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Additive intercropping with peanut relay-planted
between different patterns of rice rows increases yield of red rice in aerobic irrigation system
Wayan Wangiyana*, Ni Wayan Dwiani Dulur, Nihla Farida, and I Gusti Made Kusnarta
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mataram (UNRAM). Jln. Majapahit No. 62, Mataram, Lombok, NTB, Indonesia, 83125
*Corresponding author:
:D\DQ:DQJL\DQD)DFXOW\RI$JULFXOWXUH8QLYHUVLW\RI0DWDUDP815$0-OQ0DMDSDKLW1R0DWDUDP/RPERN17%,QGRQHVLD E-mail:ZZDQJL\DQD#XQUDPDFLG
Received:6HSWHPEHU Accepted:-DQXDU\
INTRODUCTION
In Indonesia, rice plants on irrigated ricelands are normally cultivated under conventional techniques of growing rice, LHXQGHUÁRRGHGLUULJDWLRQV\VWHPVDQGLUULJDWLRQZDWHU HYHQ ÁRZV EHWZHHQ SDGG\ ÀHOGV 7KHUHIRUH LUULJDWLRQ water requirement is high due to the requirement for ÁRRGLQJWKHODQGVLQFHWKHEHJLQQLQJRI ODQGSUHSDUDWLRQ process prior to transplanting the rice seedlings until close WRPDWXULW\LHIHZZHHNVEHIRUHKDUYHVW<DOLJDUHWDO (2017) reported that conventional techniques of growing rice required irrigation water of up to 20260 m3/ha, while dry seeded direct planting technique only required 4260 m3KD7KHUHIRUHZDWHUSURGXFWLYLW\IRUULFHSURGXFWLRQ is low under the conventional technique, and rice productivity is also getting lower due to adverse effects RI FRQWLQXRXVÁRRGLQJ/LNHLQPRVW$VLDQFRXQWULHVULFH is the main staple food in Indonesia, and according to the
QHZVSDSHU´7KH-DNDUWD3RVWµRI $XJXVW1, until ,QGRQHVLDVWLOOLPSRUWHGULFHIURPVHYHUDOFRXQWULHV which amount was even higher than the previous years.
,Q6HSWHPEHU,QGRQHVLDQJRYHUQPHQWDOVRDJUHHG to import rice and sugar from India.27KLVPHDQVWKDW WKH GRPHVWLF SURGXFWLRQ RI ULFH KDV QRW EHHQ DEOH WR PHHW WKH GRPHVWLF QHHGV IRU ULFH 7KHUHIRUH ULFH SURGXFWLYLW\PXVWEHLQFUHDVHGWKURXJKWKHGLVFRYHU\RI production technologies that are more productive than 7KH-DNDUWD3RVW,QGRQHVLDUHDIÀUPVSODQWR import 2m tons of rice this year. https://thejakartapost.
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Rice yields under conventional techniques are very low without high doses of commercial fertilizer application, while intercropping with legumes can increase yields. This research aimed to examine the effect of relay-planting peanut between rice rows of different patterns on [KGNFQHTGFTKEGKPCGTQDKEKTTKICVKQPU[UVGOUD[EQPFWEVKPICſGNFGZRGTKOGPVFGUKIPGFCEEQTFKPIVQ5RNKV2NQVFGUKIPYKVJVYQVTGCVOGPV HCEVQTUKGKPVGTETQRRKPICUOCKPRNQVU6YKVJQWV6KPVGTETQRRKPIYKVJRGCPWVUCPFTKEGTQYRCVVGTPUCUUWDRNQVU2PQTOCN QTUKPINGTQY2FQWDNGTQY2VTKRNGTQY+P6QPGTQYQHRGCPWVYCUTGNC[RNCPVGFCFFKVKXGUGTKGUDGVYGGPUKPINGFQWDNGQT triple rows of red rice plants three weeks after seeding red rice on raised-beds. Results indicated that additive intercropping with peanut UKIPKſECPVN[KPETGCUGFENWORUK\GFT[UVTCYYGKIJVſNNGFRCPKENGPWODGTRCPKENGNGPIVJVQVCNDKQOCUUſNNGFITCKPPWODGTITCKP[KGNF RGTENWORCPFJCTXGUVKPFGZCPFTGFWEGFRGTEGPVCIGQHWPſNNGFITCKPUQHTGFTKEGYJKNGRCVVGTPUQHTKEGTQYUQPN[CHHGEVGFFT[UVTCY YGKIJVRGTEGPVCIGQHRCPKENGPWODGTCPFYGKIJVQHITCKPU*QYGXGTVJGTGYGTGUKIPKſECPVKPVGTCEVKQPUDGVYGGPVJGVTGCVOGPV factors on dry straw weight and percentage of panicle number, which under single-row, they were low in monocropping but high and no FKHHGTGPEGUDGVYGGPTQYRCVVGTPUKPKPVGTETQRRKPIU[UVGO5KOKNCTN[ITCKP[KGNFYCUNQYGTKPUKPINGQTFQWDNGTQYVJCPVTKRNGTQYRCVVGTP WPFGTOQPQETQRRKPIDWVUKIPKſECPVN[JKIJGTCPFPQFKHHGTGPEGUDGVYGGPTQYRCVVGTPUWPFGTKPVGTETQRRKPIKPFKECVKPIVJGJKIJGUVDGPGſVU of intercropping under single row pattern.
