AMC Drilling Fluids and Testing Handbook

amc@imdexlimited.com amcmud.com

AMC MINERALS

TALLY BOOK

Providing quality drilling fluids, environmental solutions and on site

support to the world

AMC manufactures and supplies a range of innovative drilling fluids and equipment to the mining, waterwell, HDD, CBM, civil construction and tunnelling industries.

The company provides customer-specific solutions and on-site support to optimise the efficiency of

operations worldwide.

Customers trust AMC as a partner for unrivalled support, quality products and environmental

solutions.

Use this handbook with AMC drilling fluids for optimal drilling performance. Contact your AMC representative for assistance or visit our website at www.amcmud.com

TESTING EQUIPMENT

Marsh Funnel

Viscosity is a measurement relating to the flow properties of fluids. The funnel viscosity test can indicate changes in fluid properties, with measurements taken and recorded regularly.

The Marsh Funnel is a simple device routinely used to check fluid viscosity. The Marsh Funnel is conical in shape; 152mm (5.98”) diameter at the top and 305mm (12”) long with a capacity of 1500ml (50.7fl.oz). A 12 mesh screen covers half of the top designed to remove foreign matter and drill cuttings from the fluid. The fluid runs through a fixed orifice at the bottom of the funnel and is collected in the Marsh Cup.

Procedure:

1. Hold the funnel in an upright position with the index finger over the outlet.

2. Pour a freshly obtained sample of fluid through the screen until the fluid level reaches the line just below the bottom of the screen.

3. Remove finger from the outlet and start the stopwatch which directing the discharge into the measuring cup;

measure the time taken for the fluid to fill 946ml or 1 US Quart (mark scribed in the cup). Alternatively, it can be measured in seconds per litre (1L = 1000cc).

4. Report the time to the nearest second as the marsh funnel viscosity. Check hourly or as required while drilling to monitor trends.

Precautions:

1. Check the calibration of the Marsh Funnel with fresh water. Test with the above procedure to get a funnel viscosity of 26 ± 0.5 seconds per quart or 27 ± 0.5 seconds per litre (quart).

2. Clean and dry the funnel and cup thoroughly after each use.

3. Do not bend or flatten the brass orifice at the bottom of the funnel.

Mud Balance

Mud weight or density is measured with the Mud Balance. For all practical purposes density means weight per unit volume and is measured by weighing the mud.

Procedure

1. Remove the lid from the cup and completely fill the cup with mud.

2. Replace the lid and rotate until firmly seated making sure some mud is expelled through the hole in the lid.

3. Wash excess mud from the outside of the cup and dry it thoroughly.

4. Place the balance arm on the base with the knife edge resting on the fulcrum.

5. Slide the rider until the graduated arm is level as indicated by the level vial on the beam.

6. At the edge of the rider closest to the cup read the density or weight of the mud.

7. Report the result to the nearest scale division; as pounds per gallon, kilograms per litre, grams per cubic centimetre or specific gravity.

Sand Content Test Kit

Testing the sand content of a drilling mud is important because sand particles can be extremely abrasive and cause excessive wear on pump parts, drill bits, rod string and other components. Sand can also result in a thick filter cake build up on the walls of the hole or may settle around the tools in the hole when the pump is shut down. It can also contribute to unacceptable mud weights.

Description

The Sand Content Kit determines the volume percent of sand sized particles within the drilling fluid. The kit consists of a graduated glass tube to read percent by volume 0.0 – 20.0 %, a funnel and a 200 mesh sieve (74 micron) engineered into the cylindrical shaped holder.

Procedure

1. Fill the glass measuring tube to the mark indicated with mud. Add water to the next mark. Cover the mouth of the tube with the thumb and shake vigorously.

2. Pour the mixture onto the screen, then add more water to the tube and shake again before pouring onto the screen. Repeat until the wash water is clear. Rinse water over the screen to remove clay particles from the sand.

