CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Previous Study
Due to the topic discussed, the writer chooses the previous studies as the references and guidelines for conducting this research. And the writer found other research which focused on a plot that was already analyzed.
First previous study from Irawan, Dani. Thesis (2015). Structural analysis of plot in Rick Riordan‟s “Percy Jackson and The Olympians: The Lightning Thief”.
This thesis discussed the analysis of Percy Jackson and the Olympians:
The Lightning Thief written by Rick Riordan using Greimas Structuralism.
The focus of the analysis is finding the kind of plot in the story. The plot is a sequence of events that occurs to the characters in situations in the beginning, middle, and end of the story. Additionally, the plot is related to the ending of the story. The ending in the plot of the story is an open and closed plot. This previous study helps the writer to analyze the plot analysis, and also this previous study provides knowledge about how to apply structural analysis.
Second previous study from Sabariyanto. Journal (2018). Structural Analysis of F. Fitzgerald‟s “The Great Gatsby”.
The objectives of this research are to find out the relatedness between setting and characterization F. Scott Fitzgerald‟s The Great Gatsby and to find out the relatedness between setting and plot in F. Scott Fitzgerald‟s The Great Gatsby.
This research used the library research method and used a structural approach. So this only focuses on the intrinsic elements which build the story as a literary work, such as plot, character, and setting. The result of the research shows that structural elements of F. Fizgerald‟s The Great Gatsby present a solid unity. Each element has close relation with other elements informing the wholeness of the story. This previous study helps the writer to analyze the plot in structural analysis. In this analysis the researcher focus on an intrinsic element such as plot, character, and setting. The writer uses this research to analyze because in this analysis the researcher using structural analysis, so it can help the writer to analyze the plot using structural analysis.
Third previous study from Diani, Irma. Journal (2017). Structural Analysis of „Rose for Emily‟: A Short Story by William Faulkner.
Structural analysis of Rose for Emily is exploring the plot, setting, characters, and conflict of that story. The aim of this study is to explore the
structure of the Short Story „Rose for Emily is written by William Faulkner‟ in 1930. The method of this study is the descriptive qualitative method. Data were collected by reading that short story. The data were analyzed structurally on theme, character, plot, conflict, and setting. The result of this study showed that the theme of this story is about death and resistance to the change of her life. The characters of this story are Emily Grierson was mysterious woman, a cloistered and secretive woman. Mr.
Grierson was Emily‟s father. The Plot of this story consists of 5 sections, namely, 1. Emily‟s father dies 2. Emily tries to keep his body and says he is not dead 3. Emily meets Homer Baron and they date 4. Emily buys poison and Emily‟s house smell horribly, 5. Emily dies. Conflict in this story is people vs. self-conflict, disagreement, or problem between characters in a story. The setting of this story is the Town of Jefferson, Mississippi. This previous study helps the writer to analyze the plot uses structural analysis. In this research, the researcher using structural analysis to analyze a short story of Rose for Emily is exploring the plot, setting, characters, and conflict of that story.
The last previous study from Fauzan, Umar. Journal (2016). Structural Analysis of “Of Peanut & Sparky”: A Short Story by Arnie Lightning as A Way in Understanding Literature.
This study aims at analyzing the structure of Arni Lightning‟s short story Peanut & Sparky plays an essential part in a literary work that explores the plot, setting, characters, conflict, and other elements of the story. This analysis captures the writer‟s intention of fabricating the story through its premise, theme, character, moral value, setting. The study reveals that conducting structural analysis is supposed to be a good way in understanding literary works. This previous study helps the writer to analyze the structure of the plot uses structural analysis. In this research, the researcher focus on plot, setting, characters, conflict, and other elements of the story.
2.2 Structuralism Approach
According to Nayar (2010: 3) structuralism is the belief that the world is organized as a structure and there is the relation of every unit. These relations constitute a structure, and behind local variations are the surfaces phenomena there are constant laws of abstract culture. Structuralism is a literary approach that focused on analyzing intrinsic aspects. Parts of intrinsic aspects are plot, theme setting, character, and others. Based on the explanation above structuralism approach is an approach that has relation with human culture and describes the human life, environment, and structuralism approach focusing on the intrinsic aspect. The structuralism approach is important to my research, because my research only focus on
plot, and also because structuralism is literary that focus on analyzing intrinsic aspects, so I will know how to analyze using structural analysis, and also the novel that I already choose is interesting to discuss because the plot of the story is the most important to discuss.
2.3 Greimas Structuralism
Structuralism is an intellectual movement which began in France in the 1950s and is first seen in the work of the anthropologist Claude Levi- Strauss (1908) and the literary critic Roland Barthes (1915-1980). A.J Greaimas structuralism theory is used to analyzed the structure so that it focuses on the character‟s exploration and involvement in various events.
So, the relationships between characters in a story can be analyzed using the actan scheme and functional structure, so they can find the main structure of the story.
In this research, the writer uses Greimas structuralism theory because the writer wants to analyze plot using actant. Actantial model, developed by Greimas, allow to break an action down into six facets, or actant that are: Subject-object, Sender-receiver, and Helper- opponent (Greimas 1970). For Greimas, the forwarding of the plot the movement from conflict to resolution, struggle to reconciliation, separation to union, and so forth involves the transfer of some entity (a quality or an object) from one actant to another (Tyson, 2006). Martin
and Ringham (2001) said these actants construct three binary relationships, they are:
1. The axis of desire: subject-object. The subject will always follow where the object leads it, it depends on whether the object can be combined with the subject. The relationship established between the subject and the object is called a junction (for example, the Prince wants the Princess) or disjoined (for example, a murderer succeeds in getting rid of his victim's body), it is called a conjunction or a disjunction.
