Aims and scope

(1)

(2)

Editorial board

Abstracting & indexing News

Announcements

Forthcoming Special Issues

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress (TSEP) publishes original, high-quality research articles that span activities ranging from fundamental scientiﬁc research and discussion of the more controversial thermodynamic theories, to developments in thermal engineering that are in many instances

examples of the way scientists and engineers are addressing the challenges facing a growing

population, smart cities and global warming, maximising thermodynamic eﬃciencies and minimising all heat losses. It is intended that these will be of current relevance and interest to industry, academia

Aims and scope

Menu Search in this journal

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

Supports open access

7.1 CiteScore

4.56 Impact Factor

Submit your article Guide for authors

(3)

and other practitioners.

It is evident that many specialised journals in thermal and, to some extent, in fluid disciplines tend to focus on topics that can be classified as fundamental in nature, or are àpplied? and near-market.

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress will bridge the gap between these two areas, allowing authors to make an easy choice, should they or a journal editor feel that their papers are `out of scope? when considering other journals.

The range of topics covered by Thermal Science and Engineering Progress addresses the rapid rate of development being made in thermal transfer processes as they aﬀect traditional ﬁelds, and important growth in the topical research areas of aerospace, thermal biological and medical systems, electronics and nano-technologies, renewable energy systems, food production (including agriculture), and the need to minimise man-made thermal impacts on climate change.

Review articles on appropriate topics for TSEP are encouraged. Before submitting such articles, please contact one of the Editors, or a member of the Editorial Advisory Board with an outline of your

proposal and your expertise in the area of your review. This should be done by completing this questionnaire (which includes a note on submission after approval by an Editor).

ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V.

(4)

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

Editorial Board

A. Akisawa

Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan E-mail: akisawa@cc.tuat.ac.jp

A. Baïri

University of Paris, Ville d’Avray, France E-mail: bairi.a@gmail.com

P. Bansal

Satya International Ltd, Greenwood, Mississippi, USA E-mail: bansal_pradeep@hotmail.com

M. Bantle

SINTEF Energy Research, Trondheim, Norway E-mail: Michael.Bantle@sintef.no

N. Bennett

Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK E-mail: n.bennett@hw.ac.uk

V. Bianco

Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy E-mail: vincenzo.bianco@unige.it

X. Chen

Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom E-mail: x.j.chen@lboro.ac.uk

X.D. Chen

Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China E-mail: xdchen@mail.suda.edu.cn

U. Desideri

Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy E-mail: umberto.desideri@unipi.it K. Hooman

University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia E-mail: k.hooman@uq.edu.au

I. Dincer

University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada E-mail: Ibrahim.Dincer@uoit.ca

T. Karayiannis

Brunel University London, Middlesex, England, UK E-mail: tassos.karayiannis@brunel.ac.uk

J. Klemeš

Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary E-mail: klemes.jiri@itk.ppke.hu

R. Law

Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK E-mail: Richard.law2@newcastle.ac.uk

O. Manca

Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Aversa, Italy E-mail: oronzio.manca@unina2.it

Y.F. Maydanik

Institute of Thermal Physics, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation E-mail: maidanik@etel.ru

A.S. Mujumdar

McGill University, Québec, Quebec, Canada E-mail: arunmujumdar123@gmail.com S. Srinivasa Murthy

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India E-mail: ssmurthy@iitm.ac.in

A. Mustaffar

Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK E-mail: Ahmad.mustaffar@newcastle.ac.uk S. Norris

University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand E-mail: s.norris@auckland.ac.nz

H.F. Oztop

Firat University, Elazig, Turkey E-mail: hfoztop1@gmail.com B. Palm

KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden E-mail: Bjorn.Palm@energy.kth.se

M. Pate

Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA E-mail: mpate@tamu.edu

P.A. Pilavachi

University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece E-mail: ppilavachi@uowm.gr

B.B. Saha

Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

E-mail: saha.baran.bidyut.213@m.kyushu-u.ac.jp H. Wang

Queen Mary, University of London (QMUL), London, England, UK E-mail: h.s.wang@qmul.ac.uk

J. Xu

School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering North China Electric Power University Beijing, P.R. China

E-mail: xjl@ncepu.edu.cn Y. Yan

The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England, UK E-mail: yuying.yan@nottingham.ac.uk

C.Y. Zhao

Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China E-mail: changying.zhao@sjtu.edu.cn