3. Invert and fit the funnel into the top of the sieve. Insert the tip of the funnel into the mouth of the glass tube. Wash the sand from the screen into the tube by pouring clean water to back flush. Allow the sand to settle. From the graduations on the tube, read the percent by volume sand.

pH

The pH of water is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of water. On a scale of 1 to 14, fresh water has a pH of 7. If the water is acid, the value is less than 7 and if it is alkaline the value is greater than 7. Field measurements of drilling fluid pH are fundamental to drilling fluid control. Clay interaction, solubility of components, contaminants and overall effectiveness of additives are all dependent upon pH.

Procedure

The method commonly used to obtain pH is the colourimetric method using pH indicator sticks. This method is quick and easy and the measurement is accurate to 1.0 – 0.2 pH, depending on the range.

Hardness

Hard water contains dissolved calcium and/or magnesium that make it difficult to mix certain polymers and hydrate bentonite.

An indication of water hardness is difficulty in producing lather with soap. Drilling cement is another common source of calcium contamination. Hardness values should ideally be kept below 400ppm.

Procedure

Water must be treated for low pH and high hardness levels (calcium and magnesium) before products are mixed. SODA ASH raises pH and lowers calcium levels. A pH level of 7 – 10 is acceptable, 8 – 9 is optimal. pH should be tested regularly with test strips.

NOTE: Amounts shown below are a general guide only.

Rating Hardness levels

ppm kg/m3 lb/gal

Soft 0 – 100 0.3 0.1

Slightly hard 100 – 200 0.7 0.25

Hard 200 – 400 1 0.35

Very hard Above 400 1.5 0.53

If water is harder than 1000ppm, we recommend the use of AMC WATER CONDITIONER rather than SODA ASH Chlorides (Salt)

Salt in your drilling fluid can only be treated by diluting it with fresh water. The salt content of make-up water will greatly affect the performance of bentonite muds, wall cake thickness, water loss and mixing ability. Salty water has a minimal effect on powder polymers, but will adversely affect the viscosifying capacity of liquid polymers. The salt content of make-up water, for bentonite muds, should ideally be below 3000ppm chlorides.

SOLIDS CONTENT CALCULATION

Metric (from mud weight % by vol.) = (Mud weight (SG) - 1) x 60

Example: Mud weight = SG 1.13

Solid content = (1.13-1) × 60 = 7.8%

Imperial (from mud weight % by vol.)=

(Mud weight (lb/gal) - 8.33) x 8

Example: Mud weight = lb/gal 10.00

Solid content = (10.00 - 8.33) x 8 = 13.36%

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE CALCULATION

Hydrostatic pressure (BAR)= ^{TVD x SG}

10.2

TVD = True vertical depth (metres) SG = Specific gravity

Example: (350(m) x 1.1 psi / 0.06895)

Hydrostatic pressure (psi) = TVD x ρMud(lb/gal) x 0.052 TVD = True vertical depth (feet)

Example: 1148(ft) x 9.7(lb/gal) x 0.052 = 579.1 psi (To convert to BAR / 14.5)

(To convert to kPa x 6.89)

BARITE WEIGHTING CHART

Weighting up with Barite

Specific Gravity

0.00

1SG = 8.33lb/gal

Minus desired SG from initial SG for sacks required per 1000 lt (eg. SG of 1.18 required with initial SG of 1.02, therefore 10-1+9 sacks per 1000 lt)

1.001.02 1.04 1.06 1.081.10 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.32 1.34 1.36 1.38 1.40 1.42 1.44 1.46 1.48 1.50 1.52 1.54 1.56 1.58 1.60 14.00

16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00 40.00

2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00

BARITE WEIGHTING CALCULATIONS

Metric

BARITE (kg/m³⁾ = ^{4200 (W2 – W1)} 4.2 – W₂

W₁ = Measured mud weight in specific gravity W₂ = Desired mud weight in specific gravity

Imperial

BARITE (lb/bbl) = ^{1470 (W2 – W1)} 35 – W₂ W₁ = Measured mud weight in lb/gal W₂ = Desired mud weight lb/gal

PUMP OUTPUT

The mud pump is the primary factor in the effectiveness of hole cleaning. Common pumps in the industry are triplex, duplex and centrifugal. The duplex is generally the easiest to regulate because the pump rods are visible. By counting the number of strokes per minute the pump output can be accurately determined. For both the triplex and duplex pumps, one stroke is designed as ‘1 up and 1 back for each pump rod’.

