of form in urban development by increasing the quantity of built-up land but not increasing the height of the building floor and its area (Zahnd,1999). The development of the city of Semarang is not by increasing the area, but can be seen from the increase in the quantity of land built.
2.6 Slopes, and Topography
The definition of slope is the surface of the earth/soil that forms a certain angle with the horizontal Plane, slope can be divided into 2 kind of form with the first is naturally due to the geological processes or the second is because it is manmade. Natural slopes Slope is an open land surface, which stands to form certain angle to the horizontal axis, or it can be said slope is ground surface that has two different elevations where the ground surface it forms an angle. From the formation process, a slope can occur automatically natural and man-made.
What is meant by a natural slope is a slope which is formed due to natural processes without human intervention, while the slope Man-made slopes are slopes formed by humans such as slopes resulting from excavations 30 and embankment slopes.
Differences in elevation on the ground surface such as slopes can result movement of soil masses from planes with high elevation to planes with At lower elevations, this movement is caused by gravity. Mass movement The land can also be affected by water and earthquake forces. movement or style This will produce a shear stress that functions as a retaining force and if the weight of the soil mass acting as the driving force is greater than the shear stress will result in sliding.
Topography is the study of the shape of the earth's surface and other objects, including planets, natural satellites (moons and the like), and asteroids. A broader scientific understanding also includes vegetation and human influences on the environment, as well as local culture within the scope of topography. However, topography generally studies surface relief, 3-dimensional models and identification of land types.
The term topography comes from the ancient Greeks to the ancient Romans and means
"detail of a place". The origin of the word is topos which means place and graphia which means writing. Objects in topography relate to the position of parts and point to horizontal coordinates, such as latitude and longitude, and vertical lines, namely altitude.
Topographic studies can be carried out for various purposes, namely military planning, geological exploration, civil construction, public works and reclamation. In compiling regional topographical information, there are two ways that can be done, such as:
• Live Survey
Surveys or direct observations will make studies more accurate, both in three dimensions, distances, heights and angles by utilizing various tools or instruments.
Even though remote sensing systems have developed, direct observation is still needed to provide more complete and accurate information about the condition of a land.
• Remote Sensing
Remote sensing is the science of collecting data on the earth's surface remotely using a system called remote sensing, including sensors, satellite vehicles, and so on.
2.7 Disaster Prone
According to Bencanapedia, Disaster-Prone Areas are areas that often or have high potential to experience natural disasters. An area is called disaster-prone if within a certain period of time it has geological, biological, hydrological, climatological, geographical, social, cultural, political, economic and technological conditions and characters that lack the ability to prevent, mitigate and achieve preparedness in dealing with adverse impacts. from disaster.
Disaster-prone areas are protected areas, namely areas designated with the main function of protecting environmental sustainability which includes natural resources and artificial resources. Disaster-prone areas include areas prone to volcanic eruptions, earthquake-prone areas, landslide-prone areas, tidal-prone areas, and flood-prone areas.
To prevent and analyse the disaster that was or will happen, there is an agency that has the task to analyse and deal with this phenomenon called Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB). The agency tasked with compiling, stipulating, and informing disaster-prone maps is the National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB). Determination of disaster-prone areas can be seen from various aspects depending on the type of threat. Earthquake-prone areas can be seen from data on seismicity, geological structure, peak ground acceleration, and others. While areas prone to landslides and floods can be seen from the slope of rainfall, slope, soil type, and others.
Determination of disaster-prone areas is part of disaster mitigation. Disaster mitigation is carried out to reduce disaster risk for people who are in disaster-prone areas. Mitigation activities are carried out by spatial planning, development arrangements, infrastructure
development, building planning, as well as organizing education, counseling and training both conventionally and modernly.
In determining disaster-prone areas, activities such as identifying sources of disasters, classifying areas likely to be affected by disasters are based on the type and level of the threat of disaster and the impact of the disaster, as well as information on the level of vulnerability of the region to each type of hazard. By carrying out such mitigation, information and maps of disaster-prone areas will be available for each type of disaster. In disaster mitigation it is also necessary to carry out socialization in order to increase the understanding and awareness of people living in disaster-prone areas in dealing with disasters. So they know what to do and avoid, and know how to save themselves if a disaster occurs. No less important, disaster mitigation must include regulation and management of disaster-prone areas.