Editor-in-Chief

David Reay

David Reay & Associates, Whitley Bay, United Kingdom E-mail: DAReay@aol.com

Executive Editor

Barbara Sturm

Universität Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany E-mail: Barbara.sturm@uni-kassel.de

Associate Editors

Abozar Nasirahmadi

University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany E-mail: abozar.nasirahmadi@uni-kassel.de

Hussam Jouhara

Brunel University London, London, UK E-mail: hussam.jouhara@brunel.ac.uk

(5)

Volume 17

1 June 2020

Download full issue

Previous vol/issue Next vol/issue

Receive an update when the latest issues in this journal are published Sign in to set up alerts

Full text access

Editorial Board Article 100531

Download PDF

Research article Abstract only

Thermal-hydraulic correlations for zigzag-channel PCHEs covering a broad range of design parameters for estimating performance prior to modeling

Menu Search in this journal

Submit your article

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

Supports open access

Guide for authors

(6)

Katrine Bennett, Yi-tung Chen Article 100383

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

Thermal performance study of double-layer microchannel with bifurcation Pankaj Srivastava, Ruchitkumar Ishwarlal Patel, Anupam Dewan

Article 100481

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

Eﬀect of metallic reﬂectors and surface characteristics on the productivity rate of water desalination systems

N. El Mahallawy, F.A. Aref, M.S. Abd-Elhady Article 100489

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

Feasibility study of gas engine combination with thermal desalination unit: Numerical simulation and experimental investigation

Ali Akbar Hosseinjani, Mousa Meratizaman Article 100485

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

Heat transfer analysis on creeping ﬂow Carreau ﬂuid driven by peristaltic pumping in an inclined asymmetric channel

S. Noreen, T. Kausar, D. Tripathi, Qurat Ul Ain, DC. Lu Article 100486

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

Thermal analysis of a dual-purpose cooler used for air cooling and mild refrigeration Aneesh Somwanshi, Prabhat Ranjan Mishra, Vivek Kumar Gaba

Article 100483

Purchase PDF Article preview

Menu Search in this journal

Submit your article

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

Supports open access

Guide for authors

(7)

Research article Abstract only

Performance comparison of solar-driven single and double-eﬀect LiBr-water vapor absorption system based cold storage

Ramen Kanti De, Aritra Ganguly Article 100488

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

Development of new correlations for heat transfer and pressure loss due to internal conical ring obstacles in an impinging jet solar air heater passage

Nitin Kumar, Anil Kumar, Rajesh Maithani Article 100493

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

Numerical study on the heat transfer performance and eﬃciency in a rectangular duct with new winglet shapes in turbulent ﬂow

Hendrik Gesell, Varchasvi Nandana, Uwe Janoske Article 100490

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

Eﬀect of air bubble injection on the thermal performance of a ﬂat plate solar collector Hasan S. Khwayyir, Ali Sh. Baqir, Hiba Q. Mohammed

Article 100476

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

Optimizing rectangular ﬁns for natural convection cooling using CFD R.C. Adhikari, D.H. Wood, M. Pahlevani

Article 100484

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

Menu Search in this journal

Submit your article

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

Supports open access

Guide for authors

(8)

CFD analysis of heat transfer enhancement in plate-fin heat sinks with fillet profile:

Investigation of new designs

Basim Freegah, Ammar A. Hussain, Abeer H. Falih, Hossein Towsyfyan Article 100458

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

Convective heat transfer from an inclined isothermal ﬁn array: A computational study Krishna Roy, Biplab Das

Article 100487

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

A simpliﬁed heat transfer model of a closed refrigerated display cabinet Nattawut Chaomuang, Onrawee Laguerre, Denis Flick

Article 100494

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

Numerical investigations of heat transfer enhancement in a house shaped-corrugated channel: Combination of nanoﬂuid and geometrical parameters

Raheem K. Ajeel, W.S-I.W. Salim, Khalid Hasnan Article 100376

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

Thermo-economic optimization of a nanoﬂuid based organic Rankine cycle: A multi- objective study and analysis

Parth P. Prajapati, Vivek K. Patel Article 100381

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

Numerical and experimental investigation of melting characteristics of phase change material-RT58

Ajay Kumar Yadav, Teja Donepudi, Bhargav Sriram Siddani

Menu Search in this journal

Submit your article

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

Supports open access

Guide for authors

(9)