By varying the speed of the pump, the number of strokes can be increased or decreased to regulate the pump output.

Smaller triplex pumps, such as ‘Bean’ pumps are very common in diamond drilling operations, the pump rods are enclosed and therefore not visible and cannot be counted. The best method of determining output of these pumps is to measure the output of the pump at a specific RPM in a specific gear in the gearbox. This should be conducted regularly to compensate for wear factors in the pump.

PUMP OUTPUT CALCULATIONS

Duplex Pump Output (Metric) VPump Output (L/stroke) =

2 x OD²_Liner(in.) - ID²_Rod(in.)

x L (in.) x eff (decimal) 38.85

VPump Output (L/stroke) = 2 x OD²_Liner(mm) - ID²_Rod(mm)

x L (mm) x eff (decimal) 636,500

VPump Output = Pump output / stroke ID_Liner = Internal Diameter of liner OD_Rod = Outer Diameter of rod L = Length of pump stroke Eff = Pump efficiency(decimal)

Duplex Pump Output (Imperial) VPump Output (bbl/stroke) =

D₁(in.)² - D_r (in.)²

x V_e x S₁(in.) 2

3088.2

D₁ = Liner diameter D_r = Rod diameter

V_e = Volumetric efficiency (decimal fraction) S₁ = Stroke length

Triplex Pump Output (Metric)

VPump Output(L/stroke) =

ID²_Liner (in.) x L (in.) x Eff (decimal)

25.90

VPump Output= Pump output / stroke ID_Liner = Internal Diameter of liner L = Length of pump stroke Eff = Pump efficiency(decimal)

Triplex Pump Output (Imperial)

VPump Output (bbl/stroke) = ^D1

2 x V_e

x S₁ 4117.7

D₁ = Liner diameter D_r = Rod diameter

V_e = Volumetric efficiency (decimal fraction) S₁ = Stroke length

ANNULAR VELOCITY –

TABLE FOR WATERWELL APPLICATIONS

Hole size (inches) 17.5 4.5 12.25 4.5 8.5 Flow

rate

Flow rate

AV AV AV AV AV

US GPM L/min ft/min m/min ft/min m/min ft/min

50 189 4 1.3 9 2.9 24

75 284 6 2 14 4.3 35

100 379 9 2.6 19 5.7 47

125 473 11 3.3 24 7.2 59

150 568 13 3.9 28 8.6 71

200 757 17 5.2 38 11.5 94

225 852 19 5.9 42 12.9 106

250 946 21 6.5 47 14.4 118

275 1041 24 7.2 52 15.8 129

300 1136 26 7.8 57 17.2 141

400 1514 34 10.4 75 23 188

500 1893 43 13 94 28.1 235

600 2271 51 15.7 113 34.5 282

700 2650 60 18.3 132 40.2

800 3028 68 20.9 151 46

900 6407 77 23.5 170 51.7

1000 6785 86 26.1 189 57.5

1100 4164 94 28.7 207 63.2

1200 4542 103 31.3 226 69

1300 4921 111 33.9 245 74.7

Notes:

• AV = Annular velocity

• Recommended annular velocities are in the 80 – 140 ft/min range (24 – 43 m/min)

• Annular velocities below this range may result in less than optimal hole cleaning

• Annular velocities higher than this range may result in turbulent flow, hole erosion and inefficient hole cleaning.

ANNULAR VELOCITY –

TABLE FOR WATERWELL APPLICATIONS

4.5 7.5 4.5 6 3.5 5 3.5

AV AV AV AV AV AV AV

m/min ft/min m/min ft/min m/min ft/min m/min

7.2 34 10.4 52 15.7 96 29.3

10.8 51 15.5 77 23.6 144 43.9

14.3 68 20.7 103 31.4 192 58.5

17.9 85 25.9 129 39.3 240 73.1

21.5 102 31.1 155 47.1 288 87.8

28.7 136 41.5 206 62.8

32.3 153 46.6 232 70.7

35.9 170 51.8 258 78.5

39.5 187 57 283 86.4

43 204 62.2

57.4 272 82.9

71.7 86.1

• Cuttings slip velocity fall in the 10 – 30 ft/min (3 – 9 m/min) range. Cuttings size, shape and denisty influence slip direction.