2.8 Urban Transect
Kampung Kauman-District which is located in the District of Semarang Central has the characteristic of an urban center zone or T-4. These are compact, well-designed areas that concentrate a variety of land uses in one place. Urban centers are people-oriented living and working places that allow residents to walk to shops and high-capacity transit stations.
This area consists of mixed-use, but mainly for trade and services area, followed by high- density settlements, worship places, and education zone. Another characteristic that can be seen is the building is located so close to the road or the sidewalk, also the street network that exists is forms small blocks and high connectivity.
2.9 Economic, Socio-Cultural, and Religious Activities
In a non-physical activity in the area of Kauman sub-district, several daily activity that is conducted by the people of Kauman from a long time ago. Below are the explanation regarding to the activities that takes role as the identity of Kauman.
a. Economic
Historically speaking, most of the economic activities are trading and services and its location close to Pasar Johar makes the people work as traders. Apart from the Kauman people themselves (Arab descent) who trade in this area, there are also ethnic Chinese who trade near the Kauman, which is the neighbouring village such as Pecinan.
b. Socio-Cultural
Kauman Semarang is thick with the dugderan tradition which is held once a year just before the month of Ramadan. Hospitality in Kauman is also very tolerant, many recitation programs are held to make every Kauman community more kinship, especially since they are still of Arab descent and still inhabit Kampung Kauman for generations.
c. Religious Activity
Kauman Village which is mostly inhabited by Arabs and the center of the spread of Islam in Semarang. Most of the people of Kauman Village are Muslims. Religious activities in this area are very stick with recitations / pengajian conducted by the community.
CHAPTER III
RESULT OF OBSERVATION & IDENTIFICATION
3.1 Location
Kampung Kauman is a village strategically located in the city center or Central Semarang District, which is well-known for its historical significance. Kampung Kauman has the total area of 28,652 Hectares and has the population of 3.879 Resident with 90 % of the resident are Muslim, in Kauman there are 5 RW ( Rukun Warga) and 17 RT (Rukun Tetangga).
Map 2 Administrative
Kampung Kauman is a village strategically located in the city center or Central Semarang District, which is well-known for its historical significance. Kampung Kauman is located in Semarang's CBD, or business center, close to the central commercial business district, Pasar Johar. The administrative boundaries of the Kauman area are as follows:
NORTH : Pandansari Sub-District EASTERN : Purwodinatan Sub-District SOUTH: Kranggan Sub-District
WEST : Kembangsari Sub-District
Kampung Kauman was an important part of the old Sultanate of Semarang. The establishment of the Kauman mosque in cities that have undergone Islamic conversion is intended to spread Islam. This causes the Kauman settlement to become a structured residence for the "santri" or "ulama" and their relatives in the "cosmic city of Java" around the Great Mosque.
3.2 History of the Development of the Study Area in Kampung Kauman
Kauman is the name of a village that appears in every city plan in Java. The management system of cities in Java is almost always the same, with a square surrounded by the center of government and a large mosque. The large mosque is usually surrounded by residential houses known as Kampung Kauman (Wijanarka, 2007: 8–9). The Kingdom of Demak to Mataram historically outlined the formation of Kampung Kauman (Darban, 1984; Wijanarka, 2007: 9).
The Kauman community is a group of people whose territory revolves around the mosque and who follow mutually agreed-upon rules. Because the majority of Kampung Kauman's residents are Muslims, the rules are based on Islamic teachings. According to the anthropological approach, the Kauman community is an in-dogamy village community, which means that its residents marry people from their own village and do not seek mates from outside the village where they live. The Kauman community becomes a blood-tied society as a result of the village's indogami. Because Islamic religious ties and blood ties have created close social relationships, the hierarchy of positions and level of wealth in the Kauman community do not make a significant difference (Darban, 2000: 18).
In terms of the economy, the majority of Kampung Kauman residents make their living by selling at Pasar Johar. Pasar Johar has long been the foundation of life for the Kauman people in general; even today, more than half of the Kauman people sell there on a daily basis. Even though the times have forced the Kauman people to change professions and earn a living other than trading and providing services at Pasar Johar, this can be considered progress because the people have thought ahead and have more advanced thinking patterns. Pasar Johar retains a strategic position for the people of Kampung Kauman; it is where they have earned a living since the johar market's inception.
