Air pollution is recognized as one of the major contributors to the global environmental burden of disease. Air pollution and health effects, Health Risk Assessment and Management; Air quality management: techniques and policy aspects; and Environmental Impacts of Air Pollution.
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IntRoduCtIon
However, primary pollutants do not by themselves cause all the adverse effects of air pollution. The measurement of air quality and the understanding of its impact provide a sound scientific basis for its management and for the control of air pollution sources.
An important step in developing an effective monitoring program is to assess where air quality in the region is likely to be degraded or at risk, and where monitoring should therefore be conducted. Areas of high natural environmental value (eg in and around natural .. parks, forests, wilderness and wetlands).
- S election of c ontaminantS for a ir Q uality m onitoring
- S election of m onitoring S iteS
- e Quipment m aintenance and i nSpection
A record of calibration procedures and history should be kept and made available upon request. A general description of site characteristics and any local sources of air pollution should be included.
- H igH -p reciSion i nStrumental m etHodS
- l ower -l eVel i nStrumental m etHodS
- m anual p articulate m etHodS
- m anual w et -c Hemical m etHodS
Passive samplers are typically used for surveying or to classify areas of low, medium, or high pollution levels based on long-term (usually monthly) sampling. Passive samplers are often used to measure trace gases such as O3, SO2 and NO2 in rural or remote areas.
- m eaSurement of pm
- direct mass measurement techniques
- Indirect mass measurement techniques
- e nricHment f actor (ef) a nalySiS
- cmB m etHodS
- Cluster analysis
- factor analysis, pCa, and pmf
- target transformation factor analysis
- multiple linear Regression
The operating costs are very similar to those of the lower level instrumental monitors (Larsen et al., 1999). Furthermore, the temperature and humidity history of the dust-laden filter greatly affects the actual mass on the filter (Allen et al., 1997; . Eatough et al., 2003).
Measurement Methods to Determine Compliance with Ambient Air Quality Standards for Suspended Particulate Matter, Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association. Mobile Measuring Systems for Outdoor Air Quality Monitoring Staff Workshop—Internal Report. Quality Assurance in Urban Air Quality Monitoring, World Health Organization, Geneva (GEMS/AIR Methodology Review Handbook Series, Vol.
IntRoduCtIon
In this regard, recent advances in inverse modeling, in the form of data assimilation (Sandu et al., 2005; Carmichael et al., 2008), have shown great promise in improving model performance through optimal computation of initial conditions (Chai) et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2008) or emission input (Pan et al., 2007) by a systematic comparison of observations and modeled concentrations. In addition, inverse methods have been used to analyze which geographic areas have the greatest influence on nonattainment of pollution standards (Hakami et al., 2006). Furthermore, inverse modeling has been used to identify the location of unknown sources of air pollution again by combining observations and model values (Bady et al., 2009).
- B ox m odel
- cfd m odel
Indeed, an important part of the air pollution modeling process is the reduction of model errors, be it through systematic (inverse modelling) or unsystematic (brute force sensitivity analysis) evaluation. The box is assumed to be moving and the model follows the path of the box. Stokes equation (Equation 3.9) and the continuity equation (Equation 3.10) when the flow field is idealized as laminar flow.
CommeRCIal and open souRCe softWaRe
- box models
- gaussian models
- lagrangian/eulerian models
- Cfd models
- eulerian and lagrangian models
The Air Pollution Model (TAPM): This model was developed by the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIR) (Hurley et al., 2005). This model has been used both for policy-oriented applications and for operational air quality forecasting in Europe (Calori et al., 2008). This model has been used to evaluate and improve emission inventory estimates in the United States (Mena-Carrasco et al., 2007).
- a rtificial n eural n etwork m odelS
- f uzzy l ogic -B aSed m odeling
- S election of an a ppropriate m odeling S cHeme
- t ime S erieS a nalySiS
- m etHodology of t ime S erieS m odeling
- p reparation and p reliminary i nVeStigation of d ata
- c orrelogram a nalySiS
- e Stimation of p arameterS
- a pplication of t ime S erieS a nalySiS
The output of a node in a layer depends on the input it receives from the nodes of the previous layer to which it is connected and the corresponding weight. A tentative model can be specified based on the shape of the autocorrelation function and the partial autocorrelation function. The results of this analysis of 19 stations are used for further spatio-temporal data analysis.
Case studIes
- using Calmet + Calpuff to define geographical extension of nonattainment areas
- using WRf-Chem for Regional modeling of ozone in Chile
- deterministic air quality forecasting in Chile
- Regional air quality forecasting in support of voCals Campaign
- Inverse modeling of emissions Inventories in asia during trace-p Campaign
- linear Regression models in santiago, Chile
- application of ann: a Case study from delhi
A series of surveys conducted in Dhaka led to the creation of an inventory of the physical location of brick kiln clusters. After air pollution modelling, the co-benefits analysis of the action plan proposed by the local authorities for 2010 and 2020 was carried out. The co-benefits of the action plan were carried out using the methodologies presented in Lvovsky et al.
An overview of the governing equations, computational algorithms, and other components of the Community Model 3 Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system. Improving air quality forecasts and knowledge of local meteorological conditions in the metropolitan region, Informe final, CONAMA. Integrated air quality modeling to assess street air quality according to council directives.
IISection
IntRoduCtIon
- i ndian p erSpectiVe
Therefore, research has begun to assess the dependence of indoor air pollution concentrations on outdoor levels of industrial and urban air pollution concentrations. This situation leads to some of the highest levels of indoor air pollution ever recorded, in According to the World Health Organization (WHO), indoor air pollution due to biomass smoke is one of the greatest environmental risk factors for ill health of any kind (Bruce et al., 2000).