Keywords:4CKUGFDGF4GFTKEG+PVGTETQRRKPI#FFKVKXGUGTKGU2GCPWV doi: 10.9755/ejfa.2021.v33.i3.2661
http://www.ejfa.me/
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WKHFRQYHQWLRQDOWHFKQLTXHVRI ULFHFXOWLYDWLRQEXWDUH VXVWDLQDEOHLQWKHORQJWHUPDQGVDYHZDWHUIRUH[WHQGLQJ ULFHSURGXFWLRQWRRWKHUDUHDVRI QRQULFHODQGV
7KHFRQYHQWLRQDOWHFKQLTXHVRIULFHFXOWLYDWLRQLQDGGLWLRQ to wasting irrigation water, are also less productive than VRPHRWKHUQRQFRQYHQWLRQDOWHFKQLTXHVRI JURZLQJULFH ,WKDVEHHQSURYHQLQ0DGDJDVFDUWKDWULFHSURGXFWLYLW\
is constantly low under the conventional techniques, and there is even a tendency of getting lower from year to year if intensive inorganic inputs are not applied. In addition, the conventional wetland systems are highly dependent on the applications of inorganic fertilizers, especially N fertilizers.
+RZHYHUZLWKWKH65,6\VWHPRI 5LFH,QWHQVLÀFDWLRQ WHFKQLTXHZKLFKDSSOLHVDQLQWHUPLWWHQWLUULJDWLRQEHWZHHQ VKRUWÁRRGLQJDQGORQJGU\LQJGXULQJWKHYHJHWDWLYHSKDVH IROORZHGZLWKWKLQÁRRGLQJGXULQJWKHUHSURGXFWLYHSKDVH ULFHSURGXFWLYLW\FDQEHLQFUHDVHGHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQIROORZHG E\ RUJDQLF IHUWLOL]DWLRQ 8SKRII %DVHG RQ WKH country reports from 10 countries, rice productivity in each country was a lot higher under SRI compared with under FRQYHQWLRQDOWHFKQLTXH,Q6UL/DQNDIRUH[DPSOHDYHUDJH rice yield under the conventional technique was only 3.6 WKDZKLOHWKHDYHUDJHXQGHU65,WHFKQLTXHZDVWKD ZLWKWKHKLJKHVW\LHOGZDVXSWRWKD8SKRII ,QDGGLWLRQWRWKH65,WHFKQLTXHVDQRWKHUQRQFRQYHQWLRQDO WHFKQLTXHRIJURZLQJULFHWKDWKDVEHHQGHYHORSHGLQPRUH UHFHQWO\LVWKHDHURELFULFHV\VWHPV$56ZKLFKDUHPXFK PRUHHIÀFLHQWLQXVLQJLUULJDWLRQZDWHUVLQFHULFHLVJURZQ RQ QRQSXGGOHG QRQIORRGHG DQG QRQVDWXUDWHG VRLO FRQGLWLRQV%RXPDQ+RZHYHULI WKHDHURELFULFH is grown in monoculture in rice after rice areas, rice yields JHQHUDOO\GHFOLQHGIURP\HDUWR\HDU%RXPDQ3UDVDG )RUWXQDWHO\EHFDXVHWKHUHLVQRÁRRGLQJDQGQR SXGGOLQJWKHQDHURELFULFHV\VWHPKDVVRPHDGYDQWDJHV over the conventional systems. One of the advantages LV WKDW ULFH SODQWV FDQ EH JURZQ LQ PL[HG FURSSLQJ RU intercropping with legume crops to maintain or increase soil fertility, especially in terms of increasing nitrogen FRQWHQWRI WKHULFHVRLO7KLVLVEHFDXVHOHJXPHFURSVKDYH WKH SRWHQWLDO WR À[ DWPRVSKHULF 12 WKURXJK V\PELRVLV with RhizobiumEDFWHULDDQGWRLQFUHDVH1FRQWHQWRI WKHLU UKL]RVSKHUHWKURXJKUKL]RGHSRVLWLRQRI WKHELRORJLFDOO\
À[HG13XVWHFHWDO., 2010).
:DQJL\DQDHWDOIRUH[DPSOHUHSRUWHGWKDWJURZLQJ ULFHSODQWVLQSRWFXOWXUHXQGHUDHURELFLUULJDWLRQV\VWHPHYHQ WKRXJKWKHEDVHRIWKHSRWVZDVLPPHUVHGLQZDWHURQDQ LUULJDWLRQWXEHZLWKWKHZDWHUVXUIDFHRIXSWRFPDERYH WKHVLGHKROHVRIWKHSRWEDVHWKHULFHSODQWVFDQEHJURZQ WRJHWKHUZLWKVR\EHDQSODQWV7KHSUHVHQFHRIVR\EHDQSODQWV growing together with those rice plants resulted in higher WLOOHUQXPEHUOHDIQXPEHUDQGÀOOHGSDQLFOHQXPEHUDQG
JUHHQHUOHDYHVLQGLFDWLQJEHWWHUQLWURJHQQXWULWLRQRIWKHULFH SODQWVJURZLQJWRJHWKHUZLWKVR\EHDQSODQWVFRPSDUHGZLWK the rice plants in monocrop (Wangiyana et al.%DVHG RQWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHÀHOGDQGSRWH[SHULPHQWVFRQGXFWHG E\&KXHWDO. (2004), the rice plants in intercropping with SHDQXWYDU=KHQ\XDQ]DSURGXFHGKLJKHUZHLJKWVRI spikelet per plant and 1000 seed weight compared with those in monocropped rice. Dulur et al. (2016) also reported WKDWJURZLQJUHGULFHXQGHUDHURELFLUULJDWLRQV\VWHPLQ LQWHUFURSSLQJZLWKVR\EHDQUHVXOWHGLQKLJKHUWLOOHUQXPEHU SDQLFOHQXPEHUDQGJUDLQ\LHOGFRPSDUHGZLWKJURZLQJULFH under conventional technique. Inal et al. (2007) reported KLJKHUDYDLODELOLW\RIYDULRXVQXWULHQWVLQUKL]RVSKHUHRI PDL]HSHDQXWLQWHUFURSFRPSDUHGZLWKLQWKDWRIPDL]H or peanut. In addition, sweetcorn plants intercropped with peanut were much greener and resulted in higher dry VWRYHUDQGIUHVKFREZHLJKWFRPSDUHGZLWKPRQRFURSSHG VZHHWFRUQSODQWV:DQJL\DQDHWDOE8QGHUDHURELF LUULJDWLRQV\VWHPLQWHUFURSSLQJZLWKVR\EHDQDOVRUHVXOWHGLQ higher anthocyanin concentration in the grains in addition to higher grain yield of upland red rice genotypes (Wangiyana et al., 2021a).