3.3 Natural Physical Features 3.3.1 Geographical location
Based on the West Semarang City Profile and the support of Google Map, the Geographic location for the Kampung Kauman-District is between -6.97 South Latitude and 110.42 North Latitude
3.3.2 Topography
Based on the West Semarang City Profile, The area is ± 19.2 ha, is lowland, the altitude is ± 110 M above sea level, while the average temperature is 38°C which is divided into 6 RW and 22 RT.
Land Slope Elevation Morphology Area (Ha) Percentage of
the area
0-2 Very Low (<50
mdpl)
Flat 28,652 Ha 100%
2-15 Low (50-200
mdpl)
Sloping 0 0
15-25 Moderate (200-
500)
Medium Hills 0 0
25-40 High Enough
(500-1000 mdpl)
Steep Hills 0 0
>40 High (>1000 mdpl)
Very Steep Hills 0 0
Figure 1 Land Slope 3.3.3 Slope
A slope is an inclined ground surface which can occur either by nature or human made.
Slope stability refers to the condition that an inclined slope can withstand its own weight and external forces without experiencing the displacement, below is the map for the slope condition in kampung Kauman.
Map 3 Slope
According to Dinas Penataan Ruang Kota Semarang, providing the one map Semarang, the slope in the Kauman area has an elevation of 0-2% and with a land subsidence of 1- 5cm/year. The soil that mostly consists in kauman area is Alluvial soil and categorize as a very low-ground movement zone.
3.3.5 Natural Characteristics
Natural characteristics mean topographic features conforming to the usual or ordinary course of nature, the components and processes present or produced by nature, including but not limited to, soil types, geology, slopes, vegetation, surface water, drainage patterns, aquifers, recharge areas, climate, floodplains, aquatic life, and wildlife.
Map 4 Natrual Characteristic
Kauman area is passed by 1 river which is the Semarang river, where this river is not used by residents of the Sub-District of Kauman, this river is only kept clean so that the water flowing in this river is not clogged with garbage. Due to the flat surface that happened in this area, the availability of naturally forming land is almost completely covered with buildings.
3.3.6 Vulnerability
Geologic characteristics are responsible for soil formation, landscape shape and erodibility. These characteristics of basic geology influences plant growth and animal habitat, distribution, and migration patterns. Geologic issues are often key to resource planning and management on a watershed scale.
Map 5 Subsidence
Based on the map above, it is told about the condition of vulnerability condition in Kampung Kauman, by identified the Subsidence Rate per Years in the area. We can see that Kauman area divided into 2 area, the upper area has the classification of subsidence rate from 4-6 cm/ years while the bottom area of the Kauman has the lower rate with the 2-4 cm/ years.
This condition cause the area of Kauman has the potential of flood in the area, this is in line with the Map that was publish by Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) of Semarang City by their disaster prone map, it can be classified that the lower part of the Kauman and Bangunharjo sub-district has classified as the moderate Flood hazard area that has 2-4 cm/
year of subsidence .
Map 6 Natural Characteristic Vulnerability
According to the Environmental Services City of Semarang, Pasar Johar is one of the Flood point in City of semarang, Pasar Johar often floods during the heavy rains occurs, in addition the process of receding the water in this area takes longer that other areas affected by flooding. If the flood happens in Pasar Johar, it also causes disadvantage for number of traders, because they were force to close their shop. A number of efforts have been made by the city government, such as dredging the drainage in anticipation of flooding in this area. However, these efforts have not shown maximum results.
3.3.7 Land Use
Land use is the term used to describe how human use of the land, it involves the allocation of the land to different uses across a landscape in a way that balances economic, social and environmental values. Below is the map that shown the Land Use in Kampung Kauman Area.
Map 7 Land Use
Seeing from the data and analysis in the map above, it can be concluded that the land use of Kampung Kauman consists of settlement area, trade and services / commercial , as well as offices. It is known that in the past the village of Kauman consisted mostly of settlements, but if you look at the current conditions there has been a change in land use become more and more trade and services due to external and internal factors.
