84 BAB IV
KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 4.1. Kesimpulan
Berdasarkan analisa di bab sebelumnya dapat dilihat bahwa Perancis melakukan serangkaian perubahan kebijakan setelah serangan teroris yang terjadi di negaranya pada November 2015. Perubahan tersebut yang pertama yaitu perubahan fokus politik luar negeri dari yang sebelumnya berfokus ke penurunan rezim Bashar Al-Assad, menjadi berfokus pada penanggulangan kelompok terorisme ISIS di Suriah. Perubahan fokus yang kedua terlihat pada prioritas pencapaian politik luar negeri, yang sebelumnya sangat mendukung norma internasional berupa responsibility to protect kini berfokus pada keamanan nasional masyarakat Perancis serta pencapaian kepentingan nasional. Perubahan yang terakhir yaitu perubahan dalam pola kerja sama internasional. Setelah serangan November, Perancis melakukan kerja sama dengan militer dan intelijen dengan Russia yang bukan merupakan aliansi Perancis.
Perubahan kebijakan luar negeri tersebut dipengaruhi oleh dua parameter yaitu parameter domestik dan internasional. Kebijakan luar negeri Perancis yang terlihat sejalan dengan tuntutan yang diajukan oleh masyarakat domestik baik dari publik, parlemen, maupun media. Publik menuntut pemerintah untuk ikut serta dalam operasi militer melawan ISIS di Suriah. Parlemen mendorong pemerintah untuk berfokus dalam penanggulangan ISIS di Suriah sedangkan media memperlihatkan tekanannya melalui artikel-artikel dan pemberitaan yang kemudian membentuk kebijakan yang diambil Presiden.
85 Di sisi dunia internasional bersifat sebagai tempat Perancis untuk melaksanakan kebijakan luar negerinya. Dua parameter internasional yang dijelaskan dalam penulisan ini adalah politik geografi dan interdependensi politik. Akan tetapi kedua parameter tersebut hanya menjadi alternatif lain bagi Perancis untuk melaksanakan kebijakan luar negerinya. Dalam interdependensi politik, penulis membahas dua organisasi internasional yang dianggotai oleh Perancis yaitu Uni Eropa dan NATO. Dapat dilihat bahwa kebijakan luar negeri Perancis terkait Suriah tidak sejalan dengan kebijakan luar negeri yang dijalankan oleh Uni Eropa dan juga NATO. Uni Eropa berfokus pada penanganan krisis imigran yang sedang dialaminya sehingga dalam hal penanggulangan terorisme, Ia tidak dapat memegang peranan sebagai pemimpin. Sedangkan NATO secara organisasi juga tidak terlibat dalam krisis di Suriah. Kebijakan yang dilakukan oleh NATO hanya sebatas kritikan-kritikan yang dikemukakannya kepada Rusia ketika ia ikut mendukung rezim Bashar Al- Assad.
Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa yang lebih berpengaruh dalam melihat perubahan kebijakan luar negeri Perancis di Suriah setelah serangan Paris adalah parameter domestiknya. Publik memberikan tekanan kepada pemerintah melalui suara-suaranya dalam survey opini publik, parlemen memberikan tekanan kepada pemerintah melalui pernyataan-pernyataan yang dikeluarkannya, media memberikan tekanan melalui berita yang dibuatnya yang kemudian membuat presiden merubah kebijakan luar negeri Perancis terhadap Suriah.
86 4.2. Saran
Terkait dengan masalah penelitian ini kebijakan yang dapat dilakukan oleh Perancis adalah selain melakukan perlawanan terhadap ISIS di Suriah, Perancis juga sebaaiknya memperkuat keamanan dalam negerinya dengan melakukan kerja sama dengan aktor-aktor lainnya. Dengan adanya penguatan keamanan domestik dapat mencegah kemungkinan-kemungkinan terjadinya serangan teroris. Salah satu bentuk penguatan keamanan dalam negeri yaitu dengan memaksimalkan peranan Interpol sebagai badan intelijen di Uni Eropa untuk mendeteksi potensi serangan terorisme.
Sedangkan dalam peranannya d Suriah, Perancis dapat memfasilitasi dialog antara kelompok pemberontak dengan pemerintah Suriah agar kemungkinan untuk bekerja sama melawan ISIS menjadi lebih besar. Selain itu Perancis juga dapat menumbuhkan kesadaran kepada kelompok-kelompok pemberontak bahwa krisis ini telah menyebabkan ribuan masyarakat Suriah menjadi korban sehingga perlu segera diakhiri. Hal lain yang juga perlu diperhatikan yaitu pengerahkan pasukan darat untuk melawan ISIS karena serangan lewat udara dapat menyebabkan banyak masyarakat sipil menjadi korban serta menyebabkan kerusakan infrastruktur yang besar.
Perubahan kebijakan luar negeri Perancis terhadap Suriah merupakan hal yang wajar. Hal ini dikarenakan oleh dua kali serangan teroris yang terjadi di negara tersebut membuatnya harus melakukan beberapa penyesuaian terhadap kebijakan luar negerinya. Karena itu solusi yang dapat diberikan penulis antara lain tetap melaksanakan kebijakan yang berfokus untuk menanggulangi
87 terorisme di Suriah karena selain dapat melawan ISIS juga dapat mengurangi frekuensi terjadinya serangan terorisme di Perancis. Kemudian bagi negara- negara Uni Eropa juga diharapkan dapat melakukan kebijakan yang seragam terhadap penanggulangan terorisme di Suriah agar tidak hanya Perancis dan beberapa negara lainnya saja namun Uni Eropa secara keseluruhan diharapkan dapat memainkan peranan penting dalam melawan terorisme tersebut.
Tulisan ini memiliki serangkaian keterbatasan antara lain waktu yang terbatas untuk melakukan riset serta kekurangan sumber daya dalam melihat media cetak di Perancis. Penulis hanya melihat media elektronik yang terdapat di website.
Kemudian parameter domestik yang diteliti oleh penulis hanya mewakili sebagian saja tidak semuanya karena itu penulisan ini masih memiliki banyak aspek lanjutan yang dapat diteruskan untuk penelitian selanjutnya. Berdasarkan keterbatasan - keterbatasan terseut, penelitian selanjutnya dapat membahas lebih lanjut mengenai proses pembuatan kebijakan luar negeri tersebut di Perancis sehingga pembaca diberikan pengetahuan yang menyeluruh mengenai kebijakan luar negeri. Melihat bagaimana efek dari kebijakan luar negeri Perancis mempengaruhi opini masyarakat Perancis terhadap Presidennya juga menjadi hal yang menarik untuk diteliti pada penelitian selanjutnya. Selain itu hal menarik berikutnya yang bisa menjadi penelitian adalah bagaimana integrasi masyarakat muslim di Perancis. Dalam penelitian ini penulis menemukan bahwa sebagian besar aksi teroris yang terjadi di Perancis dilakukan oleh masyarakat muslim yang tinggal di sana. Sisi domestik ini belum diteliti lebih jauh oleh penulis sehingga bisa menjadi bahan penelitian selanjutnya.
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