• Annular cuttings velocity is calculated by mud velocity minus slip velocity.

GENERAL VISCOSITY GUIDE

Marsh Funnel Time / 1000 cc (quart) per minute

Water 27 seconds

Mud to start drilling 32 – 38 seconds

Mud to run casing 36 – 45 seconds

Standard drilling mud 36 – 40 seconds

Thick mud 48 – 52 seconds

ANNULAR VELOCITY

Metric

AV (m/minute) = 1270 x Pump output D_h² (mm) – D_p² (mm)

Imperial

AV (ft/minute) = 24.5 x Pump output D_h² (in.) – D_p² (in.)

ANNULAR VELOCITY (AIR)

Metric

AV (m/minute) = m³ /min x D_h²(mm) – D_p² (mm) 1273000 Imperial

AV (ft/minute) = CFM x D_h²(in) – D_p² (in) 183.4

D_p = Diameter of pipe D_h = Diameter of hole

CFM = Cubic feet per metre (compressor output)

HOLE VOLUME

Volume(L) = ^Dh

2 (mm)

x L(m) 1273

D_h= Internal diameter in millimetres L= Length in metres

Volume(m³) = ^Dh

2 (in.)

x L(m) 1974

D_h = Internal diameter in inches L = Length in metres

Volume(bbl) = ^Dh

2 (in.)

x L(ft) 1029

D_h = Internal diameter in inches L = Length in feet

ANNULAR VOLUME

Metric

V_Annulus (m³) = ^Dh

2 (mm) – D_p² (mm) x 1273 L(m)

V_Annulus (m³) = ^Dh

2 (in.) – D_p² (in.)

x L(m) 1974

Imperial

V_Annulus (bbl) = ^Dh

2 (in.) – D_p² (in.)

x L(ft) 1029

D_p = Internal diameter in inches D_h = Outer diameter in inches L = Length

CIRCULATION TIME

Total circulation time (min) = ^VSystem VPump Output

BOTTOMS UP (STROKES)

Metric

Bottoms up (min) = = annular volume (L) pump output (L/min) Imperial

Bottoms up (min) = = annular volume (bbl) pump output (bbl/min)

KILL–MUD WEIGHT

Kill mud (kg/L) = ρMud + SIDPP (bar) x 10.2 TVD (m) Kill mud (lb/gal) = ρMud + SIDPP (psi)

0.052 x TVD (ft) SIDPP= Shut - in drill pipe pressue

TVD = True vertical depth

SQUARE AND RECTANGLE PITS

Volume (m³) = length (m) x depth (m) x width (m) Volume (bbl) = length (ft) x width (ft) x height (ft) x 0.1781

CIRCULAR TANK

Volume (m³) = π X R² X depth (m)

π = or 3.142

R = Radius / half diameter (m )

Volume (bbl) = π X R² X depth (ft) π = or 3.142

R = Radius / half diameter (ft)

UNIT CONVERSIONS

Multiply this By To obtain

Volume

barrel (bbl) 5.615 cubic ft (ft³)

barrel (bbl) 0.159 cubic metre (m³)

barrel (bbl) 42 gallon, U.S. (gal)

cubic feet (ft³) 0.0283 cubic metre (m³) cubic feet (ft³) 7.48 gallon, U.S. (gal) gallon, U.S. (gal) 0.00379 cubic metre (m³)

gallon, U.S. (gal) 3.785 litre (l)

cubic metre (m³) 6.289 barrel (bbl)

cubic metre (m³) 1,000 litre (l)

Mass or Weight

pound (lb) 453.6 gram (g)

pound (lb) 0.454 kilogram (kg)

kilogram (kg) 2.204 pound (lb)

metric ton (mt) 1,000 kilogram (kg)

Length 1.116 9.31

feet (ft) 0.3048 metre (m)

inch (in.) 2.54 centimetre (cm)

inch (in.) 25.4 millimetre (mm)

metre (m) 3.281 feet (ft)

miles (mi) 1.609 kilometres (km)