It can be seen that the trade and services area dominates most of the village area Kauman is followed by residential areas and offices. According to RDTRK / urban spatial plan REGIONAL REGULATIONS OF THE MUNICIPALITY REGIONAL LEVEL II SEMARANG NUMBER
3.4 City Physical Structure 3.4.1 Street
Roads can be interpreted as roads where people have the right to pass without needing special permission for it. Roads are land transportation infrastructure that are very important in facilitating economic relations activities as well as population mobility routes in carrying out activities. According to Government Regulation Republic of Indonesia Number 34 of 2006 concerning Roads, Roads are Land transportation infrastructure covering all parts of the road, including: auxiliary buildings and equipment intended for traffic, which are at ground level, above ground level, below ground and/or water surface, as well as above surface water, except for railroads, lorries and cable lines. In Kampung Kauman In Kauman itself, there are several roads that connect community activities, such as the secondary collector road network on Jl.K.H. Agus Salim which is located from the intersection of the Ki Napto Sabdho Monument to the square to the bridge which is close to the Morodadi Shop. In addition to secondary collector roads, there are also local roads such as Jalan Kanjengan, Jalan Pedamaran, Jalan Kp. Tamtin, Jalan Gg. Lombok, Jalan Inspection, Jalan Gg. Buntu and Jalan Gg. Warung.
Map 8 Road
Picture Road Type Road Name
Arterial Road Jl. Pemuda
Secondary Collector Road Jl. KH Agus Salim
Local Road Jl. Kanjengan
Local Road Jl. Pedamaran
Local Road Jl. Kp Tamtin
Local Road Jl. Gg Lombok
Local Road Jl. Gg Buntu
Local Road Jl. Gg Warung
Local Road Jl. Inspeksi
Figure 2 Road
3.4.2 Block
A city block is a space for buildings or buildings in a street pattern in a city, and forms the basic unit of the urban city structure. Block is a relationship on the figure ground texture recognizing two groups of elements, namely solids. The dense mass of buildings and cavities
that constitute space formed between these blocks. In this ground figure there are two groups of elements, namely in the form of solid and void. An urban solid can be a dominant public monument or institutional building, urban block areas, and building configurations. Kampung Kauman has several types of blocks such as edge defining blocks, fields blocks, and single blocks. Edge defining blocks in Kampung Kauman form the edges and as a barrier to the housing. This Field Block in Kampung Kauman gives the impression that the housing is divided into several blocks. In the Village Kauman there are buildings that stand alone and are limited by nature and roads.
Map 9 Delineation Kampung Kauman Source: Bappeda
3.4.3 Plot
Plot is a piece of land that has been plotted with a certain size that will be used as a building or residence. Plot is a piece of land that has been plotted with a certain size that will be used as a building or residence. In the village of Kauman, the plots there are generally functioned as settlements or residences, but there are several plots that are also used as shops because they are on the side of the road. The plots in the village of Kauman are very close, there is no barrier, there is no barrier between the other plots and the others. Plots in the village of Kauman also feel congested because of the lack of open space and only contains a mass of In the delineation map beside, it can be seen that the block of particularly Kampung Kauman is divided into two administrative sub-district which are Kauman sub-district in the eastern side and Bangunharjo sub-district in the western part.
Kampung Kauman has a total area of 12.7 hectares which is included in the Bangunharjo area, namely RW 1 and RW 2, as well as Kauman Village which is included in the Kauman administrative area, namely RW 1 and RW 2.
Map 10 Plot
3.4.3 Building Use
At first, most of the building in Kampung Kauman served as a residence/house,then it has been transformed into a place of business or residence as well as a place of business. In the village of Kauman, most of the land use in the village of Kauman is functioned as residential either as a full-fledged dwelling or as a mixed function. This can be seen on the side of the road where many trade buildings stand. In addition to shopping buildings, the dominant building in Kampung Kauman has two floors. However, the condition of several buildings in Kampung Kauman are poorly maintained and damaged, should be restored and repaired so that they can be used properly again. Below we can see each of the building use and sample in the area of Kauman sub-district based on RDTRK Kota semarang.
Map 11 RDTRK
1. Settlement 2. Trade & Service 3. Offices 4. Green Open Space
Figure 3 Building Use
3.5 Kauman Figure Ground
Figure Ground drawings are conventional drawings used for urban design and city planning. Figure-ground drawings are useful for showing how the material or solid components of buildings relate to the spaces contained by the built form. Figure Ground in general is the textural relationship between built form (building mass) and open space.
Building cover as a solid mas s (solid) in an open cavity (void). Soil image analysis is an excellent tool for identifying urban spatial and texture pattern and identify the form of urban mass/space arrangement.
