of activities, of the individual or household, with a

 Komponen transportasi model LUTI berfokus pada pemahaman perilaku perjalanan sebagai dasar untuk memprediksi dan mengelola permintaan perjalanan.

 Oleh karena itu, isu-isu utama yang menjadi perhatian meliput:

1. Asal dan tujuan perjalanan,

2. Pilihan moda transportasi,

3. kepemilikan kendaraan,

4. dan perilaku penjadwalan/pengurutan perjalanan.

 atribut permintaan perjalanan ini dipengaruhi oleh struktur spasial serta faktor sosio-demografis.

 Perilaku perjalanan dan infrastruktur transportasi menimbulkan dampak lingkungan melalui emisi gas rumah kaca, pembangkitan kebisingan, dan efek pada kualitas udara, lanskap, dan sumber daya air.

 Dua pendekatan utama untuk memodelkan permintaan perjalanan:

1. Pendekatan Empat Tahap

2. Trip-based travel demand modeling dan activity-based travel demand modeling

• Trip generation

Define number of trips from and to each zone.

• Trip distribution

Define for each zone where its trips are coming from and going to.

• Mode choice

Define transport mode for each trip.

• Route assignment

Assign a path to each route.

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Activity approaches means: The consideration of

revealed travel patterns in the context of a structure

of activities, of the individual or household, with a

framework emphasizing the importance of time and

space constraints. (Goodwin, 1983)

Allow looking at important aspects of travel, like:

Activity Generation

In home/out of home activities (patterns, substitution)

Constraints

Scheduling

Social Networks (Kitamura, 1988)

•

Activity-based demand generation

•

Dynamic traffic assignment

•Models travel demand at individual level.

•Based on a synthetic population representing the actual population.

•For each individual a detailed daily schedule is created, including descriptions of performed…

…activities (location, start and end time, type)

…trips (mode, departure and arrival time)

•Activity chains instead of unconnected activities and trips. ₁₁

•Spatial resolution can be increased from zone to building/coordinate.

•High resolution input data is required such as…

…the coordinates of all locations where an activity from type X can be performed.

…the capacity of each of these locations.

•Examples of activity-based models

ALBATROSS (A Learning-Based Transportation Oriented Simulation System)

TASHA (Travel Activity Scheduler for Household agents) ¹²

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Main idea:

By using demographic information generate a synthetic representation of the population of the region. Assign to each individual a chain of activities/trips geocoded within the area.

At last, use the static assignment to calculate traffic loads

1.

Region



zones/network/

connectors

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1.

Region



zones/network/

connectors



Land use

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1.

Region



zones/network/

connectors



Land use



Population (socio-

demographic groups)

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1.Region

 zones/network/connecto rs

 Land use

 Population (socio- demographic groups) 2.Car ownership / driving license

1.Region

 zones/network/connectors

 Land use

 Population (socio- demographic groups)

2.Car ownership / driving license 3.Activities

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1.Region

 zones/network/connectors

 Land use

 Population (socio-demographic groups)

2.Car ownership / driving license 3.Activities

 Types and chains (survey) 4.Location choice

 Based on land use and survey data 5.Mode choice

Split up chains into trips

Trip Matrix per mode

Assignment

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 (+/-) more complex process

 (+) still unique solution of the assignment

 (+) useful for large regions

 (+) detailed description of the demand (persons/households)

 (-) no temporal dynamic

 (-) no spatial dynamic (no physical queues = congestion does not have a spatial extent)

 (+/-) Chains instead of trips. BUT: The assignment step is still based on independent trips (no chains)

 (-) sequential process without feedback (on individual behavior)

•Supports detailed description of the demand (persons/households).

•Based on trip chains instead of single trips.

•Time dependent link volumes replace static traffic flows.

Spatial and temporal dynamics are supported.

•Represents the fourth step of the 4 step process.

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•Typical implementations are simulation based.

Iterative simulation and optimization of traffic flows in a network on an individual level.

•Examples of DTA implementations

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Generate activity-based demand and extract time dependent trip matrices or start time per each single trip

Then separate route calculation from simulation:

Calc route per trip

Calc dynamic traffic flow based on the given trips

Vary some of the routes

Calc dynamic traffic flow again

Etc.

Individual route calculation Traffic flow simulation

Activity Based Demand Generation

Trips

Link costs