Numerous treatments and checklists of Bromus in México and Central America were published in the latter half of the twentieth century. 12 12 Lemmas densely pubescent, nerves raised; clumps sparsely to densely pubescent; lower lobes 5.2–7 mm long; On top.
Bromus anomalus Ruprecht ex Fournier (1886: 126). Figs. 1–3
Culms up to 110 cm long, 2–4 mm wide at base, erect or ascending, with bases often lax to strongly decumbent, glabrous, glabrous or pubescent below inflorescence; nodes 2–5, glabrous to pubescent. Leaf sheaths glabrous, pubescent or hairy, hairs up to 1.5 mm long, midrib narrowing distinctly below collar; kidneys usually present, sometimes absent; ligules 0.2–1.6 mm long, glabrous, cleft erose, ciliate;.
In addition to Baja California and Sonora, Espejo-Serna et al. 2000) reported this species from Coahuila; this report is likely based on a mistaken identification. Notes: – Bromus arizonicus is a duocecaploid, and Stebbins et al. 1944) hypothesized that it might be an intersubgeneric allopolyploid derived from B.
Bromus attenuatus Swallen (1950: 397). Figs. 8, 9
There is a large gap in distribution between the populations of San Luis Potosí and Hidalgo in the south and the populations of Nuevo León in the north. The epithet attenuatus refers to the morphology of the leaf blades; blades that become noticeably narrower at both ends are not found in any other Bromus species in North America.
Stems (8–)15–85 cm tall, 1–3(–4) mm wide at base, erect, usually glabrous below inflorescence, sometimes scabrous to pubescent; nodes 2-4, glabrous or pubescent. Leaf sheaths pubescent to pilose, hairs up to 1.5 mm long or glabrous; auricles absent; 1-3 mm long, glabrous or pubescent, eroded; leaves up to 14 cm × 2–6 mm, flat, adaxial surfaces glabrous to pilose, hairs up to 2.5 mm long, abaxial surfaces glabrous to pubescent, hairs up to 0.5 mm long, sometimes confined to margins, margins is saw-shaped.
Bromus carinatus Hooker & Walker Arnott (1840: 403)
In the early part of the twentieth century, several narrowly circumscribed taxa were generally recognized in western North America north of Mexico (Piper 1906, Jepson 1912, Millspaugh & Nuttall 1923, Tidestrom 1925, Hitchcock 1951), whereas. Many authors have commented on the extensive morphological variation within the complex and noted that there is considerable intergradation among taxa throughout the range of the complex (Shear 1900, Hitchcock 1951, Hitchcock et al. 1969, Pavlick 1995).
Bromus catharticus Vahl (1791: 22). Figs. 21–23
Leaf sheaths pubescent or hairy, hairs up to 1.2 mm long; pinnae absent; ligules 2–5 (–6) mm long, torn, glabrous or hairy; leaflets up to 32 cm x 2–10 mm, usually flat, sometimes conduplicate, adaxial surfaces scabby or hairy on the nerves, hairs up to 0.5 mm long, glabrous between the nerves, abaxial surfaces glabrous to weakly hairy, edges serrated. Panicles 8–30(–36) cm long, ± open, nodding, branches erect to upright, scabby, up to 5 spikelets per branch. Spikelets cm long, elliptical to lanceolate, 4-11 flowered, strongly laterally compressed; husks glabrous, crusty or hairy, margins hyaline, median nerves distally glabrous to scabby, apices acute to blunt;
The species is native to South America, introduced in Central America, México and across the southern United States (Pavlick & Anderton 2007) and in Europe, Australia and New Zealand (Forde & Edgar 1995).
Bromus densus Swallen (1950: 396). Figs. 25–2
A large population of Bromus densus grows on grass slopes in Sierra Zapaliname, Coahuila, México (Peterson et al. 21128). This is the first report of the species from San Luis Potosí, where we collected it in 2010 on Cerro de la Luz.
Bromus diandrus Roth (1787: 44). Figs. 29, 30
Bromus diandrus also occurs in central Mexico in the states of México, Morelos, Puebla, Tlaxcala and Veracruz. Bromus diandrus was introduced to central Mexico as early as the 1970s; a few collections were made in the 1970s and 1980s, and most collections were made more recently in the 1990s and 2000s. The species is widely introduced to western North America, north to Mexico, where it occurs from British Columbia south to California and Texas, with some scattered sites in the southeastern United States (Pavlick & Anderton 2007).