Pressure

lb/in.² (psi) 6.895 kiloPascal (kPa)

lb/in.² (psi) 0.06895 bar (bar)

lb/in.² (psi) 0.0703 kg/cm²

kiloPascal (kPa) 0.145 lb/in.² (psi)

bar (bar) 100 kiloPascal (kPa)

Multiply this By To obtain Concentration

pound/barrel (lb/bbl) 2.853 kg/m³

kilogram/cubic metre (kg/m³) 0.3505 lb/bbl Density

pound/gallon (lb/gal) 119.83 kg/m³ and g/l kilogram/cubic metre(kg/m³) 0.008345 lb/gal

pound/gallon (lb/gal) 0.11983 g/cm³, kg/l or SG pound/cubic feet (lb/ft³) 16.02 kg/m³ and g/l

g/cm³, kg/l or SG 8.345 lb/gal

CONVERSION CHAR TS

ItemNew unitConversion DepthMetres (m) MultiplyFeetby0.3048To giveMetres Metres3.28Feet Weight on bit Tonne (t) MultiplyThousands of poundsby0.4536To giveTonne Tonnes2.2Thousands of pounds Mud flow rateLitres/minuteMultiplyGallons/minute (US)by3.785To giveLitres /minute Litres/minute0.264Gals (US) / minute PressureKilopascals (kPa)MultiplyPounds/inch squaredby6.895To giveKilopascals Kilopascals0.145Pounds/inch squared Mud weightSpecific gravity (unitless)MultiplyPounds/gallon (US)by0.12To giveSpecific gravity Specific gravity8.33Pounds/gallon Cake thicknessMillimetres (mm)Multiply32nds of inchby0.794To giveMillimetres Millimetre1.2632nds of inch

Bentonite contentKilograms/cubic metre (kg/m3)MultiplyPounds/barrelby2.853To giveKilograms/cubic metres Kilograms/cubic metre0.35Pounds/barrel Rate of penetrationMetres/hour (m/hr)MultiplyFeet/hourby0.30458To giveMetres/hour Metre/hour3.28Feet/hour Mud volumesCubic metres (m³)MultiplyBarrelsby0.159To giveCubic metres Cubic metres6.3Barrels Pressure gradientKilopascals/metre (kPa/m)MultiplyPounds/inch sq./footby22.62To giveKilopascals/metre Kilopascals/metre0.442Pounds/inch sq. foot Casing weight/unit lengthKilograms/metre (kg/m)MultiplyPounds/footby1.488To giveKilograms/metre Kilograms/metre0.666Pounds/foot

CONVERSIONS

To convert Into Multiply by

pounds per square inch kilopascals 6.89

centimetres inches 0.3937

cubic feet litres 28.32

cubic metres litres 1000

feet metres 0.3048

feet pounds kilograms metres 0.1383

gallons cubic feet 0.16

gallons litres 4.54

imperial gallons US gallon 1.2

horsepower kilowatt 0.7457

inches centimetres 2.54

kilograms pounds 2.24

kms miles 0.6214

kilowatt horsepower 1.341

Iitres gallons 0.22

metre feet 3.281

kilonewton kilograms 102

cubic metres cubic feet 35.3

STANDARD CASING AND ROD SIZES

PVC casing - class 12

Size OD ID OD Bell

25 mm 33.5 29.8 37.1

32 mm 42.2 37.5 47.0

40 mm 48.2 42.8 53.8

50 mm 60.3 53.7 67.1

80 mm 89.0 78.0 99.0

100 mm 114.3 101.7 126.9

125 mm 140.2 124.9 155.6

150 mm 160.2 142.7 177.8

155 mm 168.2 149.6 186.6

195 mm 219.1 197.5 240.7

200 mm 225.3 203.1 247.5

250 mm 280.4 252.9 278.0

Flush joint casing (Metric)

Size OD

(mm) ID (mm)

Weight (kg/m³)

Threads Pitch (mm)

Content (L/100m)

AW 57.1 48.4 17 6.4 184.1

BW 73 60.3 31.3 6.4 285.8

NW 88.9 76.2 38.4 6.4 455.7

HW 114.3 101.6 52.2 10.2 810.8

PW 139.7 127 64.3 10.2 1266.6

Flush joint casing (Imperial)

