AMERICAN BIRDS

The scientific publications of the National Museum consist of two. series—the Bulletin and the Proceedings. 9 According to the size of the worms, the killing solution is allowed to act from ten totwenty minutes, rarely longer. Therostellumi^roperis a muscularbulb,broad (120to 160/^)' and flat, embedded in the anterior end of the spine-covered protuberance.

T^NIOID CESTODES OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 11

12 BULLETIN 69, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The massof coilsformed bythe vas deferens occupies mostof the anterior third of the medullary portion of the segment on the left-hand side of the median line. The middle portion of the vas deferens is com- monly dilated in older segments, forminga capacious seminal reser- voirmeasuring40 to QO/xin diameter; theremainderof the vasdefer- ensmeasures about 10/x in diameter. The distal portion of the vagina has a thick muscular wall and measures from 200 to 235/x in length.

14 BULLETIN 69^ UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

This form occurs in Colaptes auratus and Melanerpes erythrocephalus^ com- monly in company with the preceding. This spine-covered zone corresponds to the prominent protuberance of the head in Davainea rhynchota. The rostellum is about 90|a in diameter, armed with a crown of about 80hooks (fig. 66) 11to13/^ longarrangedin asinglerow.

16 BULLETIN 69, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

T^NIOID CESTODES OF NOETH AMERICAN BIRDS. 17

18 BULLETIN 69, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

T^NIOID CESTODES OP NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 21

22 BULLETIN 69^ UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

10.--LlGA BRASILIEXSIS: ROSTELLUM, EX- TRUDED. middle field of the posterior two-thirds of the segment, nine in each lateralhalf of the segment. 12, 13, v. clef.) forms a mass of coils in the anterior third of the segment, beginning near the median line and extending outward nearly to the genital pore,.

24 BULLETIN 69, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

This species has been found in the sagecock {Centrocercusurophasianus) and inthe sharp- tailedgrouse {Pedioecetes 'phasianellus colum- hianus). The segments are at first of the same width as the head, or slightly wider, and gradually increase in width, finally decreasing again at the posterior end of the strobila. The posteriorborder ofeach segment overlaps the anteriorend of the following segmentonlyvery slightly, and is but slightly wider than the anterior border, so that the segments are nearly quadrate in shape.

T^NIOTD CESTODES OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 27

30 BULLETIN 69, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

31 anatomy of the strobila shows the affinities of this sj^ecies with the anatomy of the strobila shows the affinities of this sj^ecies with the. The length of this species, so far as could be judged from the specimens examined, which were broken into small pieces, is about 75 mm. The posteriorborder of each segment overlaps the anterior portion of the following segment only very slightly.

32 BULLETIN 69, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The vas deferens (fig. 28, V. def.)^ formed by the junction of efferent canals from the testicles,. Female reproductive organs.— Thevagina (figs. 23, 25, v<2^.),which opens into the genital cloaca immediately behind the cirrus, is at first rather thick-walled.

34 BULLETIN 69, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Thelongitudinal muscles arearranged in two concentric layers, the inner layer {int.muse.) consisting of about 50 bundles, the outer {ext. . muse.) of more numerous smaller bundles. In my specimens the outer wall of the pouch is thin, with weakly developed musculature.

36 BULLETIN 69, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSI^UM,

T^NTOTD CESTODES OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 37

38 BULLETIN (30, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The following description is based on specimens in the col- lection of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Nos. The rostellum is rudimentary, an elongated sac-like structure in the central axis of the head, 80/x long by 35|ii in diameter, into the anterior end of which is a deep, narrow invagination with cuticular lining30to 40/xin de^jthby4 to 6/i, in diameter. The segments are considerably broader than long throughout the strobila, the posterior angles project but slightly, and there is no overlapping of the posterior border of one segment over the anterior portion of the next following segment.

40 BULLETIN ,69, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

It extends forward to the anterior border of the segment, but does not reach the posterior border. The uterus develops as a simple sac on the ventral side of the ovary,and the latter rapidly degen- erates after the appear- anceof the former. 18 to 20, but on account of the large size which they finally attain the cavity of the uterus is fully occupied.

