AGROECONOMIC ASPECTS OF RUBBER –PADDY DRY LAND MULTIPLE CROPPING: PRIMINILARY RESULTS
Tumpal HS Siregar, Sumihar Hutapea, Retna Astusi
Departement of Agrotechonology, Faculty of Agriculture, Medan Area University Mail Adress :Jl. Kolam no.1 Medan Estate, Medan 2023, Indonesia
Contact : Tumpal HS Siregar,Email contact : [email protected](Phone cell : 085292284096)
Abstract
The low of natural rubber price in last 10 years had an conseuquence lowering of rubber small holders income. Based on agronomy aspect, to increase their income may be up by multiple cropping rubber – paddy dry land practice. Beside content charactetistic of rice from paddy dry land, the price also higher than rice of paddy wet land (sawah). To know agroeconomy of this multiple cropping, a series of research created since April 2018 in Sampali region ( Deli Serdang, North Sumatera).
Research created by using 2 rubber clones (PB 260 and PB 340, with planting distance 5 x 4 m and 8 x 5,5 m) and in between of rubber row planted 3 paddy varieties (MSP 3, Sertani and local variety Hamparan Perak, distanced 20 x 20 cm and 1 m from rubber row). Paddy planted after 2 weeks growth on seedling bad, which were rubber had 1 month age in field. Priminilary results of this research showed that highest cost crop management were watering and weeds control. Cyperus rotundus, Pennisetum Purpereum, and Paspalum conjugatum are dominant weeds in field. Every day watering and controled the weeds cost Rp.3.000.00 – Rp.3.500.000,- for the first month, exluded seedling cost and rubber management. Even no difference of growth between rubber clones based on showed high 12,70 cm, lower than MSP 3 and Sertani with high 34,10 cm and 31,80 cm respectivly.
The research proyection will find the difference growth of rubber and paddy as consequence of shading of rubber, hence may recommend the best variety to be managed as multiple cropping with rubber.
Key words : rubber,paddy, planting distance,cost
INTRODUCTION
The low price of natural rubber hence lower than US $ 2,00 per kg since 2012 caused lowered of rubber small holder (Fauzi,2015). To solve the lower income of rubber small holders, it is needed the agrotechnology of multiple cropping. Asian Develompemt Bank (2015) suggested that national food in Indonesia may be practiced by multiple cropping suported by new investement. This means, new rubber plantation area may be combined with some food crops in between of rubber tree. This agrotechnology also as agroecology practice (Joshhin,2014). Runge and Valero (2011) used ecology parameters to evaluate this practices.
Director of Perennial Crops – Indonesia Agriculturer Departement also believe that to increase the rubber small holders income could be aplicate multple cropping technology, which also may as the answer of national food security. Totally, 2 million ha may be as potency of rubber plantation could be produce food when combine planting technique be practiced in Indonesia. This ammount clearly may support national food security (Badan litbang Kementerian Pertanian, 2015).
Multiple cropping of rubber plantation needs more research based on the price of food crops.The reason are 1) most of multiple cropping techonology have not as the standart to be practiced. Most o tehcnology still in question mark related to fertilizer, shading effect, deseases and pest, and the procedure of field management 2) still needs to select which food crops may on high demand hence in the high price to be sold (Hairmansis et.al,2016 dan Sahuri et.al, 2016). Reds rice as one of food crops varieties nowdays has high demand.
Content of this rice have been proved as healthy rice. The price of this rice may twice than white rice, hence as potential food crops manage combined with rubber.
This research goals are to recomend paddy produce red rice superior variety, which tolerant on crown shading of rubber tree and to arrange manual practice of multiple cropping rubber – paddy dryland. This paper report preminilary results of the research.
METHODOLOGY
Field research is doing in Sampali Estate (Deli Serdang, North Sumatera), with 1,4 ha wide field. PB 260 and PB 340 of rubber clones used to be compare, with 2 differences planting distance (5 x 4m on block A and 8 x 5,5 m on block B). MSP, Sertani and local variety Hamparan Perak planted between rubber planting lines. The planting distance of paddy 20 x 20 cm, replicated between rubber planting lines, on block A and block B. Paddy nursery planted on those blocks after 2 weks germinating on germinating bad.