Article 100378

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

Thermal energy performance of an academic building with sustainable probing and optimization with evolutionary algorithm

Abhishek Sanjay Jain, Pranaynil Saikia, Dibakar Rakshit Article 100374

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

Experimental study on thermal storage and heat transfer performance of microencapsulated phase-change material slurry

Zhirui Bai, Yubo Miao, Hongtao Xu, Qiang Gao Article 100362

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

Experimental study of the temperature variations in a standing wave loudspeaker driven thermoacoustic refrigerator

Mahmoud A. Alamir Article 100361

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

Experimental study of thermal performance in a closed loop pulsating heat pipe with alternating superhydrophobic channels

Luis Betancur, Daniele Mangini, Marcia Mantelli, Marco Marengo Article 100360

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

Performance analysis of hybrid photovoltaic thermal solar system in Iraq climate condition

Omar Mohammed Hamdoon, Omar Rafae Alomar, Badran Mohammed Salim Article 100359

Menu Search in this journal

Submit your article

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

Supports open access

Guide for authors

(10)

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

Experimental investigation of the separation performance of oil/water mixture by compact conical axial hydrocyclone

Jaseer E. Hamza, Hussain H. Al-Kayiem, Tamiru A. Lemma Article 100358

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

An experimental investigation into engine characteristics fueled with Lal ambari biodiesel and its blends

Pankaj Shrivastava, Tikendra Nath Verma Article 100356

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

Investigation of a novel small-sized bifacial cavity PTC and comparison with conventional conﬁgurations

Dimitrios N. Korres, Christos Tzivanidis Article 100355

Purchase PDF Article preview

Review article Abstract only

Next generation biofuels derived from thermal and chemical conversion of the Greek transport sector

Katerina G. Tsita, Spyros J. Kiartzis, Nikolaos K. Ntavos, Petros A. Pilavachi Article 100387

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

Computer simulation of CH –G222–H behaviour in a non-premixed combustion chamber

M.E.H. Attia, M.T. Chaichan, Z. Driss, A. Khechekhouche Article 100389

4 2

Menu Search in this journal

Submit your article

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

Supports open access

Guide for authors

(11)

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

Simpliﬁed model for estimations of combustion products, adiabatic ﬂame temperature and properties of burned gas

Sompop Jarungthammachote Article 100393

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

Performance of a rack mountable cooling unit in an IT server enclosure

Hosein Moazamigoodarzi, Souvik Pal, Douglas Down, Mohammad Esmalifalak, Ishwar K. Puri Article 100395

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

CFD study of heat transfer in Stirling engine regenerator Panagiotis Bitsikas, Emmanouil Rogdakis, George Dogkas

Article 100492

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

Experimental study the inﬂuence of zeolite size on low-temperature pyrolysis of low- density polyethylene plastic waste

A.A.P. Susastriawan, Purnomo, Aris Sandria Article 100497

Purchase PDF Article preview

Short communication Abstract only

Cold-side temperature optimization of a recuperated closed Brayton cycle for space power generation

Luis F.R. Romano, Guilherme B. Ribeiro Article 100498

Purchase PDF Article preview

Menu Search in this journal

Submit your article

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

Supports open access

Guide for authors

(12)

Research article Abstract only

Numerical simulation of the thermal and hydraulic characteristics of the liquid heat exchanger of the APAA transmitter–receiver module

Yu.E. Nikolaenko, A.V. Baranyuk, S.A. Reva, E.N. Pis'mennyi, F.F. Dubrovka Article 100499

Purchase PDF Article preview

Research article Abstract only

A numerical simulation of burning of pulverized peat fuel in a bidirectional vortex combustor

Oleg A. Evdokimov, Alexander I. Guryanov, Artem S. Mikhailov, Sergey V. Veretennikov Article 100510

Purchase PDF Article preview

Previous vol/issue Next vol/issue

ISSN: 2451-9049

Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V.

