Schwerpunkt / Special Issue „ Advance Care Planning around the World: Evidence and Experiences, Programmes and Perspectives‘‘
Advance Care Planning in Indonesia: Current state and future prospects
Advance Care Planning in Indonesien: aktueller Stand und zukünftige Chancen
Diah Martina
a,b,⇑, Maria Astheria Witjaksono
c, Rudi Putranto
a,baDivision of Psychosomatic and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
bCipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
cDharmais Cancer Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article History:
Received: 27 April 2023 Accepted: 21 May 2023 Available online: 1 July 2023
Keywords:
Indonesia
Advance Care Planning Religious
Cultural sensitive Palliative care
a b s t r a c t
Indonesia is a low-middle income country in Southeast Asia, as well as the world’s fourth most populous and largest archipelagic nation. Indonesia has approximately 1,300 ethnic groups that speak 800 different languages and are typically collectivist and religiously devout. With an aging population and an increas- ing number of cancer patients, palliative care in the country remains scarcely available, disproportionally distributed, and underfunded. All of these factors (economic level, geographical and cultural landscapes, and palliative care level of development) pose a considerable impact on the adoption of advance care planning in Indonesia. Nonetheless, recent advocacy initiatives promise some hopes in advance care planning in Indonesia. Furthermore, local studies suggested opportunities to implement advance care planning, particularly through capacity building and a culturally sensitive approach to it. This article describes the present situation of advance care planning in Indonesia, including its challenges and opportunities.
a r t i k e l i n f o
Artikel-Historie:
Eingegangen: 27. April 2023 Akzeptiert: 21. Mai 2023 Online gestellt: 1. Juli 2023
Schlüsselwörter:
Indonesien
Advance Care Planning
Vorausschauende Gesundheitsplanung Religion
Kultursensibilität Palliativversorgung
z u s a m m e n f a s s u n g
Indonesien, ein südostasiatischer Staat mit niedrigen bis mittleren Einkommen, ist der größte Inselstaat der Welt und steht an vierter Stelle der bevölkerungsreichsten Länder. In Indonesien gibt es etwa 1.300 ethnische Gruppen, die typischerweise kollektivistisch orientiert und sehr gläubig sind und in denen 800 verschiedene Sprachen gesprochen werden. Ungeachtet seiner alternden Bevölkerung und einer wachsenden Anzahl von Krebspatienten ist eine Palliativversorgung in diesem Land nach wie vor kaum verfügbar, ungleichmäßig verteilt und unterfinanziert. All diese Faktoren (Wirtschaftsniveau, geografische und kulturelle Gegebenheiten und Entwicklungsstand der Palliativversorgung) haben erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Einführung von Advance Care Planning (ACP) in Indonesien.
Nichtsdestotrotz lassen die jüngsten Initiativen zur Förderung von ACP in Indonesien Hoffnung aufkommen. Darüber hinaus haben lokale Studien Möglichkeiten für die Implementierung von ACP aufgezeigt, insbesondere durch den Aufbau von Kapazitäten und eine kultursensible Herangehensweise. In diesem Beitrag beschreiben wir neben dem gegenwärtigen Stand von ACP in Indonesien auch die damit verbundenen Herausforderungen und Chancen.
Palliative care landscape in Indonesia
Indonesia is undergoing an epidemiological transition toward an ageing society and a high rate of advanced cancer. With over 275 million inhabitants, Indonesia is the fourth most populated
nation in the world[1]. Its average life expectancy at birth is 74 years, a significant increase from 45 years in 1970 and 64 years in 1990[1,2]. Due to this situation, the population has begun to age, with the elderly population growing from 22 million in 2017 to a projected 61 million in 2050, or 19% of the overall population
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zefq.2023.05.016 1865-9217/Ó2023 Published by Elsevier GmbH.
⇑Corresponding author. Diah Martina. 15 Rue Victorean Sardou, 69007 Lyon, France.
E-Mail:[email protected](D. Martina).
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[2]. More than one-fourth of people in this age range reported hav- ing a disability of some kind. Over the past five years, the preva- lence of cancer in this nation has increased to 29%, with more than 70% of cases being diagnosed at an advanced stage. These changes highlighted the critical need for high-quality palliative and end-of-life care.
Indonesia is a lower-middle-income country where palliative care is still underdeveloped [3]. Since palliative care was intro- duced in Indonesia in 1989, it has been scarcely available, dispro- portionally dispersed, and inadequately funded[4]. The majority of palliative care services are self-funded or supported by charita- ble donations. According to a recent study undertaken by Compre- hensive Cancer Care of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (PKaT), WHO Indonesia, and the Indonesian Ministry of Health, it was known that, apart from initiatives led by several non-profit organi- zations, the bulk of palliative care services in Indonesia are cen- tered in the hospital settings [5]. Palliative care has not been formally integrated into the national health system or mentioned in national policies, with the exception of a small number of the Ministry of Health’s policies and several guidelines linked to cancer and HIV, as well as a small number of regional policies.
