OIL
By Elena Listianto
11604015
BACHELOR’S DEGREE in
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING – PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING concentration
LIFE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY The Prominence Tower
Jalan Jalur Sutera Barat No. 15, Alam Sutera Tangerang, Banten 15143 - Indonesia
July 2020
Revision After Thesis Defense on 15 July 2020
Elena Listianto STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.
Elena Listianto
_____________________________________________
Student Date
Approved by:
Dr. Hery Sutanto S.Si., M.Si.
_____________________________________________
Thesis Advisor Date
Ir. Paulus Gunawan, MM.
_____________________________________________
Thesis Co-Advisor Date
Dr. Dipl.-Ing. Samuel P Kusumocahyo _____________________________________________
Dean
Date
Elena Listianto ABSTRACT
AN OVERVIEW OF SOFT CAPSULE APPLICATION FOR CANDLENUT OIL
By Elena Listianto
Dr. Hery Sutanto S.Si., M.Si., Advisor Ir. Paulus Gunawan, MM. Co-Advisor
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY
Aleurites moluccanus or commonly known as candlenut or kemiri mainly used as cooking spices in Indonesia. However, recent studies have shown that candlenut contains a significant amount of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) or omega oil.
These omega oils are essential for children for their development, lacking in those fatty acids can cause malnutrition, delay in their physical and mental development.
There are some researches on infusing candlenut oil inside foods, but it decreases the omega content. This happens due to the heat-sensitive property of the candlenut oil. In this overview aims to guide researchers on making soft capsule for candlenut oil.
Keywords: Candlenut Oil, Aleurites moluccanus, Omega Oil, Gelatine Soft Capsules, Starch Soft Capsules.
Elena Listianto
© Copyright 2020 by Elena Listianto All rights reserved
Elena Listianto DEDICATION
I dedicate this work to humankind and future generations
Elena Listianto ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, I would like to thank God for giving me this opportunity to be able to learn more and contribute my work to the scientific community. I would also like to thank Him for His never-ending blessings throughout the process of writing this, in which He has given me the strength and ability to go through my adversities and challenges.
My deepest gratitude goes to my advisor, Dr. Hery Sutanto S.Si., M.Si., and my co- advisor, Ir. Paulus Gunawan, MM. for without their guidance through highs and lows of making this thesis and their knowledge and understanding about my research topic, I would not be able to proudly present this finished piece.
To my family, who have been cheering for me behind the curtain, thank you for accompanying and supporting me all the way.
Last but not least, to my all my friends from PE’16, who have been easing my burdens with their memes, jokes and craziness, these last four years have been a wild ride with you all. Thank you.
I can't express enough how much I sincerely appreciate their help. This thesis work is also the result of their unseen love and contribution.
Thank you.
Elena Listianto TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR ... 2
ABSTRACT... 3
DEDICATION ... 5
ACKNOWLEDGEMEN TS ... 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... 7
LIST OF FIGURES ... 9
LIST OF TABLES ... 10
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ... 11
1.1 Background... 11
1.2 Problem Statement... 13
1.3 Objective... 13
1.4 Significance of Study ... 13
CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW ... 14
1.1. Nutrition Condition in Indonesia ... 14
1.2. Indonesian Children Malnutrition... 15
1.3. Candlenut ... 16
1.4. Fatty Acids ... 18
1.5. Omega O il... 21
1.6. Candlenut O il ... 26
1.7. Candlenut O il Analysis ... 32
1.8. Capsules ... 32
1.9. Soft Capsules ... 33
1.10. Economical Values ... 36
1.11. Previous Studies... 36
CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH METHODS ... 39
3.1. Methodology ... 39
CHAPTER 4 – RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS... 42
4.1. Indonesian Children Malnutrition... 42
4.2. Candlenut Oil as a Substitute... 42
4.3. Inserting Candlenut Oil into Food Products ... 45
4.4. Degradation of Candlenut oil... 51
Elena Listianto
4.7. Economical Potential ... 59
CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ... 60
5.1 Conclusions ... 60
5.2 Recommendations ... 61
REFERENCES ... 62
CURRICULUM VITAE ... 70
Elena Listianto LIST OF FIGURES
Figures Page
Figure 1. Candlenut kernels ... 17
Figure 2. Saturated fatty acid (Stearic acid)... 19
Figure 3. A General structure of fatty acids... 21
Figure 4. Alpha- linolenic acid structure ... 22
Figure 5. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ... 23
Figure 6. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ... 23
Figure 7. Linoleic acid (LA) ... 24
Figure 8. Oleic acid (O A) ... 25
Figure 9. Typical soxhlet extraction setup ... 26
Figure 10. Typical supercritical carbon dioxide setup ... 27
Figure 11. Typical hydraulic press extraction setup ... 28
Figure 12. Side view of the cold expeller ... 29
Figure 13. Front view of the cold expeller... 29
Figure 14. Soft capsule making machine ... 35
Figure 15. Flowchart of how the research went... 39
Figure 16. A detailed flowchart of the research done ... 40
Figure 17. Simplified reaction of lipid peroxidation ... 52
Figure 18. Oxidation reaction of unsaturated fatty acids ... 53
Figure 19. Shaping and sizing of soft gelatine shell capsules... 54
Figure 20. Shaping and sizing of soft gelatine shell capsules ... 55
Elena Listianto LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 1. Taxonomy of the Candlenut tree... 16
Table 2. Common examples of saturated fatty acids ... 19
Table 3. Common examples of unsaturated fatty acids ... 20
Table 4. Properties of candlenut oil ... 30
Table 5. Triglycerides species in candlenut oil... 31
Table 6. Shows the candlenut oil research in SGU that are relevant for this literature review... 37
Table 7. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acid content when extracted with normal expeller vs cold expeller press ... 42
Table 8. Year by year comparison of candlenut oil content ... 43
Table 9. O mega oil content from other food vs from candlenut oil ... 44
Table 10. Omega content before vs after inserting them into food products... 46
Table 11. Omega content before vs. after spray drying ... 48
Table 12. Omega content before vs. after freeze-drying... 49