1
2 3 4
In the area of Kauman, if we see on the figure ground map, it forms a pattern with the type of figure ground being a mixed pattern. it can be seen that there are solid buildings in the southern part of the village of Kauman which contain housing for workers and residents there, while in the northern part of the village of Kauman itself there is an open space that is quite open and also not too crowded like the southern part. in the northern part of the Kampung Kauman itself is filled with retail buildings or markets. in the eastern part of the Kampun Kauman, there is a solid-void pattern typology with an organic shape because the inspection road follows the shape of the Kali Semarang river. Below are the picture sample from google earth from 3 different years.
Void
Solid
The typology of figure ground in Kauman are organic, grid, and angular due to its shape that is following the settlement and building pattern alongside the river.
Aloon-Aloon represent as the Void.
Alongside Jl.Kauman represent as solid.
Map 12 Figure Ground
Figure 4 Kauman Time Series
In year 2003, it can be seen that the area of kampung kauman, and surrounding are already filled with building and can be categorized as a densed area. The area is busy and almost no open space in the area, neither Kauman sub-district or Bangunharjo sub-district.
9 years passed, in the year of 2012 the area of Kauman still hasn’t changed a lot in terms of the figure ground. Dominated by solid, and still have the sasme activities throughout the year passed by.
2003
2012
2022
In year 2022, changes can be seen due to the renovation and revitalization that conduct in Kauman in year 2019. It can be seen that the aloon-aloon kauman act as the open space within the area and make the area is more beautiful and comfortable.
3.6 Linkage Theory
The linkage theory focuses on 'lines' to connect various urban elements with each other. This linear emphasis can find expression in streets, lanes, pedestrian ways and/or open spaces. The general idea is that of a network, with lines providing the structure for ordering space.
Map 13 Linkage
When the road network is viewed through the lens of linkage theory, the following linkages are obtained:
1. Corridor elements: formed by a row of shopping buildings along the road;
2. Rhythmic elements: indicated by the buildings along Jalan Pemuda. The road network has an impact on surrounding land use, particularly in areas traversed by major roads, such as Jalan Pemuda, which are dominated by city and regional scale activities, whereas Jalan Kauman is dominated by smaller scale activities.
3.7 Place Theory
Kampung Kauman is a student village that cannot be separated from the traditional Javanese government structure in the urban spatial structure of traditional Javanese society.
Each region's Kampung Kauman has unique characteristics, and Semarang's Kampung Kauman is no exception. The majority of the people in Kampung Kauman in Semarang are indigenous (Javanese), but as the era has progressed, the village is now inhabited not only by indigenous people, but also by people of various ethnicities such as Chinese, Arabs, Malays, and Indians.
Not only are the residents of Kauman diverse, but so are their daily activities. The Kauman community category, which is a small group, has an impact on their daily lives because they can live side by side, get to know each other, get along well, and even understand the people's daily lives. The Kauman community's social development is increasing because humans are creatures who think and work to protect their lives (Darban, 2000:72)
Visual Linkage
A corridor that connects the city center (Tugu muda) to the sea mberok bridge (Kota lama area).
Formed from a row of buildings and a row of trees as a visual link for the city
Structural Linkage
Jl. Pedamaran is a street that functions as a structural linkage. This street is capable of being a connecting link between two different types of grids, capable of being a stabilizer or balancing to form an building structure.
Figure 5 Visual & Structural Linkage
3.8 Image of City
Map 14 Image of City
Differentiation, identity, characteristics, sense of place, the overall atmosphere emitted by a place, in this case is Kampung Kauman. The identity is a mental image that is formed from the biological rhythms of a certain place and space that reflects time (sense of time), which is grown by the social, economic and cultural activities of the city community around the area.
Components that form the identity of the architecture and the built environment of the area of Kampung Kauman, namely;
a. Identity, which is the eccentricity of the architectural form, example of it in Kampung Kauman is the Masjid Agung Kauman, and Pasar Johar.
b. Structure, namely the structure or pattern of interrelationships between the architecture and the observer.
c. Meaning, which is the meaning that is absorbed by the observer, both physically and psychologically emotionally.
Namely there are 5 elements of aesthetic, such as paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks. Each of the elements example in Kauman sub-district is describe in the table below.
Paths Edges Districts Nodes Landmarks
Jl. Pemuda as Path, consisting of street, and sidewalk for people to travel.