Based on the Institute for Health Metrics & Evaluation Global Burden of Disease 2017 data [6] and the calculation method of the Lancet Commission Report on Palliative Care and Pain Relief [7], it is estimated that approximately 1,451,100 persons in Indonesia need palliative care annually. This figure is a conserva- tive estimate; thus, it is vital to assume that the actual need is higher. Only 1% of cancer patients in Indonesia who were experi- encing pain could obtain morphine, according to an unpublished study that was conducted as part of a collaboration project between the Indonesian National Cancer Control Committee (KPKN), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), World Health Organization-International Agency for Research in Cancer (WHO- IARC) [8]. A comparative study revealed that cancer patients in Indonesia had a disproportionately high degree of unmet palliative care needs in all areas (physical, psychological, spiritual, and social)[9].
The cornerstone of patient-centered care is delivering care that is in line with patients’ values, wishes, and preferences, even under incapacitating conditions[10]. However, such values, wishes, and preferences are not always known by healthcare professionals and family members [11,12]. Additionally, the advancement of medical technologies often enables care options that may not be in accordance with patients’ values, wishes, and preferences[13].
Advance care planning (ACP) is a process that enables medical practitioners better understand patients’ values, wishes and pref- erences for future care and treatment in order to make sure that the care they receive is in accordance with those aspects. Up to 70% of Indonesian patients with cancer were already in advanced stages upon admission to healthcare facilities [14], when rapid deterioration and unexpected deaths frequently occur [15]. To ensure that care and treatment are provided in accordance with patients’ values, it is therefore crucial to communicate wishes and preferences about future care and treatment in a timely manner.
Policies or legislative achievements fostering ACP implementation
Advance care planning has yet to be explicitly mentioned in the national legislative documents. However, in 2007 – 15 years after palliative care was first introduced in Indonesia – the Minister of Health of Indonesia issued a decree on palliative care, including some elements of advance care planning[3,16,17]. In this decree, it was mentioned that when the patient is competent to make a
decision for his/her future medical treatment, the palliative care team should endeavour to obtain statements or declarations from him/her regarding what should or should not be done to him/her if his/her competence deteriorates in a written document (advance directive). This statement can specify exactly what actions should or should not be taken, and/or name someone who will subse- quently represent the patient in making decisions on his/her behalf if he/she is unable to do so. This written statement should act as the primary guide for the palliative care team in making a final decision[17].
This decree also regulates code status, in which a competent patient has the right to determine whether he/she wants to be resuscitated as long as he/she has received the information needed to make an informed decision. This decision should be written in advance (advance directive or informed consent). This discussion should begin as soon as the patient meets with the palliative care team. In general, unless specified in an advance directive, the next of kin may not make a DNR decision. However, in certain circum- stances and with suitable considerations, all immediate family members may petition the court to grant their request for DNR.
Finally, the palliative care team is allowed to make a DNR decision if a patient is believed to be terminal and resuscitation would not save the patient or improve the quality of life based on scientific evidence at the moment.
Another, national legislative document governing advance care planning is the Regulation of the Minister of Health Number 37, 2014, concerning the ‘‘Determination of Death and Utilization of Donor Organs,” specifically chapter 3 about ‘‘Withholding and withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment,” clauses 14-15 [18]. It was suggested that if life-sustaining treatment was deemed futile in the incurable, terminal stage, it might be withheld or with- drawn. The hospital director determines what constitutes a termi- nal illness and a futile treatment.
After conferring with an ethical or medical committee, the teams of treating physicians should decide whether to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatment. This decision should be communicated to and approved by the patient’s family or surro- gate. Among life-sustaining treatments that can be withheld or withdrawn are intensive care unit, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, dysrhythmia control, tracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, vasoactive drugs, parenteral nutrition, artificial organs, transplant, blood transfusion, invasive monitoring, antibiotic, and other med- ical interventions specified in the standard medical care. However, life-sustaining treatments such as oxygen, enteral feeding, and crystalloid infusion fell under the treatments that should not be withdrawn or withheld.
In addition, clause 15 states that if a patient is incapable of mak- ing decisions, their family may request that life-sustaining care be withheld or withdrawn, or that patient’s condition be evaluated to determine whether to do so. In the case that there is a disagree- ment between the family’s request and the recommendation of the team chosen by the medical committee or ethical committee, and the family still seeks the termination or postponement of life support therapy, the family bears legal responsibility.