Bromus diandrus was not reported for Guatemala by Swallen & McClure (1955), but was reported for Guatemala by Soderstrom & Beaman (1968) and Pohl & Davidse (1994), based on the same collection (de Koninck 208) seen for this country.
Bromus dolichocarpus Wagnon (1950: 65). Figs. 32, 33
Ti Bromus dolichocarpus ket naiwarwaras manipud iti tengnga a Mehiko (Chiapas, Pederal a Distrito, Durango, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Estado ti Mehiko, Michoacán, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz) aginggana idiay Guatemala (El Progreso, Quezaltenango, San Marcos) (Fig. 34) . . ). Ekolohia:-Ti Bromus dolichocarpus ket mabirukan kadagiti naalumamay a bakras ken patad a masansan a narangkis ken nabato ken kadagiti babassit a tampok; nainaig iti Pinus spp., Pinus hartwegii Lindley Abies religiosa, Quercus spp., Juniperus deppeana, Arbutus xalapensis, Gaultheria Linnaeus Pteridium Gled. Komento:—Ti Bromus dolichocarpus ket maysa kadagiti tallo a kita ti Mexico nga addaan iti 3-nerved lemmas a nabiit pay a nabigbig ditoy sect.
Bromus exaltatus Bernhardi (1841: 90). Figs. 35, 36
Tengnga a Mehiko (Distrito Pederal, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mehiko, Michoacán, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosí, Tlaxcala, Veracruz), Costa Rica (San José), Guatemala (Chimaltenango, Huehuetenango, Quezaltenango, Sacat San Marcos, Totonicapan) ken Panama (Chiriqui) (Ladawan 37). Komento:-Kaaduan nga espesimen manipud Guatemala, Costa Rica, ken Panama ket addaan kadagiti lemma a pubescent iti ballasiw ti likud, bayat a dagiti espesimen manipud Mexico ket addaan kadagiti lemma a pubescent iti ballasiw ti likud iti asideg ken nalannas iti distal. Ti bromus exaltatus ket masansan a mariro iti Festuca breviglumis Swallen McVaugh 1983, J.M. Saarela & P.M. Peterson Pers. obsv.), nga umasping a naiwaras manipud tengnga ti Mexico agingga iti Costa Rica.
Bromus frondosus (Shear) Wooton & Standley (1912: 144). Figs. 38, 39
Ecology:—Bromus frondosus is found on rocky slopes and rocky outcrops, clearings and rocky meadows;
Bromus hordeaceus Linnaeus (1753: 77). Figs. 41, 42
Ecology:—This species is usually found in disturbed areas along roads and railways, open pastures and near cultivated fields; related to Aesculus parryi Gray Dudleya pulverulenta var.
Bromus inermis Leysser (1761: 16). Figs. 44, 45
Bromus inermis has previously been reported from Coahuila (Beetle 1987, Espejo-Serna et al also reported this species from Chihuahua, but we have not seen specimens to confirm this report. Comments:— Bromus inermis was brought to North America in 1884 for forage Bromus inermis was not reported from Guatemala by California Agricultural Experiment Station Swallen & McClure (1955) or Soderstrom and Beaman (1968).
The species has been reported to be used as livestock feed in Mexico (Saulés & Dávila Aranda 1992), suggesting that the species may be more widespread than existing collections suggest.
Bromus japonicus Houttuyn (1772: 315). Figs. 47, 48
Known in Mexico from two collections in Coahuila and in Guatemala from a collection in Quezaltenango (Fig. 46). It is native throughout central Eurasia and has been introduced to Africa, Australia, North America and South America. Leaf sheaths dense, hairs up to 1.2 mm long; kidneys are missing; ligules 1–2.2 mm long, glabrous, with apices abraded; blades 3.5–13 cm × 1–6 mm, surfaces flat, adaxial and adaxially densely pubescent with short, stiff hairs up to 0.6 mm long, margins smooth or toothed.
Panicles 3–26 cm × 6–16 cm, open, nodding, branches spreading to upward, usually longer than spikelets, glabrous or scabrous, 1–6 spikelets per spikelet. branch.
Bromus lanatipes (Shear) Rydberg (1906: 52). Fig. 50, 51
Heograpiko a pannakaiwaras ti Bromus japonicus idiay Mehiko. ANSM nga); La Campana Experimental Ranch, 82 km iti amianan ti Cd. Ti Bromus lanatipes ket ammo laeng manipud iti amianan a Coahuila, Mehiko, iti asideg ti beddeng ti Estados Unidos ( Fig. 52 ). Idiay Estados Unidos, daytoy ket manipud iti akindaya a Texas, Baro a Mehiko, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, ken Wyoming (Pavlick & Anderton 2007).