Menu Search in this journal

Submit your article

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

Supports open access

Guide for authors

(13)

Contents lists available atScienceDirect

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

journal homepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/tsep

Experimental study the influence of zeolite size on low-temperature pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene plastic waste

A.A.P. Susastriawan

^⁎

, Purnomo, Aris Sandria

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Sains & Teknologi, AKPRIND, Indonesia

A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords:

Plastic Pyrolysis SizeWaste Zeolite

A B S T R A C T

The plastic wastes may need billions of years to degrade naturally due to their slow degradation rate. The accumulation of the plastic wastes becomes a serious problem. Since a plastic is a polymers of hydrocarbon, it has a potential to be converted into oil fuel. In the present work, zeolite based catalytic pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic waste is performed with different zeolite sizes (i.e. 1, 2, and 3 mm in diameter) at low-temperature. The aim of the work is to investigate the effect of zeolite sizes on pyrolysis of LDPE plastic. The results show that smaller zeolite size increases heat transfer rate, pyrolysis temperature, reaction rate, and oil yield. From 1000 g of LDPE plastic, the oil yields are 138, 134, 126 mL for the use of 1, 2, and 3 mm in diameter of the zeolite, respectively. In order to improve the conversion of vapor into oil, the performance of the condenser have to be improved by lowering the temperature of cooling water or increasing heat transfer surface area of the condenser.

1. Introduction

According to Ministry of Environmental and Forestry of Republic of Indonesia [1], plastic waste is the second largest waste after organic waste in Indonesia. As shown inFig. 1, plastic waste grasps 14% of total waste in 2017. The plastic waste mainly comes from bottles of mineral water, food plastic packages, and other plastic packages. The plastic wastes may take billions of years to degrade naturally[2]because their degradation rate is very slow [3]. This leads a huge accumulation in landfill and various natural habitats, i.e. rivers and oceans [4]. This accumulation becomes a problem in the future[5]. Since a plastic is a polymers of hydrocarbon, it has a potential to be converted into oil fuel.

One of the promising ways of taking profit of the energetic of the plastic waste is pyrolysis[6]. Pyrolysis is potential process in waste management sector[7]. Many researchers have worked on plastic pyrolysis and have demonstrated the use of the technology to encounter the plastic waste problem[8-11].

Pyrolysis is a thermochemical conversion of solid biomass into useful energy in the absence of oxygen, resulting a char, a condensable liquids or tars, and a trace amount of gaseous products[12]. Stated by Dhyani et al.[13]and Guedes et al.[14], the main advantage of pyrolysis is that liquid fuel produced can be easily stored and transported.

Depending on the process conditions, the pyrolysis process can be classified into following categories: fast pyrolysis, intermediate

pyrolysis, slow pyrolysis, and hydropyrolysis[13].Table 1shows the difference in parameter and major product between slow and fast pyrolysis. Fast pyrolysis is recommended when liquid fuel is the goal of the pyrolysis.

In order to enhance the process and product of pyrolysis, a catalyst is used to increase reaction rate and hydrocarbon distribution in the liquid product and to reduce optimum pyrolysis temperature. Three common catalysts used in the plastic pyrolysis are Zeolite, FCC, and Silica-Alumina catalyst. Among those three, the zeolite catalyst is extensively applied in the plastic pyrolysis[2]. Catalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste using natural and synthetic zeolite catalysts was conducted by Miandad, et al. [3].

They obtained that the use of both natural and synthetic zeolite catalysts improved the quality of liquid oil by increasing the light hydrocarbon compounds. Other works on zeolite catalytic pyrolysis have been also reported by other researchers[12,15].

Several works on the use of zeolite as a catalyst in plastic pyrolysis have been reported, but none of those works discussed the effect of zeolite’s particle size on characteristics and product yield of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) pyrolysis. In the present work, zeolite based catalytic pyrolysis of LDPE wastes is performed with different zeolite sizes (i.e. 1, 2, and 3 mm in diameter) at low-temperature. The effect of the particle sizes on characteristics and product yield of LDPE pyrolysis are investigated and discussed. In addition, performance of the condenser is also discussed.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2020.100497

Received 6 December 2019; Received in revised form 4 February 2020; Accepted 9 February 2020

⁎Corresponding author.

E-mail address:agung589E@akprind.ac.id(A.A.P. Susastriawan).

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 17 (2020) 100497

T

(14)

2. Materials and method 2.1. Materials

LDPE plastic is widely applied as plastic bags[2]. Thus, only waste of plastic bags are collected from local waste disposal site in Yogyakarta to ensure the plastic is LDPE. The plastic bag is washed and sun dried for two days and crushed into smaller pieces as the feedstock of the pyrolyzer. Natural zeolite catalyst is bought from local market and crushed into smaller size of 1, 2, and 3 mm in diameter.Fig. 2presents the photograph of the LPDE plastic and the zeolite.