Kali Semarang as edge.
Separating Kauman and Purwodinatan Sub-District.
Masjid Agung Kauman, as a symbol of islamic area and history in terms of (Kaum)
Aloon-aloon located in the central part that divide a road between Jl. KH. Agus Salim, Pasar Johar, and Jl.
Aloon-Aloon Barat
In terms of landmark, Pasar Johar is visually interesting for people from outside of the area due to its immense history and identity as historical building.
Figure 6 Image of City
3.9 Townscape
Townscape is the art of giving visual coherence and organisation to the sort of buildings, street and space to make the urban environment. It is divided into 4 understanding such as serial vision, place, content, and focal point. Kampung Kauman has offered a unique exploration of townscape, ranging from the eastern part of the area and to the western part of the area.
No. Map Junction & Line
(McCluskey) Containment
(McCluskey) Serial Vision 1.
Gang Buntu Entrance
T- Junction
Angles Line
Enclosure
2.
End of Gang Buntu
T- Junction
Deflection Line
Closure
3.
Pedamaran Street
Angles Line Enclosure
4.
KH Agus Salim Road
T-Junction
Deflection Line
Closure
5. T-Junction
Deflection Line
Closure
6.
Johar Bus Halte
T-Junction
Deflection Line
Going Into
7.
Semarang Agung Mosque
T-Junction
Angle Line
Dead End
Figure 7 Townscape
Figure 8 Balance
3.10 Aesthetic Elements
Map 16 Aesthetic Elements
The visual and aesthetic characteristics of the city depending on understanding several levels of visual and aesthetic characteristics to the city. Visual composition of the city represent by pathways, borders, regions and the specific features as classified by (Kevin Lynch), and then studying the details and the attention of all elements that would confer the beautiful appearance as necessary for the needs of society and the environment in general. Example on the interest of the distribution characteristics and the quality of the location in Kampung Kauman has an example of several of the elements on street furniture such as pedestrian, seats seating, lighting, bus stop, and trees.
a. Balance
50 50
Center
A building mass configuration aimed at achieving a balance of views from the observer's side. In this scenario, the view of pasar johar building is balance between the middle part of the building and the left right side of the building.
b. Hierarchy
Hierarchy by Size (Pasar Johar)
Figure 9 Hierarchy Size
Hierarchy by Shape (Masjid Agung)
Figure 10 Hierarchy Shape
An architectural composition of a very different and dominating size. Pasar johar is dominating the area of it’s size surrounding the housing and
businesses area.
An object that is made visually
dominant by clearly distinguishing its shape from others. Masjid Agung Kauman has different amount of size and mark to be a distinguish building.
Hierarchy by Placement (Aloon-Aloon Kauman)
Figure 11 Hierarchy Placement
3.11 Area and Building Conservation
The existence to preserve history is important wether to be conserved or transform into a newer and different place. In this case, Kampung Kauman has a deeply historical building and area that needs to be preserve and conserve in order to keep the heritage alive. It can be
An object is strategically placed to attract attention as an important in the composition. Aloon-aloon kauman is designated for people to gather around and has wide open space as well.
Map 17 Area and Building Conservation
seen from several places in the area of Kauman, such as the Aloon-Aloon, Masjid Agung, Pasar Johar, Kampung Krendo, and around pedamaran street.
Area and Building Conservation Zoning Zone Type
Year 2022
Year 1931
CORE ZONE Pasar Johar
➢ The Oldest building amongst other
➢ The Origin of Kauman
In 1931, the old prison building near Johar Market was converted in order to establish Central Market. Designed by an engineer from the Netherlands, Ir. Thomas Karsten.
Old Picture of the Mosque
Unique Ornament Design
Heritage Interrior
Pillars Ornament
CORE ZONE
Masjid Agung Alun-Alun Kauman
Founded by a great Muslim scholar of Semarang named Maulana Ibnu Abdul Salim alias Ki Ageng Pandanarang in the 16th century. Then it was restored in 1749, this is evidenced by the colonial style not only in the architectural elements, but also reflected in the decoration in the mosque. The heritage element is also very pronounced.
TRANSITION ZONE
KAUMAN KRENDO, KAMPUNG POMPO The name pompo indicates that in that location there is a pump which is one of the main sources of water for the residents of Kauman Village. There is also Kauman Krendo. The word krendo in Javanese means coffin. This shows that this small village used to function as a place to store coffins.