42 BULLETIN 69, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The outer layer (fig. 34, ext. . muse.) is composed of numerous small bundles of fibers close to the surface of the segment. Transverse muscle fibers are well developed only at the junction of the segments. fibers are very weakly developed. pore) side of the segment and near the dorsal surface on the left-. This seminalvesicleislocatedin the median line close to the anterior border of the segment near the dorsal surface.

44 BULLETIN 69, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

45 Female refroductioe oryans.— The vagina, after crossing tlie excre- torycanals,is enlargedto form aseminal receptacle (figs.34, 3G, sem. receijt.)^ which extends inward as far as the innerend of the cirrus pouch. Theovary (figs.33-36, ov.) is trilobed, one lobe being anterior and median, the other two lateral; often by a division of the left lateral lobe itbecomes four-lobed.

BULLETIN 69, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, Although Cler

The suckers are 100 to 120fi in diameter, covered over the entire surface as in Z>. Thesegments arebroader than long throughout thestrobila, and near theposterior end measure 110 to 115/x in length by 500 to 600/x inwidth. The genital pores are unilateral on the right-hand margin of the strobila at about the middleof the segment.

The nervous system, musculature, and excretory system are as de- scribed above forDiorchis acuminata^ and as in the latter thevagina.

50 BULLETIN 69, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

In the anterior half of the segment in the median line the vas deferens is swollen to form a prominent seminal vesicle (figs. 39, 41, oes. sem.), 150//, or more in diameter. Thecirruspouch (figs.39,41, c.p.),usuallysomewhatcurved, extends transversely across the anterior portion of the segment, measuring 250 to 300/x in length by 30 to 40/x in thickness. As in the latter species, the pouch iscovered with a prominent layer of longitudinal muscles, thickest near the middle of the pouch.

It islocated on the ventral side of the cirrus pouch, seminal vesicle, and seminal receptacle. Theuterus (figs.41, 42,ut.) isa simplesac, withoutpartitions, and develops behind and dorsal of the ovary and ventral of the testicles. AVhen fullydevelopedthe uterus extends from the posterior to the anterior border of the segment, and later- ally beyond the excretory canals on each side, dorsal of the canals on the rightside and ventral of the canals on theleft side.

The eggs when they first enter the uterus measure 12 to 15/a in diameter and are closely surrounded by a very thinmembrane.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SUPERFAMILY T.ENIOIDEA

T^NIOID CESTODES OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 53embryo, oncosphere) with one or several membranes; without oper- embryo, oncosphere) with one or several membranes; without oper- culum. Genital pores ventral, in or near median line; scolex unarmed, without rostellum; a single egg capsule in the gravid segment. Several cirrus pouches in each lateral half of each segment; segmentation not apparent externally; one testicle, ovary, yolk gland, and uterus in each lateral half of the segment; egg with well-developed pyriform appa- ratus; head unarmed, without rostellum; adults inmarsupials.

Anterior portion of strobila enlarged and modified to form a large pseudo scolex; strobila grooved transversely, but without progilottids. Male and female genital openings both (?) lacking; scolex without rostellum; suckers unarmed; a single set of reproductive organs in each segment; female glands near one side of the segment; cirrus pouch rudimentary, unites with distal end of vagina in lateral field of seg-. Scolex with armed rostellum; segments with lateral appendages; accessory female genital canal present, functioning as vagina, with dorsal, ventral,.

Adouble set ofmale reproductive organs anda single setof female organs ineach segment;two malegenitalporesineach segment, one on eachside;. Suckersandposterior portion of headcoveredwithminute spines; segments of strobila not numerous; testicles few; vagina of each segment turns backward into and communicates with the seminal vesicle of the next.

T^NIOID CESTODES OP NOKTH AMERICAN BIEDS. 55

58 BXTLLEIIN 69, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

T^NIOID CESTODES OP NORTH AMEEICAN BIRDS. 69

60 BULLETIN 69, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Genital pores marginal and bilateral, unilateral, or irregularly alternate or (?) absent. Testicles numerous or rarely {THplotcenia) one in each lateral half of the segment.