2.2. Experimental work

Fig. 3shows the experimental setup in the present work. The setup consists of a pyrolyzer, a condenser, a water tank, an LPG burner, K- type thermocouples and a data logger “GRAPHTEC GL240”. The pyrolyzer, condenser, and water tank are hand-made from Stainless Steel plate with the thickness of 3 mm. The LPG burner and K-type thermocouples are bought from local market in Yogyakarta. The experimental work is performed in batch mode. For 180 min batch operation, 1000 g of the LDPE plastic and 500 g of the zeolite catalyst are fed into the pyrolyzer. The pyrolyzer is heated up using an LPG burner. Tempera- ture at upper part of the pyrolyzer (T1), temperature of the vapor at the condenser inlet (T₂), and temperature of the cooling water (T₃) are measured using the thermocouples and logged into the data logger. The plastic oil is collected every 15 min and weighted. Data of the temperatures and the plastic oil yield for the use of 1, 2, and 3 mm zeolite are analyzed and discussed. Higher heating value (HHV) of the oil is analyzed using Bomb Calorimeter. In addition, performance of the hand-made condenser is also discussed.

3. Results and discussion

Fig. 4presents the temperature profile at upper part of the pyrolyzer (T1) during 180 min batch operation time. The curves indicate that the Fig. 1.Percentage of wastes in Indonesia[1].

Table 1

Parameter and major product of the slow, fast, and flash pyrolysis.

Parameter Pyrolysis

Slow Fast

Temperature Low Moderate

Heating rate Low High

Residence time Long Short

Major product Char Liquid

Fig. 2.Photograph of the plastic waste and the zeolite catalyst.

Fig. 3.Experimental setup and photograph of the plastic oil.

Fig. 4.Temperature profile at upper part of the pyrolyzer.

A.A.P. Susastriawan, et al. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 17 (2020) 100497

2

(15)

temperature at upper part of the pyrolyzer increases faster with the use of the 1 mm zeolite. Heat transfer rate to the feedstock is higher when using the 1 mm zeolite. This is due to larger heat transfer area with the use of 1 mm zeolite than with the use of 2 and 3 mm zeolite. Increasing heat transfer rate to the feedstock causes the pyrolysis temperature increases faster. The temperature at upper part of the pyrolyzer reaches 120 °C within 90 min for the use of the 1 mm zeolite. At the same minutes, the temperatures observed are 90 °C and 50 °C for the use of 2 mm and 3 mm zeolite, respectively. At 180th minute, the temperatures at that location are nearly similar for all zeolite sizes, such that 155 °C. According to Aboulkas et al. [16], LPDE pyrolysis starts to produce oil at temperature of 300 °C. The temperature does not change significantly by adding a catalyst[17]. In the present work, the heat for pyrolysis is obtained from LPG burner. Thus, it is difficult to maintain a proper pyrolysis temperature. However, the temperature at upper part of the pyrolyzer (T₁) can be used to predict the pyrolysis temperature at the bottom of the pyrolyzer. The pyrolysis temperature should be higher than 155 °C. Conduction heat transfer occur in the pyrolyzer from bottom to the top (i.e. from higher temperature to lower temperature). Theoretically, the temperature at the bottom part of the pyrolyzer (i.e. pyrolysis temperature) is higher than 155 °C and prob- ably near to 300 °C.

In general, the trend of oil yield is similar to the pyrolysis temperatures trend for all zeolite size as shown inFigs. 5–7. Comparing all three curves inFig. 5, it can be noticed that oil production starts after 80, 90, and 100 min for the use of 1, 2, and 3 mm zeolite, accordingly.

The oil production begin when the temperature at upper part of the pyrolysis reaches 100 °C. Since the pyrolysis temperature increases faster for the use of 1 mm zeolite, shorter time is required to start the production of the plastic oil. The increase in temperature affects the oil production positively. The temperature in the pyrolysis process in- dicates the necessary heat for the decomposition of the plastic bonds.

The conversion efficiency increases with increasing temperature[13].

