It can also be used to learn resident behavior patterns (e.g. Hagras et al. [2004] – see section 2.5 in this study). Another is the adjustment of such functions based on the home's knowledge of the residents' preferences.
Hagras et al. [2004] iDorm
To predict the inhabitant's actions, a compression algorithm called LZ78 [Ziv and Lampel 1978] is used along with a history of the inhabitant's interactions with entities in the environment. The purpose of the experiments in both settings has been to minimize the resident's manual interaction with devices.
AMI APPLICATION: DOMESTIC CARE OF THE ELDERLY, ASSISTED LIVING
Niemela et al. [2007]
The pill box communicates with a mobile phone through a wireless connection such as Bluetooth and can display the time record of the pill openings and closings on the mobile phone (assumed to represent the taking of medication). The Finnish groups were more concerned than the Spanish about privacy and security of the data collected by such systems.
Event-Condition-Action (ECA) Rules for Smart Homes for elderly care
This care plan can then provide information for the designers of the ECA rules for monitoring and taking actions. In general, the informal care plan can be regarded as an informal specification of the ECA rules.
Abductive Logic Programming for Smart Homes for Elderly Care
In the medication assistance system, pill bottles are assumed to have sensors that can monitor when a dose is dispensed from the bottle. On this basis, abductive logic programming is used to issue reminders of when to take the next dose, according to the time of the last intake and the required frequency. Also, in response to a drug being taken, reminders are issued for any dietary restrictions that must be followed, for example, you must not drink tea or coffee for the next two hours.
AMI APPLICATION: HEALTH CARE
Kofod-Peterson and Aamodt [2006]
Then, to solve the new problem, the solution of the old appropriate case is adapted to the new problem. The sensitivity layer, which receives the target recognized by the consciousness layer, along with what is known through the perception layer about the artifacts present. For each goal, the sensitivity layer has a set of tasks that will achieve the goal.
Olav Hospital in Trondheim in the summer of 2005, where a student followed various health professionals and recorded the activities and events. An example case is a pre-meeting in which the duty doctor and nurse participate, and it takes place in the morning. This may be the best match for an observed situation of an encounter that takes place in a doctor's office in the morning between a nurse and another person who has a role of patient care.
Corchado et al. [2008]
AMI APPLICATIONS: SHOPS, SHOPPING, RECOMMENDER SYSTEMS, BUSINESS
The customer's agent writes the customer's book type preference to the tuple space (eg
The idea is to move smoothly from displaying items of interest to one customer to items of interest to another customer. To achieve this, each client agent has some parameters
Masthoff et al. [2007]
A proof-of-concept implementation is reported here, using JADE for the agents and JavaSpaces for their communication. The owners of the mobile phones register their likes and dislikes in terms of music genres and artists and these profiles are stored in a database accessible to the software agents. The goal is to explore ways to decide which excerpt of music to play next, for example when several people are near the device and their individual preferences are known.
The strategies are inspired by social choice theory and include the average strategy, which takes the average of the individual ratings, and the least misery strategy, which takes the minimum individual rating. One assumption is that the membership of groups of people is constantly changing, and another is that the members are not related (no family or friends), and above all do not influence each other's preferences (no contagion effect). Experiments with human subjects are briefly reported, and one of the results used in the implemented satisfaction function is that the degree to which an individual is satisfied with what has been presented so far influences the degree to which he or she will enjoy what comes next.
Keegan et al. [2008], Easishop
The e-market agent then invites stores within its range to a reverse auction, collects the data, including the prices they offer and the stores' distances to the buyer's last known location, and passes it on to the e-market agent. buyers. As a result of the trigger, the agent releases a commitment to scan for hotspots and informs the buyer's agent of the hotspot. Maps are suggested, which in combination can allow the transfer of the user profile in one domain to another.
For the second phase, it is assumed that there are a priori weighted pairs of some SUM attributes with the attributes of the new domain (service). For example, if the temperature drops too low, the system informs the operator that cutting must be stopped and the temperature increased, otherwise the quality of cutting will be poor. It will maintain a network of thermal, motion and other sensors and hopes to meet the needs and preferences of the building's individual tenants.