Despite the fact that there is no clear definition of advance care planning in Indonesia, it is mentioned in the national guideline for cancer palliative care program and is translated as ‘‘living will” or
‘‘last will” and focuses on the withdrawal or withholding of life- sustaining treatment and resuscitation [19]. In the most recent draft of Health Law in Indonesia has finally included palliative care along with promotion, prevention, curation, and rehabilitation [20]. Revision of the Minister of Health Regulation on Palliative Care is needed ‘‘advance care planning” as one of the palliative care services in the newest among other services such as symptom management, psycho-socio-spiritual support, bereavement sup- port, and end-of-life care. Nonetheless, more recommendations
on how advance care planning could be applied in Indonesia have yet to be developed.
All existing documents on advance care planning have mainly focused on patients with terminal illnesses and have not addressed advance care planning as a continuous process of values explo- ration regarding future care and treatment among healthy popula- tions or other specific conditions such as dementia, psychiatric conditions, or paediatric patients. Furthermore, aside from the do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order form and the informed consent form, no specific form is recognized and commonly used to document advance care planning conversations[21].
The implementation of Advance Care Planning in Indonesia
Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world with an estimated 17,504 islands in a land area of 1,811,570 km2, extending 5,120 km from east to west and 1,760 km from north to south[22]. This geographical landscape poses significant chal- lenges in delivering equitable healthcare and education. Further- more, Indonesia is home to 1,340 ethnic groups who speak over 800 different languages and dialects and are mostly collectivist – where one’s health and illness are considered as a collective matter and care for an individual is primarily viewed as a family respon- sibility[23–25]. Finally, with over 87% of its population being Mus- lim, Indonesia has the largest Islamic population in the world[26].
A global survey showed that Indonesia is one of the most religious countries in the world, where faith drives many aspects of life, including healthcare decision-making [27–29]. Indonesian geo- graphical and cultural landscapes, including the religious devout- ness of its people, is known to influence advance care planning implementation in Indonesia[30–32].
According to a survey of 1,030 Indonesian cancer survivors, 46%–69% wished to discuss different topics of advance care plan- ning (end-of-life treatments, resuscitation, health care proxies, and what matters at the end of life); however only 21%–42% had done so[30]. Nearly 70% of cancer survivors who had considered those topics but had never discussed them with others were will- ing to do so. This study suggests the lack of advance care planning implementation and that healthcare professionals have failed to address patients’ needs for advance care planning. Furthermore, 36%–79% of individuals who wished to discuss these topics pre- ferred to do so with family members. This study demonstrates the significance of family members in Indonesian advance care planning. Other studies among Indonesian cancer patients, their family members, and cancer care providers have validated the rel- evance of family involvement in advance care planning[31,32].
Different circumstances may bring practical challenges to advance care planning in Indonesia. The first one being system- related barriers. In most of the nation, palliative care services are yet to be integrated. This, combined with healthcare professionals’
low awareness of advance care planning, results in patients being referred to palliative care after they have become cognitively impaired, further impeding patients’ chances of timely engage- ment in advance care planning[31]. Due to healthcare profession- als’ poor knowledge and skills in advance care planning, they often feel anxious about discussing death and dying with the patients and family members. Healthcare professionals argued that patients’ health literacy would influence their ability to understand and appreciate the aim of advance care planning. Other challenges encountered by Indonesian healthcare professionals are their workload and time constraints. Furthermore, the majority of Indonesian healthcare facilities’ paper-based medical record sys- tems restricted the accessibility and accountability of advance care planning-related documents. The lack of institutional and legal support has also been identified as significant impediments to
advance care planning[31,32]. Healthcare professionals expressed a need for a written statute to protect them from the legal conse- quences of engaging in advance care planning. They also indicated that integrating advance care planning into financial platforms would be critical to ensuring patients’ access to it. Finally, Indone- sian healthcare professionals require clear recommendations and guidelines for advance care planning, specifically regarding who should be in charge of delivering it, when and how to initiate the conversations, what elements should be discussed, and how to deal with family members[31].
Aside from all of those system barriers, there are also cultural challenges. Firstly, in Indonesian collectivist culture, family plays an important role in healthcare decision-making, even more among the elderly[31–33]. Being ill is a family concern, and telling the patients they are dying is frowned upon[31,32,34]. Patients could especially be deprived of meaningful opportunities to partic- ipate in advance care planning if their family took the lead in decision-making. For instance, families’ unwillingness to inform patients of their poor prognosis contributed to missed opportuni- ties for patients to timely participate in advance care planning. Cer- tain family structures and dynamics, particularly those involving hierarchy, were observed to possibly hinder advance care planning, sometimes preventing patients’ desires from being carried out.
Secondly, despite the fact that both patients and doctors are seek- ing mutual understanding, paternalistic way of communication still frequently occurs between doctors and patients [31,32,35].