Size OD

(in)

ID (in)

Weight (lb/10ft)

Threads Pitch (in)

Content (gal/100ft)

AW 2.25 1.91 38.0 4.0 14.80

BW 2.88 2.38 70.0 4.0 23.0

NW 3.5 3.0 86.0 4.0 36.70

HW 4.5 4.0 117.0 4.0 65.30

PW 5.5 5.0 144.0 4.0 102.0

Wireline drill rod sizing (Metric)

Size OD

(mm) ID

(mm) Weight (kg/m³)

Threads

Pitch (mm) Content (lt/100m)

AQ* 44.5 34.9 14.0 4 95.8

BQ* 55.6 46.0 18.0 3 116.3

NQ* 69.9 6.03 23.4 3 285.8

HQ* 88.9 77.8 34.4 3 474.4

PQ* 117.5** 103.2 47.2*** 3 836.6

* Q® is a registered trademark of Boart Longyear that refers to its Q® Wireline System.

The use of the Q mark herein is not intended to equate the Q mark with a particular hole size but rather to indicate that REFLEX’s products and services are designed and intended to be used with Boart Longyear’s Q® Wireline System, as well as other wireline systems available in the industry that are comparable to that of the Q® Wireline System.

**Coupling OD

***With Coupling PQ Rod Body OD = 114.3 mm

Wireline drill rod sizing (Imperial)

Size OD

(inch) ID

(inch) Weight

(1lb/10ft) Threads per inch

Content (US gal per 100ft)

AQ* 13/4 13/8 31 4 7.7

BQ* 2 13/16 2 3/16 40 3 13.4

NQ* 23/4 23/8 52 3 23.0

HQ* 31/2 31/16 77 3 38.2

PQ* 45/8** 41/16 106*** 3 67.4

* Q® is a registered trademark of Boart Longyear that refers to its Q® Wireline System.

The use of the Q mark herein is not intended to equate the Q mark with a particular hole size but rather to indicate that REFLEX’s products and services are designed and intended to be used with Boart Longyear’s Q® Wireline System, as well as other wireline systems available in the industry that are comparable to that of the Q® Wireline System.

**Coupling OD

***With Coupling PQ Rod Body OD = 4½ inches

Diamond coring drill bits (Metric)

Size Core Diameter

(mm)

Bit OD STD (mm)

Hole Volume (L/100m)

BQ™ 36.4 59.6 282

NQ™ 47.6 75.3 451

HQ™ 63.5 95.6 724

PQ™ 85.0 122.0 1180

AQ™TK 30.5 47.6 181

BQ™TK 40.7 59.6 282

NQ™TK 50.7 75.3 451

NQ™3, NQTT 45.1 75.3 451

HQ™3, HQTT 61.1 95.6 724

PQ™3, PQTT 83.1 122.0 1180

Diamond coring drill bits (Imperial)

Size Core Diameter

(in) Bit OD STD

(in) Hole Volume (gal/100ft)

BQ™ 1.433 2.345 22.7

NQ™ 1.875 2.965 36.3

HQ™ 2.5 3.763 58.3

PQ™ 3.345 4.805 95.1

AQ™TK 1.202 1.875 14.6

BQ™TK 1.601 2.345 22.7

NQ™TK 1.995 2.965 36.3

NQ™3, NQTT 1.775 2.965 36.3

HQ™3, HQTT 2.406 3.763 58.3

PQ™3, PQTT 3.270 4.805 95.1

EFFE CT OF C ONT AMINANTS ON MUD PR OPER TIES

ContaminantWTFVPVYPGelsFLpHPmPfMfCl-Ca2+SolidsTreament Cement

-  -        -

pH 11.5

-

Bicarb, or SAPP or thinner, bicarb and citric acid Gypsum or Anhydrite

-  -        -  -

Caustic, dilution water and thinner, or soda ash (plus fluid loss polymer) Salt

-  -        



-

Caustic, dilution water, thinner and fluid loss polymer Carbonate or bicarbonate

-  -     



 -  -

pH <10.3: lime pH 10.3 to 11.3 lime and gyp pH>11.3:gyp H2S

-  -        -  -

Caustic, lime and zinc source (zinc oxide) SolidsOld

    - - - - - - - 

Dilution water and solids removal equipment New

            