2. The axis of power: helper-opponent. The helper assists in achieving the desired junction between the subject and object; the opponent hinders the same (for example, the sword, the horse, courage, and the wise man help the Prince; the witch, the dragon, the far-off castle, and fear hinder him). For simplicity, helper who always supports the subject in obtaining an object, because as previously explained the subject will always follow where the object will place it.
3. The axis of transmission (the axis of knowledge, for Greimas):
sender -receiver. The sender is the element requesting the establishment of the junction between subject and object (for example, the King asks the Prince to rescue the Princess). The
receiver is the element for which the quest is being undertaken. To simplify, here the sender starts the action and the receiver gains from the object‟s action. Whether the subject will obtain the desired object depends on the abstract power that is often connected to the subject.
Actantial model diagram of A. J. Greimas
SENDER RECEIVER
HELPERS OPPONENTS
2.4 Plot
The plot is one of the intrinsic elements that have important role to story in the novel, Short story, Film, and others because without plot there is no story to be told. Nurgiyantoro said (2000:113) Plot is a story that contains a sequence of events. However in every event just connected by cause and effect in which an event is caused or causing another event to happen. Plot refers to how the events and actions of the characters in the story are made and how they are arranged. This causal and temporal pattern can be motivated by the narrative discourse itself or conclude by the reader.
Therefore the plot lies between narrative events at the story level and their OBJECT
SUBJECT
presentation at the discourse level. According to Abrams (1999:224) plot it constituted by its events and actions, as there rendered and ordered toward achieving particular artistic and emotional effects.
2.4.1 Kinds of Plot
A plot is a structure of a series of events a story in chronological order or the definition of the plot is a series of stories from start to finish. The arrow is set how the action contained in a story that must interconnect each other. For example, how an event is related to the other events, how the characters are described, and play a role in the story that is all related to the unit of time. The plot can be classified into three types, those are: Progressive plot, Regressive plot, Mixed plot.
A. Progressive Plot
A forward plot or also can be called a progressive plot is a story or action that has a climax at the end of the story made. A series of events or things that happened in the present to the past. The story and the plot begin regularly and sequentially time the incident starts from the beginning of the story to the end of the story. For example like Cinderella story, tells about the life of a girl who is always tortured by her stepmother and
stepsisters, but the story is a happy ending because Cinderella living together with the prince.
B. Regressive Plot
Regress or regression is a storyline whose actions tell about the past that has a climax at the beginning of the story and is a series of stories from the past to the present that are arranged not in accordance with the time sequence of the event. For example like The Notebook film, this film is about an old man reading to an old woman. Following the lives of two lovers, Allie and Noah. But they were separated by Allie‟s parents who disagreed with Noah.
C. Mixed Plot
A mixed plot or alternative plot is a pot that starts with a climax or the beginning of the story, then tells the past, and continues until finished. When the writer tells the past, the character is reintroduced in the story. Likewise, the story is not over, the writer returns to the beginning of the story to introduce other characters. For example like The Shawshank Redemption, this film tells the story of a banker named Andy Dufresne who has been sentenced to prison for the murder of his wife and his mistress in Shawshank prison. In the prison,
Andy meets with many other prisoners, one of whom was Red who has able to find and smuggle goods into prison.
2.4.2 Elements of Plot
There are five elements of plot, those are:
1. Exposition
Exposition is the beginning of a story, exposition, or introduction in the story that introduces the character explains and manages the problems that exist in the story. In the exposition, the setting in which the story takes place is explained so that the reader can get a mental picture of where the story takes place. These elements are very important because they contain all the information needed and understand the story.
2. Rising Action
Rising action is where moved in a story that is built and becomes worse or made more complicated. Often there are several steps or parts in upward action. In the rising action, the readers have the opportunity to see where the problem or conflict arises within the story. The rising action can be identified as the ingredients that complicate matters in the plot.
3. Climax
Climax is the turning point in the story. Especially the climax in the most interesting part of the story made and the part that makes the reader want to read the story and makes the reader want to know what is going to happen next and all of the major action in the story comes to a head. Every good narrative takes the reader on a journey, steadily building the story and the reader's interest. The climax is the point during a narrative when the action or conflict reaches its peak, and this point in the story leads to the story's resolution.
4. Falling Action
Falling action is an event that occurs after a climax that is raised at a resolution or ends in a story. At this point in the story, this is where the problems begin to unwind. The protagonist has never been further from accomplishing the goal. The question is which side the protagonist has put himself on, and this may not be immediately clear to the audience.
5. Resolution
Resolution is the result of a story. This is how things end or change for characters. At this point, all of the problems that the characters faced throughout the story are worked out and the story is concluded. The resolution, also often called denouement, which is French for "to untie" or "unraveling", is
the conclusion of the story. Here, the conflicts are resolved, all loose ends are tied up, and the story concludes with either a happy or sad ending.
Plot Diagram
Gustav Freytag Plot Diagram