AMI APPLICATIONS: MUSEUMS, TOURISM, GROUPS AND INSTITUTIONS, OTHERS In recent years the tourism industry has realized the advantages of providing person-
- Costantini et al. [2008], Heritage Sites
- Petersen and Kofod-Petersen [2006], Tourists
- Groups and Institutions
- Bosse et al. [2008], Driving
The work is part of the Peach project (Personal Experience with Active Cultural Heritage11, which is funded by a national body in Trento, Italy, and involves collaboration between academics in Italy, Germany, the USA and Canada, and heritage organizations in Italy (Castello del Buonconsiglio , Pompeii Excavations) and Germany (Museum Volklinger Huette). For the Villa Adrianna application, the system uses a model of the site in terms of its points of interest (POI). The visitor can provide DALICA with his initial list of interests according to the features used in the definition of POIs.
For the transportation application, each package is equipped with a mobile device that periodically monitors the temperature and humidity and the position of the package. This article describes a scenario about guiding tourists through the city of Trondheim, inspired by one of the ISTAG AmI scenarios [Ducatel et al., 2001]. It can also use the location trackers to provide information about the architecture or history of the buildings, shops and bargains that may be on offer as the tourist passes them in the city.
AMI: OTHER DATA MANAGEMENT AND AI TECHNIQUES
- Context-Aware Data Management
- Planning
- Self Organization
- Embodied Systems - PEIS
- Decision Trees
Another article [van Bunningen et al. 2007] describes a technique for ranking query results according to user preferences, based on a probability function of the user's previous choices. The first is used e.g. to extend the query with a specification of the genre of the TV program when the user needs a TV program in a recognized context. The other is used e.g. to trigger retrieval of the background information of the person who has just entered the room where the user is.
Planning can be used to coordinate the capacity of available resources to deliver a solution or accomplish a task. In this way, goal-directed interaction abstracts devices and functionalities and allows interaction with the system to be based on the user's view/goals rather than the system's view of the world. In smart homes, it is possible to collect sensor data about a person's location, their interaction with appliances (light on/stove on/off) and duration.
AMI: HUMAN INSPIRED AND AFFECTIVE COMPUTING
Herbon et al. [2006]
The self-assessment asked for a rating on the dimensional scale as well as a choice of basic emotions. This appeared to be due to the range of values available along the dimensions, allowing for a more accurate assessment of the emotion. Some subjects then encountered particularly frustrating situations while playing the game, for example network delays.
The assumption is that confusion is related to the pulling down of the forehead and contraction of the eyelids. In AutoTutor, the content of the production rules is inspired by two learning theories; attribution theory [e.g. They also use two sets of sensors: one monitors the condition of the laboratory and machines, the other monitors human movements and human queries.
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND ETHICAL ISSUES
- Bohn et al. [2004]
- Friedewald et al. [2005]
- Van Heerde et al. [2006]
- EU project e-Sense
- Rouvroy [2008]
Personal health monitoring devices for people caught in an accident help paramedics identify those in urgent need of help. In the event of a claim, the cars can provide information about the circumstances of the accident, thereby influencing payment. Addiction to AmI in general can lead to the loss of the ability to manage one's life.
For example, the lifecycle policy may be such that initially the data collected includes a time breakdown and the user ID and URL of the site visited. For these applications, the focus groups consisted of the general public, healthcare professionals (doctors and nurses) and experts from the industrial sector (transport, retail, food processing, logistics). Thus, the article argues that AmI's challenge to privacy and data protection is not only in the collection of data, but also in the interpretation of data that can limit the user's environment, choices and preferences.
CONCLUSION
InProceedings of the workshop on emotional and cognitive issues at the International Conference on Intelligent Guidance Systems. Towards context-aware data management for environmental intelligence, InProceedings of the 15th International Conference on Database and Expert System Applications (DEXA). The Zeno argumentation framework, InProceedings of the 6th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, ACM Press, New York, 10–18.
InProceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications 2005 (WiMob). Distributed AI for Ambient Intelligence: Issues and Approaches, InProceedings of the European Conference on Ambient Intelligence (AmI). In Proceedings of the joint conference on smart objects and environmental intelligence: innovative context-aware services: uses and technologies.