7KHDLPRI WKLVUHVHDUFKZDVWRH[DPLQHWKHHIIHFWRI additive intercropping of red rice plants with peanut plants UHOD\SODQWHG EHWZHHQ URZV RI WKH UHG ULFH SODQWV WKH effect of different row patterns of the red rice plants, and their interactions, on growth and yield components of an DPSKLELRXVSURPLVLQJOLQHRIUHGULFHJURZQXQGHUDHURELF LUULJDWLRQV\VWHPVRQSHUPDQHQWUDLVHGEHGVHVWDEOLVKHGLQ DQLUULJDWHGSDGG\ÀHOG
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Treatments and design
,QWKLVVWXG\WKHÀHOGH[SHULPHQWZDVFDUULHGRXWLQDQ HQWLVROLUULJDWHGULFHODQGLQ%HOHNHYLOODJH*HUXQJ:HVW /RPERN,QGRQHVLD·µ(·µ6IURP0D\
WR$XJXVWDVSDUWRI DVHULHVRI ODUJHH[SHULPHQWV RI GLIIHUHQWFURSSLQJV\VWHPVXQGHUDWKUHH\HDUUHVHDUFK SURMHFW 7KLV H[SHULPHQW ZDV DUUDQJHG DFFRUGLQJ WR 6SOLW3ORWGHVLJQLQWKUHHEORFNVUHSOLFDWLRQVZLWKWZR treatment factors i.e. additive intercropping of red rice with SHDQXWV7JURZQRQUDLVHGEHGVDVWKHPDLQSORWIDFWRU FRQVLVWLQJRI WZRWUHDWPHQWV7 ZLWKRXWLQWHUFURSSLQJ 7 DGGLWLYHLQWHUFURSSLQJZLWKSHDQXWVDQGSDWWHUQV 3RI ULFHURZVDVWKHVXESORWIDFWRUFRQVLVWLQJRI WKUHH WUHDWPHQWV3 QRUPDOURZRUVLQJOHURZ3 GRXEOH URZ3 WULSOHURZSDWWHUQDVH[SODLQHGLQ'XOXUHWDO.
,QWKHLQWHUFURSSLQJEHGVRQHURZRISHDQXWSODQWV ZDVUHOD\SODQWHGDGGLWLYHO\EHWZHHQVLQJOHGRXEOHRUWULSOH rows of red rice plants.
Implementation of the experiment
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Observation variables and data analysis
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
*URZWKSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHUHGULFHDWZHHNVDIWHUVHHGLQJ SULRU WR 8UHD IHUWLOL]DWLRQ LV VKRZQ RQ 3KRWRJUDSK 2 and 3KRWRJUDSK7KHOHDYHVRI WKHUHGULFHSODQWVLQ intercropping with peanut (3KRWRJUDSK 2) were much greener than those in monocrop (3KRWRJUDSK 3).
7KHUHVXOWVRI GDWDDQDO\VLVVKRZHGWKDWEHWZHHQWKHWZR IDFWRUVWHVWHGLQWKLVH[SHULPHQWLQWHUFURSSLQJKDGPRUH VLJQLÀFDQWHIIHFWVRQJURZWKDQG\LHOGFRPSRQHQWVRI WKH red rice compared with different patterns of rows of the ULFHSODQWVRQWKHUDLVHGEHGV+RZHYHUWKHLQWHUDFWLRQV HIIHFWVZHUHVLJQLÀFDQWRQO\RQGU\VWUDZZHLJKWSHUFOXPS DQGSHUFHQWDJHRI SDQLFOHQXPEHU7DEOH 1).
,QUHODWLRQWRJURZWKYDULDEOHVWKHUHZHUHQRVLJQLÀFDQW effects of additive intercropping of red rice plants with peanut plants on plant height of the red rice at anthesis, DVZHOODVRQWKHSHUFHQWDJHRI SDQLFOHQXPEHUDWKDUYHVW although there were slight increases in the mean values of ERWKYDULDEOHVGXHWRLQWHUFURSSLQJZLWKSHDQXW+RZHYHU LQWHUFURSSLQJZLWKSHDQXWVUHVXOWHGLQVLJQLÀFDQWO\KLJKHU DYHUDJHVRI FOXPSVL]HWLOOHUQXPEHUSHUFOXPSÀOOHG SDQLFOHQXPEHUSHUFOXPSDQGDYHUDJHSDQLFOHOHQJWKLQ intercropped than in monocropped rice plants (7DEOH 2).