64 BULLETIN 69, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Afine capillarynetwork in the periphery of the cortical parenchyma connects all four excretory vessels.

68 BULLETIN 69^ UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Genital pores unilateraL Genital canals pass dorsal of the longitudinal ventral excretory vessel and nerve. Female glands on the pore side of the median line, near the ventral excretory vessel. Testicles numerous, fillingthe medianfield and extendingdorsal of the female organs and excretory vessels to the extreme edge of the medullary parenchyma.

Fuhrmann (1907a) placed thegenus PolycoBUa{=Porogijnia) inthesubfamily Dipylidiinse, but more recently (190Sa, p. 47) in the light of later knowledge concerning the anatomy of its type-species has transferred it to the subfamily Davaineinse.

T^NIOTD CESTODES OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 71

72 BULLETIN 69^ UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

74 BULLETIN 09; UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

76 BIJT.LETTN 69, TTNTTED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, CHOANOT^NIA POROSA (Rudolphi, 1810) Cohn, 1899

84 BULLETIN 69, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Tes- ticles numerous, in the lateral fields of the segment, absent from the median field. Uteri develop in the lateral fields of the segment but disappear early, the eggs becoming isolated in the parenchyma, situated mostly inthelateralfields, fewin the median field. Uterussimple or double with a single para-uterineorgan or multiple with several para-uterine organs,intowhichthe eggs pass in thefinal stage of development of the segment.

In front of the uterus a longitudinally elongated parenchymatous organ develops into which the eggs pass after the gravid segments become separated from the strobila.

86 BULLETIN 69, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Testicles few (5 to 10) or more numerous (15 or more), dorsal of female glands and toward anterior border of segment. Uterus simple, sac-like, median, or displaced toward side of segment opposite genital pore, its antero-posterior axis assuming a diagonal and sometimes a transverseposition. Genital canals pass between dorsal and ventral longitudinal excretory vessels and dorsal of the nerve.

A para-uterine organ, developing in front of the uterus, and into which the eggs pass,. Testicles relativelyfew (6 to 12 in eachset) inthelateral portions ofthe segment inthe neighborhoodof the longitudinal excretory vessels. Ovary small, globose, between the dorsal and ventral excretory vessel on pore side of segment.

Uterus small, spherical, sac-like, one in each lateral half of the segment between the dorsal andventral excretory vessels. When the ovaryisabsent from one side, eggs from the opposite side of the segment appearto pass across through the median. Family diagnosis.—Hymenolepididse: Rostellum armed with a single crown of hooks, or more rarely rudimentary and unarmed.

Generic diagnosis.—Hymenolepidinas: Rostellum armed with a single crown of hooks, four testicles in each segment.

92 BULLETIN. 69, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Hosts.— Mergus serrator, Marila marila, Spatula clypeata, Nettion crecca, Mareca penelope, Cliaulelasmus streperus, Anas platyrJiyncJios,.

98 BULLETIN 69^ UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Hosts.—Hsematopus ostralegus, Squatarola squatarola, Aegialitis hiaticula, Machetes pugnax, Pisohia damacensis, Pelidna alpina, Gal- linago gallinago, Scolojjaxrusticola,Lohipes lohatus.

100 BULLETIN 69^ UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Innerlongitudinalmusclelayer, exceptfortwoor threesmall bundles in the lateral portion beyond the excretory vessels, developed only inthemedianportionofthesegment,consistingofaboutten dorsaland ten ventralbundlesofunequalsize. Outside the outer longitudinal layer a thin layer of diagonalfibers, and at the posterior end.

102 BULLETIN 69, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

A double set of male reproductive organs in each segment, with two pores, one on either side of the segment.

104 BULLETIN 69, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

ENIOID CESTODES OP NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 105 TATRIA APPENDICULATA Fuhrmann, 1908

GENERA IMPERFECTLY KNOWN

IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES

112 BULLETIN 69; UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

BIBLIOGRAPHY

118 BULLETIN 69;, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

T^NIOID CESTODES OF NOKTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 119

126 BULLETIN 69^ UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

SINIOID CESTODES OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 127

INDEX

140 INDEX