Figure1. sketching of multiple cropping rubber – paddy on block A and block B
Five rubber trees are selected as sample trees from those blocks and 1 x 1 m of paddy plants are selected as sample crops. Two evaluate weeds condition, random 1 x 1 m of field selected as samples area.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION 1.Rubber
Vegetative observation of rubber showed that no difference growth of two clones, although 5 x 4 m and 8 x 5,5 m. On other words, planting distance not yet influence the different growoth of two clones.
1.a.high of rubber
Two clones showed that high of young rubber tree on fields between 40 -65 cm. This growth still in standart range when the young rubber tree 3 – 5 months after planting time (Siregar and Suhendry, 2014). The first stage of growth not influences by planting distance.
There were no competition of water, nutrients and sunshine. Each clones still growth without environmental aspects. Clone behaviours also could not showed in this stage growth.
Widyasari (2014) stated that this aspect may generate to use space of rubber manage food crops, mainly until 3- 4 years old of rubber.
PB 260 and PB 340 are the best clones manage now in rubber plantations. Growtt analysis of those clones showed differences crown characters. PB 260 has dense crown than PB 340 (Balai Penelitian Sungei Putih, 2014). But, first stage of growth still no differences characters (Table 1).
1.b.Stem Girth
Observation of stem girth also showed no difference of those clonse. Both clones growth stem girth in range 0,8 – 1,2 cm, still as the standart of stem girth (Balai Penelitian Sungei Putih, 2014). In other wordsno difference of stem girth of those clones caused by planting distance. Evaluation of World Agroforestry Centre (2013) concluded that stem girth until 2 years not yet inluenced by agronomical management. Table 1 show this observation.
1.c.Leaf amount
Leaf amount also showed no difference between those clones. Planting distance and clone still not yet influence the leaf amount. Table 1 showed that leaf amount of PB 260 and PB 340 in range 42 – 53 leaves. There were no indication of desease attack and nutrient deficiencies.
1.d.LeafWidth
Width leaf of two clones showed on diference. PB 260 and PB 340 have eidth lea in range 4 – 8 cm, as showed in Table 1.
Table 1. Average of vegetative rubber growht, 3 months after planting Block/Clone High *) Girth*) Leaf
amount*)
Leaf width*)
Leaf length*)
cm cm leaves cm Cm
Block A (5x4 m)
PB 260 46 1,2 44 6,5 14
PB 340 52 0,8 42 5,8 12,8
Block B (8x5,5 m)
PB 260 56 1,2 53 6,8 14,8
PB 340 53 1,1 55 7,2 12
Remarks : *Unsignificant between clone and planting distance based on 0,05 Duncan test.
1.e.Leaf Lenght
Lea length also no difference betwwen clones. PB 260 and PB 340 have leaf length in range 12 – 15 cm. This range still in standart growth (Ferry et.al, 2013). Buharia (2009) also reported that the difference of this parameter may be showed after 8 -12 bulan of planting.
Figure 1.Three months after planting of rubber tree
2.Paddy crops
This primenilary result showed that local variety Hamparan Perak has lower on high crop parameters, but this clone has tendency to growth more saplings (anakan) than MSP and Sertani.
2.1 High Crops
Observation in 4, 5, and 6 weeks after planting (WAP) of 3 varietas could be seen in Figure 4. Generally, local variety Hamparan Perak has high crops lower than others two varieties. The highest crop found in MSP. Sahuri (2015) concluded from his research that multiple cropping rubber – food crop did not create negative impact for rubber and paddy crop.In other word 4,5,and 6 WAP still well growth in high of paddy crop.
Figure 2. Crop high of three paddy varieties 4, 5 and 6 Weeks after planting
This observation showed that local variety Hamparan Perak predicted still has conservative character. Growth orientation to maximalize of high could not found, differs with MSP and Sertani which has high crops as the strategy to capture more sunshine as one of characters of superior variety. This characters seen as the superior character of MSP and Sertani.
. Result of this parameters indicated that MSP and Sertani could use sunshine well, with best generatife growth ratio per each crop. In the other side, local variety Hamparan Perak high potency to growth saplings as the strategy to generate high yield. These prediction needs to proove at the end of research. Buharia (2009) concluded that growth stage of paddy crops were cell growth and vegetatife component as first stage growth.