7KXVWKHQRQVLJQLÀFDQWHIIHFWRI LQWHUFURSSLQJRQWKH SHUFHQWDJHRI SDQLFOHQXPEHUVHHPVWREHGXHWRVLPLODU DPRXQWRI LQFUHDVHLQFOXPSVL]HDQGSDQLFOHQXPEHUSHU FOXPS,QUHODWLRQWRFOXPSVL]HDQGSDQLFOHQXPEHUSHU FOXPS &KX HW DO. DOVR VKRZHG KLJKHU QXPEHU RI ÀOOHGWLOOHUVGXHWRLQWHUFURSSLQJULFHSODQWV ZLWKSHDQXWSODQWVDOWKRXJKLWZDVQRWVLJQLÀFDQW ,QUHODWLRQWRJUDLQ\LHOGÀOOHGSDQLFOHQXPEHUSHUFOXPS VKRXOG EH RQH RI WKH \LHOG FRPSRQHQWV GHWHUPLQLQJ grain yield. From 7DEOHLWFDQEHVHHQWKDWÀOOHGSDQLFOH QXPEHULVVLJQLÀFDQWO\KLJKHULQWKHLQWHUFURSSHGWKDQLQ PRQRFURSSHGUHGULFHSODQWVversus 22.61 panicles per FOXPS6LPLODUO\JUDLQ\LHOGSHUFOXPSLVDOVRVLJQLÀFDQWO\
higher in the intercropped than in monocropped rice SODQWVversusJFOXPSLHDOPRVWGRXEOHGLQ the intercropped rice plants (7DEOH 3). When correlation DQDO\VLVZDVUXQEHWZHHQWKHVHREVHUYDWLRQYDULDEOHVWKH RYHUDOOFRUUHODWLRQFRHIÀFLHQWZDVKLJKO\VLJQLÀFDQWZLWK DQU p-valueEXWZKHQWKHFRUUHODWLRQ DQDO\VLVZDVUXQVHSDUDWHO\EHWZHHQPRQRFURSSHGDQG LQWHUFURSSHGULFHSODQWVWKHFRUUHODWLRQFRHIÀFLHQWZDV VLJQLÀFDQW RQO\ RQ PRQRFURSSHG ULFH SODQWV 7DEOH 4), which indicates that the intercropping treatments affected grain yield of the red rice plants differently.
%DVHGRQWKHFRUUHODWLRQFRHIÀFLHQWVLQ7DEOH 4, the levels of grain yield per clump on the monocropped red rice
Tabel 1: Summary of ANOVA results for plant height at anthesis, clump size (stem number per clump), dry straw YGKIJVſNNGFRCPKENGPWODGTRCPKENGNGPIVJRGTEGPVCIG QHRCPKENGPWODGTVQVCNDKQOCUUſNNGFITCKPPWODGT RGTEGPVCIGQHWPſNNGFITCKPUITCKP[KGNFRGTENWORYGKIJVQH 100 grains, and harvest index
No. Observation variables
Intercropping Row pattern
Interaction 1 Plant height at
anthesis
ns ns ns
2 Stem number per clump (clump size)
* ns ns
3 Dry straw weight (g/clump)
** ** **
4 Filled panicle number per clump
* ns ns
5 Average panicle length
* ns ns
6 %-Panicle number ns * *
7 Total biomass * ns ns
8 Filled grain number per clump
* ns ns
9 7PſNNGFITCKP number
* ns ns
10 Dry grain yield (g/clump)
* ns ns
11 Weight of 100 grains (g)
ns * ns
12 Harvest index (%) * ns ns
4GOCTMUPUPQPUKIPKſECPVUKIPKſECPVCV p-value <0.05 and RXCNWGTGURGEVKXGN[
Table/GCPXCNWGUQHTKEGRNCPVJGKIJVUVGOPWODGTRGTENWORENWORUK\GFT[UVTCYYGKIJVſNNGFRCPKENGPWODGTRCPKENG length, and percentage of panicle number per clump between intercropping and between row pattern treatments
Treatments Plant
height (cm)
Stem number per clump
Dry straw (g/clump)
Panicle number per clump
Panicle length (cm)
%-Panicle number
T0: monocrop 93.09 a 23.28 b 30.37 b 22.61 b 18.37 b 97.07 a1)
T1: intercrop 98.72 a 29.28 a 39.83 a 29.06 a 19.49 a 99.25a
HSD 0.05 22.63 2.71 1.46 3.45 0.86 6.06
P1:Single row 95.87 a 26.50 a 32.57 b 25.67 a 18.53 a 96.53 b
P2:Double row 95.88 a 25.50 a 35.29 a 25.25 a 19.25 a 98.96 a
P3:Triple row 95.97 a 26.83 a 37.44 a 26.58 a 19.02 a 99.00 a
HSD 0.05 10.12 2.37 2.67 2.43 1.35 1.98
6JGUCOGNGVVGTUKPFKECVGPQPUKIPKſECPVFKHHGTGPEGUDGVYGGPNGXGNUQHCVTGCVOGPVHCEVQT
Photograph 1.)TQYVJRGTHQTOCPEGQHVJGFKTGEVUGGFGFTGFTKEGFWTKPIVJGſTUVYGGFKPICVFC[UCHVGTUGGFKPIDGHQTGTGNC[RNCPVKPIRGCPWV at 3 weeks after seeding rice.