However, very high temperatures give negative effect on oil production. It is because at very high temperature there is a secondary cracking of the volatiles, which results in a higher gas yield. Pyrolysis temperature of LDPE is considered high when the process was conducted at temperature higher than 550 °C. Marcilla et al. [18]conducted LDPE pyrolysis at temperature of 550 °C. No other reported work on LPDE pyrolysis was performed at temperature higher than 550 °C. Besides increasing heat transfer area, reducing size of the zeolite also improves contact area between the LDPE and the zeolite. Im- proving contact area leads in enhancing the pyrolysis reaction rate.Fig. 6.

In the present work, the pyrolysis temperature at the bottom part of the pyrolyzer should be higher than 300 °C According to Aboulkas et al.

[16], pyrolysis temperature of LDPE at which oil production begin was

300 °C. Pyrolysis temperature range at which conversion of the plastic begin can be indicated by their thermal degradation temperature which is depended on plastic type [2]. Various pyrolysis temperatures of specific plastic have been investigated. For high-density polyethylene (HDPE), the pyrolysis temperatures observed are 300–400° [8], 450–550[9]. Meanwhile for low-density polyethylene (LDPE), Onwu- dili et al.[19]performed LDPE pyrolysis at temperature of 425 °C, Bagri and William[20]conducted LDPE pyrolysis at temperature of 500 °C, and LDPE pyrolysis was conducted at temperature of 550 °C by Marcilla et al.[18].

Figs. 8and9display the total oil yield and weight percentage of the product and residue after 180 min pyrolysis. FromFig. 8, the oil yields are 138, 134, 126 mL for the use of 1, 2, and 3 mm zeolite, respectively.

Those volume of oils have a weight of 103.5, 100.5, and 94.5 g, accordingly. In weight percentage, the highest oil yield is 6.9 wt% which is obtained for the use 1 mm zeolite as shown inFig. 9. The highest oil yield obtained at 1 mm zeolite is due to the highest reaction rate with the use of 1 mm zeolite. The oil yield in the present work is much lower than that obtained by Marcilla et al.[18]who obtained oil yield of 93.1 wt% when carried out LDPE pyrolysis in a batch reactor at 550 °C with heating rate of 5 °C/min. This may due to uncontrolled heating rate and much lower of pyrolysis temperature in the present work. To obtain more precise measurement of oil yield, the digital measurement device should be used. This may reduce uncertainty in device reading during the experimental work.

Meanwhile, Fig. 10 presents higher heating value (HHV) of the plastic oil. The use of 1 mm zeolite produces plastic oil with the highest Fig. 5.An effect of pyrolysis temperature on oil production using 1 mm zeolite.

Fig. 6.An effect of pyrolysis temperature on oil production using 2 mm zeolite.

Fig. 7.An effect of pyrolysis temperature on oil production using 3 mm zeolite.

3

(16)

HHV. The HHV of the oil with the use of 1, 2, and 3 mm zeolite are 45.47, 45.08, and 45.08 MJ/kg. These HHVs are nearly similar to the HHV of gasoline and diesel fuel. In terms of density, oil from LDPE pyrolysis seems comparable with the commercial standard value of both gasoline and diesel[2]. Desai and Galage[21]found that LDPE oil has a density of 0.78 which is similar to that of gasoline [8]. From measurement of volume and mass of the oil yield, the density of the oil is calculated to be 0.75 in the present work. This value is nearly similar to that of gasoline. Since the HHV and density of the oil are almost similar to that of gasoline, the oil obtained from LDPE pyrolysis in the present work could be used as a fuel of spark ignition engine.

In addition, overall performance of the condenser is analyzed based onFig. 9andFig. 11. Weight percentages of the oil are lower than that of the gas and the char for all zeolite sizes. Much lower the oil percentage is due to low condensation rate of the vapor in the condenser.

Heat transfer rate from the vapor to the cooling water is low. This phenomenon is indicated by the temperature difference between vapor temperature at the condenser inlet and the temperature of cooling water which is relatively small as shown byFig. 11. In order to increase oil yield, performance of the condenser could be improved by lowering the temperature of the cooling water to 15 °C[22]or increasing heat transfer surface area of the condenser. Improving heat transfer rate will enhance condensation rate, resulting more vapor is converted into oil.