Dilution water, solids removal equipment and thinner  Increase Decrease - No change Slight Increase Slight Decrease

COMMON C ONT AMINANTS AND TREA TING A GENTS

ContaminantTreating agentIb/bbl of treating agent to react with lb/gal contaminantkg/m³ of treating agent to react with 100mg/L contaminant CalciumSoda Ash Sodium Bicarbonate0.093 0.0740.26 0.21 MagnesiumCaustic Soda0.1160.33 CarbonateGypsum (if high pH) Lime0.118 0.0430.34 0.12 BicarbonateLime0.0430.12 SulfideZinc Carbonate Zinc Oxide0.140 0.1060.40 0.30

SALT TABLES

Sodium Chloride

Weight

%

Density (kg/l)

Density (Ib/gal)

Cl- (mg/l)

Na+

(mg/l)

1 1.005 8.38 6,127 3,973

2 1.013 8.44 12,254 7,946

3 1.020 8.50 18,563 12,037

4 1.027 8.56 24,932 16,168

5 1.034 8.62 31,363 20,337

6 1.041 8.68 37,914 24,586

7 1.049 8.75 44,526 28,874

8 1.056 8.81 51,260 33,240

9 1.063 8.87 58,054 37,646

10 1.071 8.93 64,970 42,130

11 1.078 8.99 71,946 46,654

12 1.086 9.05 79,044 51,256

13 1.093 9.12 86,202 55,898

14 1.101 9.18 93,481 60,619

15 1.109 9.24 100,882 65,418

16 1.116 9.31 108,344 70,256

17 1.124 9.37 115,927 75,173

18 1.132 9.44 123,570 80,130

19 1.140 9.51 131,396 85,204

20 1.148 9.57 139,282 90,318

21 1.156 9.64 147,229 95,471

22 1.164 9.71 155,357 100,743

23 1.172 9.78 163,547 106,053

24 1.180 9.84 171,858 111,442

25 1.189 9.91 180,290 116,910

26 1.197 9.98 188,843 122,457

NaCl (kg/m3)

Water (m3)

NaCl (Ib/bbl)

Water (bbl)

10.1 0.995 3.5 0.995

20.2 0.992 7.1 0.992

30.6 0.989 10.7 0.989

41.1 0.986 14.4 0.986

51.7 0.982 18.1 0.982

62.5 0.979 21.9 0.979

73.4 0.975 25.7 0.975

84.5 0.971 29.6 0.971

95.7 0.968 33.5 0.968

107.1 0.964 37.5 0.964

118.6 0.960 41.5 0.960

130.3 0.955 45.6 0.955

142.1 0.951 49.7 0.951

154.1 0.947 53.9 0.947

166.3 0.942 58.2 0.942

178.6 0.938 62.5 0.938

191.1 0.933 66.9 0.933

203.7 0.928 71.3 0.928

216.6 0.923 75.8 0.923

229.6 0.918 80.4 0.918

242.7 0.913 84.9 0.913

256.1 0.908 89.6 0.908

269.6 0.903 94.4 0.903

283.3 0.897 99.2 0.897

297.2 0.892 104.0 0.892

311.3 0.886 109.0 0.886

Calcium Chloride

Weight

%

Density (kg/l)

Density (Ib/gal)

Cl- (mg/l)

Ca²⁺

(mg/l)