Photograph 3. Performance of red rice plants at 7 weeks after seeding (prior to Urea fertilization) on the raised-beds without intercropping with peanut (monocropped rice).
Photograph 2. Performance of red rice plants at 7 weeks after seeding (prior to Urea fertilization) on the raised-beds intercropped with peanut.
SODQWVLVVLJQLÀFDQWO\FRUUHODWHGZLWKSDQLFOHQXPEHUSHU FOXPS ÀOOHG JUDLQ QXPEHU SHU FOXPS DQG SHUFHQWDJH RI XQÀOOHG JUDLQ QXPEHU ZKLFK LV PRVW SUREDEO\ GXH WRWKHUHODWLYHO\ORZQXPEHURI SDQLFOHSHUFOXPSLQWKH monocropped red rice plants. In contrast, the average ÀOOHG SDQLFOH QXPEHU SHU FOXPS LV VLJQLÀFDQWO\ KLJKHU DERXWKLJKHUIURPWKHPRQRFURSSHGULFHSODQWV It is then logical that grain yield is more correlated with rates of partition of photosynthates (in addition to high SKRWRV\QWKHWLFUDWHVWRWKHJUDLQVGXULQJWKHJUDLQÀOOLQJ VWDJHZKLFKLVLQGLFDWHGE\KLJKHU52EHWZHHQJUDLQ\LHOG DQGKDUYHVWLQGH[7DEOH 4).
One of the indicators of photosynthetic capacity of rice SODQWVLQDGGLWLRQWRWKHWRWDOQXPEHURI JUHHQOHDYHV DWDQWKHVLVEHWZHHQLQWHUFURSSLQJWUHDWPHQWVLVOHYHORI chlorophyll content in the leaves. In a quick way, higher FKORURSK\OOFRQWHQWLVLQGLFDWHGE\KLJKHUYDOXHVRI WKH chlorophyll meter reading or higher value of the green color of the rice leaves detected using leaf color chart/&&
SURGXFHG E\ WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5LFH 5HVHDUFK ,QVWDLWXWH (IRRI), which is normally used to determine if additional nitrogen fertilization is needed during anthesis or panicle initiation stage (Singh et al.<DQJHWDO., 2014).
%DVHGRQWKHUHVXOWVRI JUHHQFRORUPHDVXUHPHQWRI WKH ÁDJOHDYHVRI WKHULFHSODQWVXVLQJWKHIRXUSDQHOV,55, /&&LQWKLVVWXG\LWZDVHYLGHQWWKDWOHDYHVRI WKHULFH plants intercropped with peanuts were greener in their FRORUWKDQWKRVHLQWKHPRQRFURSSHGULFHSODQWV7KH/&&
YDOXHLQWKHPHDVXUHPHQWZDVPRVWO\RUEHWZHHQDQG 3 in monocropped rice plants, while for rice leaves in the SHDQXWULFHLQWHUFURSSLQJLWZDVPRVWO\EHWZHHQDQG EXWRQVRPHEHGVLWZDVDQGRQVRPHEHGVLWZDV (Fig. 1), indicating higher levels of N in the leaves of the intercropped than in those of the monocropped rice plants.
6LJQLÀFDQWO\KLJKHUFOXPSVL]HRUVWHPQXPEHUSHUFOXPS at anthesis (7DEOH 2) with greener leaves of the red rice plants in intercropping than those in monocropping system (Fig. 1FRXOGDOVRPHDQKLJKHUQXPEHURI JUHHQOHDYHV of the rice plants in intercropping than in monocropping V\VWHP DW DQWKHVLV *UHHQHU OHDYHV RI WKH LQWHUFURSSHG ULFHSODQWVPHDVXUHGXVLQJWKH,55,/&&Fig.1) indicate higher N content of the leaves of the intercropped than monocropped rice plants (Singh et al.<DQJ et al.0DQ\KDYHUHSRUWHGWKDWKLJKHU1FRQWHQWRI the rice leaves is related to higher leaf photosynthetic rates (Hirasawa et al.7D\ODUDQHWDO.7KHUHIRUHLW LVORJLFDOWKDWÀOOHGJUDLQQXPEHUDQGKDUYHVWLQGH[ZHUH KLJKHUZKLOHSHUFHQWDJHRIXQÀOOHGJUDLQQXPEHUZDVORZHU on rice plants in intercropping with peanut than on those in PRQRFURS7KHVHZRXOGVXSSRUWKLJKHUJUDLQ\LHOGRI WKH rice plants in intercropping than in monocropping system, LHversus 36.77 g/clump (7DEOH&KXHWDO. (2004) also reported that rice plants grown in intercropping with peanuts showed higher leaf N concentration and values RI 63$'6RLO3ODQW$QDO\VLV'HYHORSPHQWFKORURSK\OO meter reading compared with those grown in monocrop,
Table/GCPXCNWGUQHVQVCNDKQOCUUYGKIJVſNNGFITCKPPWODGTRGTEGPVCIGQHWPſNNGFITCKPPWODGTITCKP[KGNFRGTENWOR weight of 100 grains, and harvest index between intercropping and between row pattern treatments
Treatments Total biomass (g/clump)
Filled grain number per clump
WPſNNGF grain number
Grain yield (g/clump)
Weight of 100 grains (g)
Harvest index (%)
T0: monocrop 67.14 b 1475.22 b 13.21 a 36.77 b 2.49 a 54.71 b1)
T1: intercrop 109.31 a 2763.56 a 4.48 b 69.48 a 2.51 a 63.43 a