In addition to that, patients sometimes viewed the use of direct language to be rude and preferred more euphemistic communica- tion[31,32]. Finally, studies among Indonesian cancer survivors showed that only one third of them preferred to be informed about their estimated life expectancy, less than half of them would dis- cuss about resuscitation and would document their wish in an advance directive[30]. Finally, Indonesian healthcare professionals stated that patients’ religious views influence their participation in advance care planning[31,32]. Patients who believe in God’s con- trol over their lives may find the concept of future planning contra- dictory. Patients who believed that life is a sacred gift from God and it should be protected with all cost would often avoid conver- sations about limiting aggressive interventions. The most impor- tant reasons for not being willing to engage in advance care planning were the desire to surrender to God’s will and to focus on here and now[30]. All of these cultural barriers, combined with system barriers, has made advance care planning implementation in Indonesia exceedingly complex[31,32,36].
Education and research on Advance Care Planning in Indonesia
One of the main barriers to advance care planning in Indonesia, as mentioned above, is a lack of knowledge, skills, and confidence among the healthcare professionals[31]. Due to no nationally sys- tematic training on advance care planning, unsurprisingly, Indone- sian healthcare professionals are largely unfamiliar with the complex concept of advance care planning as a continuous process of value identification, even though it may have been practiced to some extent without being formally recognized as advance care planning.
Since 2015, a series of palliative care training of trainer (ToT) programs targeting health-care professionals in referral and regio- nal hospitals have been held in Jakarta and West Java as part of a joint collaboration between local and international non- governmental organizations (e.g., Indonesian Cancer Foundation, Rachel House Foundation, Indonesian Palliative Society and Singa- pore International Foundation)[21]. Additionally, the Indonesian Ministry of Health has been conducting palliative care trainings for internists and pediatrics in provincial hospitals, general
practitioners, and nurses in primary care clinics throughout Indonesia’s 34 provinces. Both of these trainings covered serious illness communication, including advance care planning. However, except in a few institutions, such as the Internal Medicine sub- specialty of Psychosomatic and Palliative Medicine at Universitas Indonesia, advance care planning has not been included into the national curricula of formal education for healthcare professionals in Indonesia. Finally, public education on advance care planning has been limited to the initiatives by several civic societies or patients support groups.
Several international collaborative efforts in education have been conducted in the past as a result of a collaboration between Indonesian professional organization and international organiza- tion (e.g., International Palliative Care Workshop in 2017 as a col- laboration between Indonesian Association of Psychosomatic Medicine and American Society of Clinical Oncology)[37].
In Indonesia, research on advance care planning has primarily focused on exploring patients’, family members’, and healthcare professionals’ experiences and perspectives on advance care plan- ning in order to better understand how advance care planning can be implemented in the local context, including potential barriers and facilitators[30–32]. In addition, an Indonesian representative has participated in numerous regional collaborative research pro- jects supported by the Asia Pacific Hospice Palliative Care Network (APHN) and grant from certain collaborating countries. This work has resulted in several advocacy papers in Asia[21,38,39]and nur- tured cross-learning between respective countries.
Future directions for Advance Care Planning in Indonesia
Studies on advance care planning in Indonesia suggested that patients, family members, and healthcare professionals were will- ing to engage in advance care planning, but also considered that cultural sensitivity mattered to their engagement in it [30–32].
Culturally sensitive advance care planning in Indonesia should consider the importance of respecting the cultural aspects of col- lectivism (e.g., by facilitating open communication between patients and their families), communication norms (implicit versus explicit), the diverse perspectives on information provision and religious beliefs. Rather than focusing on writing treatment plans in advance, advance care planning should focus on continuous effort of exploring individuals’ values, wishes, and preferences through their trajectory of illness.
Future directions for advance care planning implementation in this nation should include capacity building for advance care plan- ning through establishing awareness through systematic educa- tion, both formal and informal. In a national level, the government in collaboration with professional organizations should establish systematic training programs on advance care planning, including its culturally sensitive approach, for all health- care professionals. Civil society organizations and media should engage and raise public awareness through public education and campaign about advance care planning. To enable advance care planning implementation, national health policy should acknowl- edge the importance of respecting patients’ autonomy and right to be involved in decision-making for their care at the end of life.
Policy makers should integrate advance care planning into the national healthcare system and establish a financing platform.
The government should develop national practice guidelines for advance care planning for various conditions (oncology and non- oncology, including dementia, pediatrics, etc.). Health care institu- tions should develop protocols for advance care planning and establish the documentation system for advance care planning.
Future research should focus on how advance care planning is implemented and evaluated in diverse settings and populations.
Moreover, more studies are needed to understand how different communication styles (such as implicit communication, euphemism, metaphor, etc.) and religious views affect participa- tion in advance care planning. International and regional research and education collaboration should be maintained, with an empha- sis on how to assist and learn from one another.
Conflict of interest
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
CRediT author statement
The conception of the manuscript, the material preparation, and the first draft of the manuscript was written by Diah Martina.
Other authors commented on the previous versions of the manu- script. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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