IndooR aIR pollutIon: theIR souRCes and Causes IAQ is defined as “air in an occupied space towards which a substantial majority of
- p arameterS of iaQ
- S ick B uilding S yndrome
Uncontrolled indoor temperature and humidity conditions can also generate odor and bioaerosols—the fungi, molds, and other disease-causing microbes. The "volumetric air flow rates" (infiltration rates), the "air leakage" and the "air density", the "age of air" and the "CO2 concentration" are the parameters that can quantify the ventilation. There are several measurement techniques available in the literature to quantify these parameters of the ventilation, namely the "trace gas decay method", the "pulse injection method", "constant injection", the "decay method", the "pressure test method" and so on (Persily, 1989).
InvestIgatIng Iaq pRoblems
The starting point in the development of an IAQ model is usually a statement of the mass balance regarding the pollutant of interest (Figure 4.2). Part of the building's air is recirculated through another filter at a rate q1, and air infiltrates the structure at a rate q2. Despite the widespread use of the well-mixed assumption, there is evidence that indoor air concentrations are not spatially homogeneous in many cases.
IndooR aIR pollutIon and health effeCts
Depending on the total number of young children, indoor exposure could be responsible for 4-6% of the global disease burden. In comparison, urban air pollution is estimated to be responsible for 1–2% of the global burden of disease. Perinatal effects (stillbirth; low birth weight; and death or illness during the first two weeks after birth) account for 8.8% of India's burden of disease.
IndooR aIR pollutIon ContRol
Dilution or ventilation of the indoor air with the outside air or filtered recycled air. The Indoor Air Quality Management Group of the HKSAR, Hong Kong, www.aa-lab.com/air/iaq.html. Indoor air pollution in developing countries: growing evidence of its role in the global burden of disease.
IntRoduCtIon
- S cope of tHe w ork and o BjectiVe of tHe S tudy
Biomass fuel use as a source of household energy is even more in Bangladesh and Nepal, where 88% and 80% of the population, respectively, rely on biomass fuels for household cooking. In rural India, ovens are not vented to the outside, kitchens are often poorly ventilated, and half of households do not have separate kitchens (Mishra et al., 1999). However, the level of IAP from biomass fuel use in rural households in India, its effects on the respiratory and systemic health of the women who cook with these fuels, and the possible mechanism of such effects at the cellular and subcellular levels are largely unknown as much clinicians, scientists, and administrators have paid little attention to this important public health problem.
- e Valuation of r eSpiratory H ealtH
- m eaSurement of iap
- r eproductiVe t oxicity of B iomaSS S moke e xpoSureS
Chromosomal breaks were examined by micronucleus (MN) assay (Tolbert et al., 1991) and DNA damage by single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay, Singh et al., 1988), and antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) was measured in plasma by spectrophotometry. A neurobehavioral symptom questionnaire, adapted from the subjective symptom questionnaire accompanying the WHO Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery, Wechsler's Memory Scale (Wechsler, 1945), and 21-item Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck et al., 1961) were administered to them. The concentrations of dopamine (DA), epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) in blood plasma were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography while plasma cholinesterase was determined spectrophotometrically according to the procedure developed by Ellman et al.
- p articulate p ollution in c ooking a reaS
- Rise in Respiratory symptoms
- asthma
- Reduction in lung function
- adverse Cellular lung Reaction
- Rise in Copd
- a dVerSe e ffectS on f emale r eproductiVe S yStem .1 alterations in menstrual Cycle length
- spontaneous abortion
- low birth Weight and stillbirth
- d epletion of a ntioxidant d efenSe
- Chromosomal breakage
- dna damage
- Cancer Risk
- Changes in neurotransmitter level
Both of these factors may also be an important predictor of prolonged menstrual cycle length (Thurston et al., 2000). Short-term exposure to biomass smoke has also been shown to reduce plasma antioxidant levels in rabbits (Sezer et al., 2006). Long-term exposure to high levels of air pollution can cause brain damage (Calderon-Garciduenas et al., 2002).
ConClusIon
- S ourceS of a ir p ollution in u rBan i ndia
- exponential growth in the number of motor vehicles
- traffic Congestion and low traffic speed
- poor fuel quality and adulteration
- poor vehicle maintenance
- e miSSionS from d omeStic S ourceS
Indoor air pollution from biomass burning and acute respiratory infections in Kenya: an exposure response study. Health effects of exposure to indoor air pollution from solid fuels in developing countries: knowledge, gaps and data needs. Indoor air pollution from biomass fuels and respiratory health of exposed population in Nepalese households.
ConstItuents of polluted aIR
- c oarSe p articleS (pm 10 )
- a ccumulation m ode or f ine p articleS (pm 2.5 )
- n uclei m ode or u ltrafine p articleS
- So 2 and no x
- c arBon m onoxide
- p olycyclic a romatic H ydrocarBonS
A modest increase in PM2.5 levels has been shown to be associated with changes in cardiac function (Mar et al., 2005). Airborne bacterial and viral infections in allergic asthmatics further increase the risk of hospitalization (Murray et al., 2006). Pollen exposure is usually associated with respiratory allergy and eosinophil accumulation in the nasopharynx and airways (Onbasi et al., 2005).
- e xceSS m ortality
- i ncreaSed m orBidity
- a dditiVe and S ynergiStic e ffectS of a irBorne p ollutantS
For example, each year 500,000 deaths occur in China due to air pollution compared to 60,000 deaths in the United States. Air pollution is associated with increased risk of acute respiratory infections, the leading cause of infant and child mortality in the developing world (Bendahmane, 1997). Besides lung diseases, air pollution is significantly associated with cardiac and vascular problems (von Klot et al., 2005; Maheswaran et al., 2005; Mills et al., 2005).