HSD 0.05 18.55 691.96 5.52 18.00 0.07 7.39
P1:Single row 85.10 a 2157.00 a 9.25 a 52.53 a 2.44 b 60.70 a
P2:Double row 86.08 a 2052.17 a 9.02 a 50.79 a 2.46 b 57.50 a
P3:Triple row 93.48 a 2149.00 a 8.29 a 56.05 a 2.60 a 59.02 a
HSD 0.05 9.93 321.49 4.95 10.00 0.12 4.86
1)6JGUCOGNGVVGTUKPFKECVGPQPUKIPKſECPVFKHHGTGPEGUDGVYGGPNGXGNUQHCVTGCVOGPVHCEVQT
Table 4: Results of correlation analysis between grain yield per clump as the Y variable and rice yield components as the X XCTKCDNGUUJQYKPIUKIPKſECPVEQTTGNCVKQP
Intercrop-ping treat-ment
Grain yield (Y)
Clump size
Panicle number per clump
Dry straw weight
%-panicle number
Panicle length (cm)
Filled grain number
WPſNNGF grains
Harvest index
Overall rXY 0.881 0.891 0.857 0.550 0.577 0.989 -0.922 0.919
p-value 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.018 0.012 0.000 0.000 0.000
R2 0.776 0.794 0.734 0.303 0.333 0.978 0.850 0.845
Monocrop rXY 0.664 0.696 0.623 0.426 -0.279 0.976 -0.723 0.481
p-value 0.051 0.037 0.073 0.253 0.467 0.000 0.028 0.190
R2 0.441 0.484 0.388 0.181 0.078 0.953 0.523 0.231
Intercrop rXY -0.091 -0.036 -0.470 0.229 0.369 0.858 -0.634 0.986
p-value 0.816 0.926 0.201 0.554 0.328 0.003 0.067 0.000
R2 0.008 0.001 0.221 0.052 0.136 0.736 0.402 0.972
and they found higher grain yield of rice in intercropping with peanuts than in monocrop. Intercropping with VR\EHDQZDVDOVRIRXQGWRLQFUHDVHJUDLQ\LHOGRI XSODQG UHGULFHXQGHUDHURELFLUULJDWLRQV\VWHPV:DQJL\DQDHWDO 2021a).
7KHKLJKHUOHDI 1FRQWHQWRI ULFHOHDYHVLQLQWHUFURSSLQJ with peanuts compared with in monocropped rice, DFFRUGLQJWRH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVUHSRUWHGE\&KXHWDO.
(2004), was resulted from transfer of N from peanut UKL]RVSKHUHWRULFH,QUHODWLRQWRWUDQVIHURI À[HG1IURP OHJXPHWRQRQOHJXPHFURSVJURZLQJLQLQWHUFURSSLQJ Fujita et al.DOVRUHSRUWHGWKDWWKHUHZDV1WUDQVIHU IURPUKL]RVSKHUHRIVR\EHDQWRVRUJKXPJURZQLQVR\EHDQ VRUJKXPPL[HGFURSSLQJZKLFKUHVXOWHGLQKLJKHUGU\
matter production of the intercropped sorghum plants, and the rates of N transfer was higher as the planting distance EHWZHHQVR\EHDQDQGVRUJKXPZDVFORVHU6LPLODUO\WKH higher N content of the rice plants in the intercropping due to greener leaf color (Fig. 1) compared with those LQWKHPRQRFURSLQWKLVUHVHDUFKFRXOGDOVREHUHVXOWHG IURPVRPHWUDQVIHURIÀ[HG1IURPSHDQXWUKL]RVSKHUHWR adjacent rice plants, especially under the single row pattern, LQZKLFKWKHGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQWKHSHDQXWDQGULFHSODQWV LQWKHLQWHUFURSSLQJLQWKLVVWXG\ZDVRQO\FP,Q DGGLWLRQ:DQJDQG:DQJUHSRUWHGWKDWH[XGDWLRQ of N compounds (in the forms of NO3 and NH2+ ions and 1WRWDOZDVPXFKKLJKHULQWKHUKL]RVSKHUHRIULFHSHDQXW intercropping than in that of monocropped rice or peanut LQDOOJURZWKVWDJHVRI ERWKFURSVDQGWKHKLJKHVWDPRXQW RI 1FRPSRXQGVH[XGHGZDVGXULQJWKHÁRZHULQJVWDJH 7KXVKLJKHUOHYHORI OHDI JUHHQFRORURI WKHULFHSODQWVLQ intercropping than in monocroping system measured using WKH,55,/&&LQWKLVVWXG\FRXOGEHGXHWRWUDQVIHURI 1 from rhizosphere of peanut to rice.
,QUHODWLRQWRKLJKHUÀOOHGJUDLQQXPEHUSHUSODQWLQULFH plants intercropped with peanut than in the monocropped ULFH&KXHWDODOVRUHSRUWHGWKDWVSLNHOHWZHLJKWSHU
SODQWDQGJUDLQZHLJKWZHUHVLJQLÀFDQWO\KLJKHURQULFH LQLQWHUFURSSLQJZLWKSHDQXWWKDQLQPRQRFURSSHGULFH7KH\
also showed a higher chlorophyll content in leaves of rice plants intercropped with peanut than in the monocropped ULFH+LJKHUÀOOHGJUDLQQXPEHURUORZHUSHUFHQWDJHRI XQÀOOHGJUDLQQXPEHUSHUFOXPSLQ7DEOH 3 could also mean higher assimilate partition to developing spikelets in the rice plants intercropped with peanut than in monocropped rice, DVFDQDOVREHVHHQIURP7DEOHWKDWKDUYHVWLQGH[ZDVDOVR higher in intercropped than monocropped rice.