Ecology:-Bromus lanatipes is found along ridges and steep slopes; associated with Pinus spp., Abies, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus spp., Juniperus, Cupressus arizonica, Arbutus, Salvia, Salix Linnaeus Rhamnus and Ceanothus.
Bromus madritensis Linnaeus (1755: 5). Figs. 53, 54
In the United States, its range includes California, southern Oregon, and Arizona (Pavlick et al. 2007). Molecular studies have independently shed light on the evolutionary history of these taxa and contributed to their classification. Morphological variation in the complex at the global level may reflect multiple origins of these taxa or hybridization between them.
The character states related to the pubescence of the culms, glumes and lemmas given in the note do not always distinguish B.
Bromus pinetorum Swallen (1943: 77). Fig. 56
Bromus pseudolaevipes Wagnon (1950: 64). Figs. 58, 59
Bromus pseudolaevipes has been considered endemic to California (Wagnon 1952, Peterson & Soreng 2007), but it is not, given its occurrence in Baja California. In the United States, it occurs in the coastal areas of California (Pavlick & Anderton 2007, Saarela & Peterson 2012). Ecology:—Shaded or semi-shaded places in chaparral, coastal sagebrush and open woodland; associated with Arctostaphylos, Ceanothus, Rhus and Eriogonum fasciculatum Bentham Elevation: 1350 m in México.
Bromus richardsonii Link (1833: 281). Figs. 61, 62
In a detailed study of the complex, Peterson et al. 2001) identified specific morphological, cytological and genetic differences that support the recognition of these taxa as separate species (see also Saarela 2008, Saarela & Peterson 2012). Bromus mucroglumis has since been reported from Colorado, southwestern New Mexico, Arizona (San Francisco Mountains), Chihuahua, Sonora, Durango, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Baja California Sur (Beetle 1987, Pavlick 1995, Herrera Arrieta 2001, Peterson et al. 2001, Clayton et al 2002 onwards, Pavlick & Anderton 2007, Shaw 2008). In contrast, many plants from Mexico with lemmas pubescent only at the edges have glabrous blades, but also several with hairy blades (eg Chihuahua: Peterson & Cayouette 15363, Peterson et al 20069;.
Second mucronate glumes are present in many individuals of the complex in Mexico, as well as in plants as far away as British Columbia (Saarela et al. 2008).
Bromus rubens Linnaeus (1755: 5). Figs. 64, 65
Spikelets 2–2.5 cm long (3–4 cm including awns), florets 4–11, linear-elliptic to conical, moderately laterally compressed, overlapping at maturity; husks hairy, hairs up to 0.3 mm long, sometimes glabrous, margins hyaline, 0.1-0.2 mm wide, median nerves proximally glabrous, distally scabby, apices acute, sometimes acuminate; lower husks 6–9.5 mm x 0.5–1 mm, 1-nerve, narrowly lanceolate, green to purple along the nerve; upper husks 9-12 mm long, lanceolate, 3-nerved, green to purple along and between nerves; lemmas 10–15 mm x 1.5–3 mm, elliptic to lanceolate, rounded over the ridges, apices bidentate, teeth 1–3 mm long, 5–7 veins, green to purple along and between the nerves, crusty or hairy, hairs on back ca. In the United States it occurs in California, Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Arizona, Colorado, New México, Utah and Texas (Pavlick et al. 2007, Salo 2005). The species is expanding in Sonora, especially in the Sierra Pinacate, and is now common in northern Sonora, east of Pinacate Peak (Felger 2000).
Ecology:—Disturbed habitats along drainages, plains and slopes; natural habitats in the Sierra Pinacata at higher elevations (Felger 2000).
Bromus secalinus Linnaeus (1753: 76). Fig. 67
Bromus tectorum Linnaeus (1753: 77). Figs. 69, 70
Gurney and Jackson, London, 162 pp. 1990) Nassella (Gramineae, Stipeae): revised interpretation and nomenclature changes. 2006) Geography and morphology of the Bromus carinatus (Poaceae: Bromeae) complex. The genera of grasses of the United States, with special reference to the economic species. University of Washington Press, Seattle and London, 914 pp. 1840) Flora boreali-americana, or the botany of the northern parts of British America: chiefly composed.
Impensis authoris, typis Nicolai Möller et filii, Hauniae, 105 pp. 2007) Introductio ad historiam et multitudinem geneticarum herbarum incursiones Bromus tectorum (Poaceae) in Canada.