4. Conclusion

Experimental work of catalytic pyrolysis of the LPDE plastic waste is been conducted in batch pyrolyzer using different zeolite size (i.e. 1, 2, and 3 mm in diameter) at low-temperature. It can be concluded that zeolite size impacts the pyrolysis process and oil yield. Smaller zeolite size increases heat transfer rate, pyrolysis temperature, reaction rate, and oil yield. The pyrolysis temperature plays major role in oil yield. Oil yield increases as increasing in pyrolysis temperature. However, oil yield percentage is relatively low compared to gas yield and remaining char. Condensation rate of the vapor in the condenser is very low. The performance of the condenser have to be improved by lowering the temperature of the cooling water or increasing heat transfer surface area of the condenser.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank Department of Mechanical Engineering-Institut Sains & Teknologi AKPRIND for the facilities pro- vided to conduct the experiment in the present work.

References

[1] Ministry of Environmental and Forestry of Republic of Indonesia, Information system of waste management (Sistem informasi pengelolaan sampah), (2019), Jakarta.

Fig. 8.Total liquid yield.

Fig. 9.Percentage of liquid, gas, and char.

Fig. 10.HHV of the liquid product.

Fig. 11.Average temperature of vapor and cooling water of the condenser.

4

(17)

[2] S.D.A. Sharuddin, F. Abnisa, W.M.A.W. Daud, M.K. Aroua, A review on pyrolysis of plastic wastes, Energy Convers. Manage. 115 (2016) 308–326.

[3] R. Miandad, M.A. Barakat, M. Rehan, A.S. Aburiazaiza, I.M.I. Ismail, A.S. Nizami, Plastic waste to liquid oil through catalytic pyrolysis using natural and synthetic zeolite catalysts, Waste Manage. 69 (2017) 66–78.

[4] P. Das, P. Tiwari, The effect of slow pyrolysis on the conversion of packaging waste plastics (PE and PP) into fuel, Waste Manage. 79 (2018) 615–624.

[5] E. Hartulistiyoso, F.A.P.A.G. Sigiro, M. Yulianto, Temperature distribution of the plastics Pyrolysis process to produce fuel at 450°C, Procedia Environ. Sci. 28 (2015) 234–241.

[6] F. Paradela, F. Pinto, A.M. Ramos, I. Gulyurtlu, I. Cabrita, Study of the slow batch pyrolysis of mixtures of plastics, tyres and forestry biomass wastes, J. Anal. Appl.

Pyrolysis 85 (2009) 392–398.

[7] D. Czajczynska, L. Anguilano, H. Ghazal, R. Krzyzynska, A.J. Reynolds, N. Spencer, H. Jouhara, Potential of pyrolysis processes in the waste management sector, Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 3 (2017) 171–197.

[8] I. Ahmad, M.I. Khan, H. Khan, M. Ishaq, R. Tariq, K. Gul, Pyrolysis study of polypropylene and polyethylene into premium oil products, Int. J Green Energy 12 (2014) 663–671.

[9] S. Kumar, R.K. Singh, Recovery of hydrocarbon liquid from waste high density polyethylene by thermal pyrolysis, Braz. J. Chem. Eng. 28 (2011) 659–667.

[10] M.A. Uddin, K. Koizumi, K. Murata, Y. Sakata, Thermal and catalytic degradation of structurally different types of polyethylene into fuel oil, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 56 (1996) 37–44.

[11] J. Aguado, D.P. Serrano, G. San Miguel, M.C. Castro, S. Madrid, Feedstock recycling of polyethylene in a two-step thermo-catalytic reaction system, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol.

79 (2007) 415–423.

[12] S.S.Z. Salmasi, M.S.A. Abadi, M.N. Haghighi, H. Abedini, The effect of different zeolite based catalysts on the pyrolysis of poly butadiene rubber, Fuel 160 (2015) 544–548.

[13] V. Dhyani, T. Bhaskar, A comprehensive review on the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, Renewable Energy 129 (2018) 695–716.

[14] R.E. Guedes, A.S. Luna, A.R. Torres, Operating parameters for bio-oil production in biomass pyrolysis: a review, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 129 (2018) 134–149.

[15] G.B. Chen, Y.H. Li, G.L. Chen, W.T. Wu, Effects of catalysts on pyrolysis of castor meal, Energy 119 (2017) 1–9.

[16] A. Aboulkas, K. El harfi, A. El Bouadili, Thermal degradation behaviors of polyethylene and polypropylene. Part I: Pyrolysis kinetics and mechanisms, Energy Convers. Manage. 51 (2010) 1363–1369.