33.2
40.2
50
29.9
33.6
41.2 33.2
41
55.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
1 2 3
Sertani
Hamparan Perak MSP
Remarks : Crop high 3 paddy varieties (cm) 1 = 4 Weeks after planting 2 = 5 Weeks after planting 3 = 6 Weeks ater planting
2.2. Saplings Amount
Figure 5 show saplings amount from MSP, Sertani and Hamparan Perak. Altough there was unsignifant difference, but may be seen that local variety Hamparan Perak growth more saplings amount than MSP and Sertani
Figure 3. . Saplings amount of three paddy varieties 4, 5 and 6 Weeks after planting 3. Weeds Condition
Since planting time, weeds on field showed high growth and dominance for some species, as show in Table 2.
Tabel 2. Weeds dominance on research field
No Family Species Dominance(%)
1 Compositae Ageratum conyzoides L 10
Mikania cordata 10
2 Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus L 30
Cyperus killingia
Gleicheniaceae Gleichenia linearis Clarke. 20 Gramineae Axonopus compressus P.B. 10
Paspalum vaginatum 5
Melastomataceae Melastoma affine 5
Polygalaceae Polygala paniculata L. 5
Others 5
3 4.2
14.4
2.4
4.2
13
3.4
6.2
14.2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
1 2 3
MSP Sertani
Hamparan Perak
Remarks : Saplings amount of 3 paddy varieties 1 = 4 Weeks after planting 2 = 5 Weeks after planting 3 = 6 Weeks after planting
Figure 3. Some species of weeds species on the research field.
Weeds control showed as the highest cost in this research. Analysis by Sahuri (2015) stated that weeds control of multiple cropping as the priority of crop management, as concluded also by Ferry, et.al (2013).
4.Pest and Deseases
There were no indication pest and deseases of paddy crops, 6 WAP. These condition also ound on rubber young tree. Most of paddy crops damage caused high difference local climate condition. Hogh temprature and sunshine followed by watering seem as the causal of some damage. Small amount of leaf blast found in paddy crops. Forward, birds looks as the pest on paddy field.
5. Cost
From table 3 may be seen that highest componen of cost found on wages (25,89%
from total cost). In this component, weeds control and watering as the highest cost (10,98%).
Devices as the second high cost (20,24% from total costs).
Tabel 4. Cost component of multiple cropping rubber – paddy dryland
Cost component Rp Remarks %
Materials
Paddy seeds (ha) 250.000 1,08
Hevea plant materials (ha) 250.000 a Rp.7.500 1,08
Pupuk awal padi (ha) 345.000 a Rp.11.500, 30 kg 1,49
Pupuk awal karet (ha) 115.000 a Rp.11.500, 10 kg 0,50
Subtotal 960.000 4,13
Tools
Water machine 1 units 3.500.000 15,07
Plastic pipe for water distribution 1.200.000 5,17
Subtotal 4.700.000 20,24
Wages
Paddy fertilizer
Hevea fertilizer 340.000 a Rp.85.000, 4 days 1,46
Paddy planting (ha) 1.190.000 a Rp.85.000, 14 days 5,12
Hevea planting (ha) 850.000 aRp.85.000, 10 days 3,66
Weed controls and watering or paddy (ha) 2.550.000 a Rp.85.000, 30 days 10,98 Weed controls and waterin or hevea (ha) 850.000 a Rp.85.000, 10 days 3,66
Subtotal 5.780.000 24,89
Miscellaneous 170.000 a Rp.85.000, 2 days 0,73
11.610.000
Total 23.220.000
Figure 4. High intensity for watering as the consequnces of rainy season changing
CONCLUSION
From primenilary result of this research may concluded :
1. There were no difference of growth PB 260 and PB 340. First stage of growth on field not influence by planting distance and specific characters clones also not showed in this stage..
2. Paddy showed difference growth between varieties. Local variety Hamparan Perak had lower growth than MSP and Sertani, but this local variety showed high growth of saplings than MSP and Sertani..
3. Weeds control and watering as the highest cost of this multple cropping.
Observation still needs to evaluate all aspects of multiple cropping rubber – paddy crops as the way to increase rubber small holders income and to support food security.
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