%DVHGRQWKHUHVXOWVRI FRUUHODWLRQDQDO\VLVEHWZHHQJUDLQ yield per clump and yield components of the rice plants in this study (7DEOH 4), the strongest correlation in which the R2ZHUHKLJKHUWKDQLVEHWZHHQJUDLQ\LHOGSHU FOXPSDQGÀOOHGJUDLQQXPEHUSHUFOXPS52
RUSHUFHQWDJHRI XQÀOOHGJUDLQQXPEHU52 RU KDUYHVWLQGH[52 7KXVLQDGGLWLRQWRKLJKHU SDQLFOHQXPEHUDQGSHUFHQWDJHRI SDQLFOHQXPEHUSHU clump, grain yield per clump was stronger related to higher ÀOOHGJUDLQQXPEHUSHUFOXPSDQGKLJKHUKDUYHVWLQGH[
EXWORZHUSHUFHQWDJHRI XQÀOOHGJUDLQQXPEHULQWKHULFH plants intercropped with peanut compared with those in the monocropped rice plants (7DEOH 3).
7KHVH PHDQ WKDW LQFUHDVHV LQ JUDLQ \LHOG SHU FOXPS ZDV PDLQO\ GXH WR EHWWHU SDUWLWLRQ RI DVVLPLODWH WR WKH developing seeds of the red rice plants, which resulted in KLJKHUÀOOHGJUDLQQXPEHUSHUFOXPSDQGORZHUSHUFHQWDJH RI XQÀOOHGJUDLQQXPEHU7DEOH7KHVHDOOPXVWKDYH DOVREHHQGXHWRKLJKHUSKRWRV\QWKHWLFUDWHVSHUFOXPS resulted from higher N content in the leaves of the red rice plants in intercropping with peanuts than in monocropped ULFH LQGLFDWHG E\ JUHHQHU OHDYHV RI WKH ULFH SODQWV LQ LQWHUFURSSLQJ PHDVXUHG XVLQJ WKH ,55, /&& Fig. 1).
$FFRUGLQJWRSUHYLRXVVWXGLHVKLJKHU1FRQWHQWRIWKHULFH leaves at anthesis supports higher leaf photosynthetic rates GXULQJVHHGÀOOLQJVWDJH+LUDVDZDHWDO.7D\ODUDQ et al., 2011).
Fig 1. Measurement of the rice leaf color using the IRRI leaf color chart#NGXGNQHVJGTKEGNGCHEQNQTKPOQPQETQRRGFTKEG$NGXGN%NGXGN DGVYGGPCPF&NGXGNQHVJGTKEGNGCHEQNQTKPTKEGKPVGTETQRRGFYKVJRGCPWVU
C D
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In relation to the effects of the patterns of rice rows, most YDULDEOHVVKRZHGQRQVLJQLÀFDQWHIIHFWVH[FHSWRQWKHGU\
VWUDZZHLJKWSHUFHQWDJHRI SDQLFOHQXPEHU7DEOH 2), and ZHLJKWRIÀOOHGJUDLQV7DEOH 3), which were the lowest on rice plants in the single row pattern and highest on WKRVHLQWULSOHURZSDWWHUQ+RZHYHUWKHUHDUHVLJQLÀFDQW LQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVEHWZHHQERWKIDFWRUVRQGU\VWUDZZHLJKW DQGSHUFHQWDJHRI SDQLFOHQXPEHU7DEOH 1). When the mean values are plotted over the treatment factors, it can EHVHHQIURPFig. 2 and Fig. 3 that the lowest averages of GU\VWUDZZHLJKWDQGSHUFHQWDJHRI SDQLFOHQXPEHUDUHRQ WKHUHGULFHSODQWVXQGHUVLQJOHURZSDWWHUQEXWRQO\LQ monocropped rice, while in the intercropped rice, they were QRQVLJQLÀFDQWO\GLIIHUHQWEHWZHHQSDWWHUQVRI ULFHURZV 7KHVHPHDQWKDWWKHVLQJOHURZULFHSODQWVLQLQWHUFURSSLQJ with peanut had higher rates of dry matter production than those in the monocropping system.
:KHQ WKH PHDQ YDOXHV RI JUDLQ \LHOG DQG WKH DERYH JURXQGELRPDVVZHLJKWSHUFOXPSDUHDOVRSORWWHGRYHU
the treatment factors, although the interaction effects ZHUHQRWVLJQLÀFDQWRQWKHVHYDULDEOHVLWFDQEHVHHQ from Fig. 4 and FigWKDWJUDLQ\LHOGDQGWRWDOELRPDVV SHUFOXPSRI WKHULFHSODQWVXQGHUVLQJOHDQGGRXEOH URZ SDWWHUQV DUH VLJQLÀFDQWO\ ORZHU WKDQ WKRVH XQGHU WULSOHURZSDWWHUQEXWWKHVHGLIIHUHQFHVDUHVLJQLÀFDQW only in the monocropped rice plants, while those in intercropping with peanut, there are no significant GLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQSDWWHUQVRI ULFHURZV7KHUHIRUHLW is clear that the red rice plants in the single row pattern JHWWKHKLJKHVWEHQHÀWVIURPLQWHUFURSSLQJZLWKSHDQXW FRPSDUHGZLWKWKRVHLQWKHGRXEOHRUWULSOHURZSDWWHUQV 7KLV FRXOG EH GXH WR WKH GLVWDQFHV EHWZHHQ ULFH DQG peanut rows were the closest in the single row than in WKH GRXEOH RU WULSOH URZ SDWWHUQV ZKLFK LV VLPLODU WR WKHUHVXOWVRI WKHVWXG\UHSRUWHGE\)XMLWDHWDO.