Occupying a village area in Kauman Village, Central Semarang District, this historical destination has a row of ancient houses.
Some are tens or even hundreds of years old.
The dwellings, which are mostly made of wood, are inhabited by residents of various ethnicities, from natives, Malays, Chinese to Arabs.
DEVELOPMENT ZONE
Aloon-Aloon/ Alun Alun Masjid Agung Semarang
Areas that is developed more dynamically for supporting functions of historic areas. In this case, the Aloon-Aloon is a place for people to gather around since the early years.
Estimated built in 1925
Figure 12 Area Building Conservation
CHAPTER IV Conclusion
Kauman Village is a historic village for the City of Semarang and has many variety of rich story about the City of Semarang. Kauman or Kampung Kauman historically is a village inhabited by Javanese people who are more religiously inclined to Islam. Its main characteristic is the large number of Santri who were the center of Semarang in the past. The building that is still standing firmly is the Kauman Mosque in Semarang and as the center of Islamic civilization, Kauman plays an important role in the development of the city of Semarang as it is today. The dense population is a distinct point for Javanese culture which is represented in Kauman Village.
The existence resilience of Kauman Village, which until now is still known by the people of Semarang City because of the landmark of Kauman Village, namely the Kauman Great Mosque, which was still standing strong until now. While the rapid development that took place in the center of Semarang City, the existence of the Great Kauman Mosque was maintained, but the area around Kauman Village underwent major changes, such as Alon-Alon Semarang which is attached to the characteristics of a Javanese village. Pasar Johar, which was founded in 1931, has also been renovated in order to maintain the existence of the market as a historic building protected by the government. Even though the concept is based on economics, religion and socio-culture, it also pays attention to the physical aspects of Kampung Kauman to support this concept for the better. The surviving physical features of Kauman Village are typical of the village in the form of traditional buildings and village names that have their own history.
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No. Lecturer Revision Notes
1. Dr. Ing. Wakhidah Kurniawati, ST., MT
1. TItle : Development of Urban Morphology in Kauman
2. Kauman : harus konsisten “village” atau “kampung” tapi akan lebih baik jika menggunakan “kampung”
3. Make it clearer of the border of the location
4. Describe about the location in introduction (use 4W1H) 5. Know the measurement of the location
6. Explain more about the problem 7. Decide what is the main problem
8. Don’t forget about maps (admin, border, etc.) 9. Add more theory
10. Don’t forget to input your reference
11. Tambahkan teori-teori lain yang sudah di dapat di kelas
2. Retno Susanti,ST.,MT
1. Tidak perlu ada lambang kota semarang 2. Penulisan sub-bab masih ada yg salah
3. Menambahkan foto yang ditaruh di peta seperti peta komik 4. Setelah sub-bab harus ada penjelasan dahulu
5. Masjib kauman sebenernya masuk di kelurahan bangun harjo 6. Masukkan masjid kauman
7. Perbaiki format tabel, hurufnya lebih kecil, spasi 1 8. Ikuti rtrw kota semarang yg baru
9. Tunjukkan nama jalan dan tipe jalan di peta 10. Perbaiki building use
11. Identifikasi solid void lebih detail lagi
3. Dr.Ing.Santy Paulla Dewi, ST.,MT
1. bikin report as creative as possible, kaya majalah aja, jangan terlalu kaku
2. kalau memang tidak ada problem, jangan ditulis. jangan dipaksakan ada. straight to the point aja
3. kasih narasi dulu baru gambar peta
4. di bagian method jujur aja dijabarkan/diceritakan apa yg telah dilakukan untuk mendapatkan data dan menyelesaikan laporan 5. ingat ini laporan ilmiah
6. sebutkan dan jelaskan secara jelas dan eksplisit 7. jangan pelit2 nulis bab 2
8. coba cek TA tentang kauman, kalo bisa ada RTBL lebih bagus 9. sesuaikan warna peta
10. narasi lebih diceritakan, dijabarkan
11. identifikasi dari teori apakah memang ada di lapangan, penjelasannya apa
12. tabel peta kasih keterangan, deskripsi 13. kasih detailnya, itu foto tentang apa 14. peta komik, pake panah, masukin foto
15. kalo foto di tabel tidak cukup menggambarkan/menjelaskan secara detail