1 1.007 8.39 6,453 3,647

2 1.015 8.46 12,969 7,331

3 1.023 8.53 19,613 11,087

4 1.032 8.60 26,385 14,915

5 1.040 8.67 33,221 18,779

6 1.049 8.75 40,185 22,715

7 1.057 8.82 47,277 26,723

8 1.066 8.89 54,496 30,804

9 1.075 8.96 61,779 34,921

10 1.084 9.04 69,190 39,110

11 1.092 9.11 76,793 43,407

12 1.101 9.19 84,459 47,741

13 1.111 9.26 92,253 52,147

14 1.120 9.34 100,175 56,625

15 1.129 9.42 108,225 61,175

16 1.139 9.50 116,403 65,797

17 1.148 9.58 124,708 70,492

18 1.158 9.66 133,141 75,259

19 1.168 9.74 141,766 80,134

20 1.178 9.82 150,455 85,045

22 1.198 9.99 168,343 95,157

24 1.218 10.16 186,743 105,557

26 1.239 10.33 205,781 116,319

28 1.260 10.51 225,395 127,405

30 1.282 10.69 245,647 138,853

32 1.304 10.87 266,474 150,626

34 1.326 11.06 288,004 162,796

36 1.349 11.25 310,237 175,363

38 1.372 11.44 333,109 188,291

40 1.396 11.64 356,683 201,617

CaCl₂

(kg/m3) Water

(m3)

CaCl₂ (Ib/bbl)

Water (bbl)

10.1 0.996 3.5 0.996

20.3 0.995 7.1 0.995

30.7 0.993 10.7 0.993

41.3 0.99 14.5 0.990

52.0 0.988 18.2 0.988

62.9 0.986 22.0 0.986

74.0 0.983 25.9 0.983

85.3 0.981 29.9 0.981

96.7 0.978 33.8 0.978

108.3 0.975 37.9 0.975

120.2 0.972 42.1 0.972

132.2 0.969 46.3 0.969

144.4 0.966 50.5 0.966

156.8 0.963 54.9 0.963

169.4 0.96 59.3 0.960

182.2 0.957 63.8 0.957

195.2 0.953 68.3 0.953

208.4 0.950 72.9 0.950

221.9 0.946 77.7 0.946

235.5 0.942 82.4 0.942

263.5 0.934 92.2 0.934

292.3 0.926 102.3 0.926

322.1 0.917 112.7 0.917

352.8 0.907 123.5 0.907

384.5 0.897 134.6 0.897

417.1 0.886 146.0 0.886

450.8 0.875 157.8 0.875

485.6 0.863 170.0 0.863

521.4 0.851 182.5 0.851

558.3 0.837 195.4 0.837

Potassium Chloride Weight

% Density

(kg/l) Density (Ib/gal) Cl-

(mg/l) K⁺

(mg/l)

1 1.005 8.38 4,756 5,244

2 1.011 8.43 9,606 10,594

3 1.017 8.49 14,504 15,996

4 1.024 8.54 19,498 21,502

5 1.030 8.59 24,491 27,009

6 1.037 8.65 29,579 32,621

7 1.043 8.70 34,715 38,285

8 1.050 8.76 39,947 44,053

9 1.057 8.81 45,225 49,875

10 1.063 8.87 50,551 55,749

11 1.070 8.92 55,973 61,727

12 1.077 8.98 61,442 67,758

13 1.084 9.04 67,006 73,894

14 1.091 9.09 72,617 80,083

15 1.097 9.15 78,276 86,324

16 1.104 9.21 84,030 92,670

17 1.111 9.27 89,832 99,068

18 1.119 9.33 95,729 105,571

19 1.126 9.39 101,721 112,179

20 1.133 9.45 107,760 118,840

22 1.147 9.57 120,030 132,370

24 1.162 9.69 132,632 146,268

KCl (kg/m3)

Water

(m3) KCl

(Ib/bbl) Water (bbl)

10.0 0.995 3.5 0.995

20.2 0.991 7.1 0.991

30.5 0.987 10.7 0.987

41.0 0.983 14.4 0.983

51.5 0.979 18.0 0.979

62.2 0.975 21.8 0.975

73.0 0.970 25.6 0.970

84.0 0.966 29.4 0.966

95.1 0.962 33.3 0.962

106.3 0.957 37.2 0.957

117.7 0.952 41.2 0.952

129.2 0.948 45.2 0.948

140.9 0.943 49.3 0.943

152.7 0.938 53.4 0.938

164.6 0.933 57.6 0.933

176.7 0.928 61.8 0.928

188.9 0.922 66.1 0.922

201.3 0.917 70.5 0.917

213.9 0.912 74.9 0.912

226.6 0.906 79.3 0.906

252.4 0.895 88.3 0.895

278.9 0.883 97.6 0.883

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