[17] A. Marcilla, A. Gomez-Siurana, F. Valde, Catalytic cracking of low-density polyethylene over H-Beta and HZSM-5 zeolites: influence of the external surface Kinetic model, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 92 (2007) 197–204.

[18] A. Marcilla, M.I. Beltrán, R. Navarro, Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of polyethylene over HZSM5 and HUSY zeolites in a batch reactor under dynamic conditions, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 86 (2009) 78–86.

[19] J.A. Onwudili, N. Insura, P.T. Williams, Composition of products from the pyrolysis of polyethylene and polystyrene in a closed batch reactor: effects of temperature and residence time, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 86 (2009) 293–303.

[20] R. Bagri, P.T. Williams, Catalytic pyrolysis of polyethylene, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 63 (2002) 29–41.

[21] S.B. Desai, C.K. Galage, Production and analysis of pyrolysis oil from waste plastic in Kolhapur city, Int. J. Eng. Res. Gen. Sci. 3 (2015) 590–595.

[22] S. Papari, K. Hawboldt, A review on condensing system for biomass pyrolysis process, Fuel Process. Technol. 180 (2018) 1–13.

5

(18)

CiteScore

.

⁼

Calculated on May,

CiteScoreTracker

.

⁼

Last updated on April, • Updated monthly

Source details

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

Scopus coverage years: from to Present Publisher: Elsevier

E-ISSN: -

Subject area:

Chemical Engineering: Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes

Source type: Journal

View all documents

▻

Set document alert



Save to source list Source Homepage

CiteScore

. ^

SJR

. ^

SNIP

. ^

CiteScore CiteScore rank & trend Scopus content coverage

i Improved CiteScore methodology

CiteScore counts the citations received in - to articles, reviews, conference papers, book chapters and data papers published in - , and divides this by the number of publications published in - . Learn more

▻

×



, Citations - Documents -



, Citations to date Documents to date

CiteScore rank

Category Rank Percentile

Chemical Engineering

/ th



Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes

View CiteScore methodology

▻

CiteScore FAQ

▻

Add CiteScore to your site

🔗

Author search Sources Create account Sign in

(19)

also developed by scimago: SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS Scimago Journal & Country Rank

Home Journal Rankings Country Rankings Viz Tools Help About Us

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

COUNTRY United Kingdom

SUBJECT AREA AND CATEGORY

Chemical Engineering

PUBLISHER

Elsevier Ltd.

PUBLICATION TYPE

Journals

ISSN

24519049

COVERAGE

2017- 2020 Enter Journal Title, ISSN or Publisher Name

Universities and research institutions in United Kingdom

Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes

Submit Your

Manuscript With Us

Our Journals are Peer-Reviewed & Open Access. Publish With Us & Reach a Wider Audience.

hindawi.com

Open

(20)

Metrics based on Scopus® data as of April 2021

Besghaier Rabia 3 months ago

i want know the impact factor of this journal reply

documents signed by researchers from more than one country; that is including more than one country address.

Year International Collaboration

three year windows vs. those documents other than research articles, reviews and conference papers.

Documents Year Value

Cited documents Uncited documents

Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three years windows, that have been cited at least once vs. those not cited during the following year.

Documents Year Value

Uncited documents 2017 0 Uncited documents 2018 12 Uncited documents 2019 46

U it d d t 2020 48

←Show this widget in your own website Just copy the code below and paste within your html code:

<a href="https://www.scimag

SCImago GraphicaSCImago GraphicaSCImago Graphica Explore, visuallyExplore, visuallyExplore, visually

communicate and makecommunicate and makecommunicate and make sense of data with our sense of data with our sense of data with our newnewnew free toolfree toolfree tool...

Get it

Cek Kemampuan TOEFL Disini

Belajar TOEFL iBT Dengan Metode Interaktif & Intensif Selama 2 Dapatkan Diskon 20%!

english-academy.id

Lea

Ads by

Stop seeing this ad Why this ad?

B

Melanie Ortiz 3 months ago

Dear Besghaier, thank you very much for your comment. SCImago Journal and Country Rank uses Scopus data, our impact indicator is the SJR (Check it on our website). We suggest you consult the Journal Citation Report for other indicators (like Impact Factor) with a Web of Science data source. Best Regards, SCImago Team

M

SCImago Team

27.5 30

250 500

2017 2018 2019 2020

0 250 500