LQUHODWLRQWRWKHQLWURJHQFRQWULEXWLRQIURPVR\EHDQ to sorghum, which was highest in the closest planting GLVWDQFH EHWZHHQ VR\EHDQ DQG VRUJKXP SODQWV LQ WKH intercropping systems.
Fig 2. Average (Mean r SE) dry straw weight (g/clump) of red rice for each combination of intercropping and patterns of rice rows.
Fig 4. Average (Mean r SE) grain yield (g/clump) of red rice for each combination of intercropping and patterns of rice rows.
Fig 3. Average (Mean r SE) percentage of panicle number (%) of red rice for each combination of intercropping and patterns of rice rows.
Fig 5. Average (Mean r SE) total biomass (g/clump) or red rice for each combination of intercropping and patterns of rice rows.
7KXVLI ZHDUHQRWWRRFRQFHUQHGRQWKHSRG\LHOGRI WKH SHDQXW SODQWV UHOD\SODQWHG EHWZHHQ URZV RI UHG ULFH SODQWV EXW DUH FRQFHUQHG PRUH RQ WKH KDUYHVW RI atmospheric N2XVLQJSHDQXWSODQWVIRUEHWWHUJURZWKDQG KLJKHU\LHOGRI WKHUHGULFHSODQWVDGGLWLYHLQWHUFURSSHG ZLWKSHDQXWRUIRUEHWWHUQLWURJHQFRQWULEXWLRQRI SHDQXW SODQWVWRWKHVRLOIRUEHWWHU1QXWULWLRQRI WKHVXEVHTXHQW crops, then additive intercropping with peanut plants LQVHUWHGEHWZHHQVLQJOHURZVRI ULFHSODQWVZRXOGEHWKH EHVWRI DOOURZSDWWHUQV$OWHUQDWLYHO\RWKHUVSHFLHVRI crops or weeds having high potentials of harvesting the atmospheric N2WKURXJKELRORJLFDOQLWURJHQÀ[DWLRQQHHG WREHIRXQGDQGVWXGLHGIRUEHWWHUQLWURJHQFRQWULEXWLRQ to the soil or adjacent crops in intercropping systems in order to improve soil fertility or to reduce the use of commercial N fertilizers.
CONCLUSION
,WFDQEHFRQFOXGHGWKDWDGGLWLYHLQWHUFURSSLQJZLWKSHDQXW SODQWVVLJQLÀFDQWO\LQFUHDVHGJUDLQ\LHOGRI UHGULFHSODQWV SHUFOXPSXQGHUDHURELFLUULJDWLRQV\VWHPRQUDLVHGEHGV ZKLOHUHGXFLQJWKHSHUFHQWDJHRI XQÀOOHGJUDLQQXPEHU especially under single row pattern. However, when the red rice plants were grown under monocropping system, WULSOHURZZDVWKHEHVWURZSDWWHUQ
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
7KURXJKWKLVDUWLFOHWKHDXWKRUVZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQNWKH 'LUHFWRUDWHRI 5HVHDUFKDQG&RPPXQLW\6HUYLFHRI WKH 0LQLVWU\RI 5HVHDUFK7HFKQRORJ\DQG+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQ RIWKH5HSXEOLFRI,QGRQHVLDDQGWKH,QVWLWXWHRI5HVHDUFK DQG&RPPXQLW\6HUYLFHRI WKH8QLYHUVLW\RI 0DWDUDP IRUWKH´3'837µUHVHDUFKJUDQWDZDUGHGWRFDUU\RXWWKH HQWLUHWKUHH\HDUUHVHDUFKSURMHFWZLWKWKHFRQWUDFWQR 63+/7'530DQGWKLVZDVSDUWRI WKH research project.
Authors’ contributions
$OODXWKRUVKDGSDUWLFLSDWHGLQUXQQLQJWKHÀHOGH[SHULPHQW ÀHOGPHDVXUHPHQWGDWDFRPSLODWLRQDQGSUHSDUDWLRQRI WKHPDQXVFULSW$XWKRUDQG$XWKRUGLGWKHÀHOG SODQWPHDVXUHPHQWVDQGGDWDWDEXODWLRQ$XWKRUZDV the main contact person with the funding agency and presentation of research results and prepared initial draft XVLQJ,QGRQHVLDODQJXDJH$XWKRUGHVLJQHGWKHHQWLUH UHVHDUFKSURMHFWLQFOXGLQJWKHÀHOGH[SHULPHQWDQGOD\RXW UDQVWDWLVWLFDOGDWDDQDO\VHVWUDQVODWHGDQGZURWHWKH(QJOLVK PDQXVFULSWVXEPLWWHGWKHPDQXVFULSWDQGFRPSOHWHGWKH revisions.
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