ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITIES

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ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITIES

By

Jevon Ardy Santoso 11405015

BACHELOR’S DEGREE in

FOOD TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY The Prominence Tower

Jalan Jalur Sutera Barat No. 15, Alam Sutera Tangerang, Banten 15143 – Indonesia

August 2018

Revision after the Thesis Defense on July 24^th, 2018

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Jevon Ardy Santoso STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.

Jevon Ardy Santoso

____________________________________________

Student Date

Revision after the Thesis Defense on July 24^th, 2018

Approved by:

Della Rahmawati S.Si, M.Si

___________________________________________

Thesis Advisor Date

Maria D.P.T. Gunawan Puteri S.TP, M.Sc, Ph.D ____________________________________________

Thesis Co-Advisor Date

Dr. Dipl. -Ing. Samuel P. Kusumocahyo

____________________________________________

Dean Date

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Jevon Ardy Santoso ABSTRACT

SELECTION OF Stenochlaena palustris EXTRACTS BASED ON ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITIES

By

Jevon Ardy Santoso Della Rahmawati S.Si, M.Si, Advisor

Maria D.P.T. Gunawan Puteri S.TP, M.Sc, Ph.D.,Co-Advisor SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY

Stenochlaena palustris is a tropical fern which is abundant and widely spread in Southeast Asia, Polynesia and Australia. It is usually called as kalakai or miding by local people in southeast Asia. Previous study showed Stenochlaena palustris extracts to have alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities and potent to be added as ingredient in food product. This study focused on the selection of extracts of Kalakai towards AGI activities to be added as ingredient of food product (food-safe). In this study, the suitable solvent, particle size, extraction times and ratios were selected based on AGI activity. Ethanol-water 96% extract showed highest inhibition towards alpha- glucosidase enzyme (approximately 33%). Ethanol-water 96% then was used to do extraction towards various particle sizes (fine, coarse, unmilled), ratios (1:10, 1:20, 1:30) and times (24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours) and the result was selected based on its AGI level. Fine powder performed highest inhibition towards alpha-glucosidase enzyme effect towards AGI compared to other particle sizes. Extraction ratio 1:10 was the suitable ratio which was considered to be efficiently used. One day extraction was found to be effective extraction time.

Keywords: Stenochlaena palustris, Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, Extraction, particle size, Extraction time, Extraction ratio, Extraction solvent.

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Jevon Ardy Santoso

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Jevon Ardy Santoso DEDICATION

I dedicate this thesis works for the almighty God. I also dedicate this works for my beloved family, supportive friends and for a better education In Indonesia.

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Jevon Ardy Santoso ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, I would like to thank God who always give me blessings and guidance to complete this thesis works.

I would like to give the biggest gratitude to my lovely family, especially to both of my parents who had always support me financially and mentally to encounter any obstacles during thesis work.

I am extremely thankful to Mrs. Della Rahmawati S.Si, M.Si and my thesis co-advisor Mrs. Maria D.P.T. Gunawan Puteri S.TP, M.Sc, Ph.D who was always ready whenever I ran into a trouble spot or had a question about my research or writing and encourage me to finish this thesis works.

I would like to thank whole Life Sciences family, from the dean, lecturers, especially the laboratory staffs who helped me and encouraged me to encounter problems during thesis works.

I would also express many thanks to my friends especially from LS faculty intake batch 2014 family, who always being supportive and always cheer me up when I was in hard position.

I hope this work would be beneficial for who take interest in the same field. This work is also far from perfect, therefore criticism and suggestion are always welcomed.

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Jevon Ardy Santoso TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR ... 2

ABSTRACT ... 3

DEDICATION ... 5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... 6

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... 7

LIST OF FIGURES ... 9

LIST OF TABLES ... 10

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ... 11

1.1 Background ... 11

1.2 Research Problems ... 12

1.3 Research Objectives ... 12

1.4 Significance of Studies ... 13

1.5 Research Questions ... 13

1.6 Hypothesis... 13

CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW ... 14

2.1 Stenochlaena palustris ... 14

2.2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) ... 15

2.3 Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors ... 16

2.4 Maceration ... 18

2.5 Particle Size Distribution (PSD) ... 18

2.6 Alkaloid... 18

CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH METHODS ... 20

3.1 Venue And Time ... 20

3.2 Materials And Equipment ... 20

3.2.1 Raw Material ... 20

3.2.2 Chemicals ... 20

3.2.3 Equipment ... 20

3.3 Design Of Experiment ... 21

3.4 Experimental Procedure ... 23

3.4.1 Sample Preparation ... 23

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Jevon Ardy Santoso

3.4.2.1 Aqueous Extraction ... 24

3.4.2.2 Ethanol-Water 96% Extraction ... 24

3.4.2.3 Ethanol-Water 50% Extraction ... 24

3.4.2.4 Extraction Towards Various Particle Sizes, Ratio and Time ... 24

3.4.3 Αlpha-Glucosidase Inhibition Assay Preparation ... 25

3.4.3.1 Reagent Preparation ... 25

3.4.3.2 Enzyme Preparation ... 25

3.4.4 Alkaloid Qualitative Test Preparation ... 26

3.5 Analytical Procedure ... 26

3.5.1 Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibition Method ... 26

3.5.2 Alkaloid Qualitative Analysis ... 27

3.5.3 Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibition Type Determination ... 27

3.6 Statistical Analysis ... 29

CHAPTER 4 – RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS... 30

4.1 Sample Preparation of Stenochlaena palustris ... 30

4.2 Stage 1: Extraction Solvent Selection ... 32

4.3 Stage 2: Extraction with Suitable Solvent Towards Various Particle Sizes, Extraction Ratios And Times ... 36

CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATIONS ... 42

5.1 Conclusion ... 42

5.2 Recommendations ... 42

GLOSSARY ... 43

REFERENCES ... 44

APPENDICES ... 48

CURRICULUM VITAE ... 72