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Cite this as: Suparyana, et al. (2023). Analysis of Key Actors in the Sustainable Management of Marine Protected
ANALYSIS OF KEY ACTORS IN THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF MARINE PROTECTED AREAS IN UJUNG KULON NATIONAL PARK
ANALISIS AKTOR UTAMA DALAM PENGELOLAAN BERKELANJUTAN KAWASAN KONSERVASI PERAIRAN DI TAMAN NASIONAL UJUNG KULON
Suparyana1), Akhmad Fauzi2), Tridoyo Kusumastanto2), Gatot Yulianto2), and Muhammad Yusuf*3)
1) Doctoral Program, Postgraduate School of IPB University, Darmaga Campus, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
2) Department of Tropical Marine Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, IPB University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
3) Department of Fisheries Agribusiness, Faculty of Fisheries, Cokroaminoto University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Received: October 06, 2022 /Accepted: March 26, 2023
ABSTRACT
The users or actors involved in the management of Marine Conservation Areas (MPA) in Ujung Kulon National Park (TNUK) come with various objectives, so it is necessary to always maintain the purpose of establishing a Marine Conservation Area in Ujung Kulon National Park (TNUK) so that it can be sustainable, both from the aspects of economic, social and ecology. The purpose of this study is to analyze the main actors in the management of Marine Conservation Areas in Ujung Kulon national park and formulate a sustainable conservation area management model based on these key actors. The research method is carried out with a survey approach by filling out a questionnaire.
The respondents in the study were experts as many as 12 (twelve) people. The data analysis method used in this study is stakeholder analysis with the ISM (Interpretive Structural Modeling) method.
The results of the analysis obtained by the main actors / stakeholders in the management of TNUK Marine Conservation Areas are: 1) Ujung Kulon National Park Center, Banten Provincial Bappeda, Communities (Fishermen), and Private Sector (Entrepreneurs). The proposed management model is a collaborative management model (Government-Community-Private).
Keywords: actor, conservation, marine, MPA, ISM.
ABSTRAK
Para pengguna atau pelaku yang terlibat di dalam pengelolaan Kawasan Konservasi Perairan di Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon (TNUK) hadir dengan berbagai tujuan, sehingga perlu senantiasa untuk terus menjaga tujuan pembentukan kawasan konservasi perairan Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon (TNUK) agar dapat berkelanjutan, baik dari aspek ekologi ekonomi dan sosial. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis aktor utama dalam pengelolaan kawasan konservasi perairan di Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon dan merumuskan model pengelolaan kawasan konservasi yang berkelanjutan berdasarkan aktor utama tersebut. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan survei dengan pengisian kuesioner. Responden dalam penelitian adalah pakar (expert) sebanyak 12 (duabelas) orang. Metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis stakeholders dengan metode ISM (Interpretive Structural Modeling). Hasil analisis diperoleh aktor/stakeholders utama dalam pengelolaan kawasan konservasi perairan TNUK adalah: 1) Badan Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon, Bappeda Provinsi Banten, Masyarakat (Nelayan), dan Swasta (Pengusaha). Model pengelolaan yang diusulkan adalah model pengelolaan kolaboratif (Pemerintah-Masyarakat-Swasta).
Kata kunci: aktor, konservasi, perairan, KKP, ISM.
*Corresponding author: Muhammad Yusuf,[email protected]
Institution and its address: Department of Fisheries Agribusiness, Faculty of Fisheries, Cokroaminoto University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
INTRODUCTION
Marine Conservation Areas (MPA) in Ujung Kulon National Park (TNUK) are seen as a space in which there are various interactions between systems, both human systems and natural systems (Allison et al., 1998). The interaction also occurs between the various stakeholders in it, which aims to maintain the sustainability of natural resources. This is as stated by (Agardy, 1994) that there has been a conservation area management model aimed at conserving coastal areas by combining the principles of ecological landscape management, adaptive, and ecosystem zoning.
The users or actors involved in the management of the Marine Conservation Area (MPA) in Ujung Kulon National Park (TNUK) come with various objectives, so it is necessary to always maintain the purpose of establishing a Marine Conservation Area in Ujung Kulon National Park (TNUK) so that it can be sustainable, both from the aspects of economic, social and ecology.
According to (Rodney, and Victor, 1985), conflicts can occur due to conflicts or conflicts between the subsistence of residents and the demands of tourist recreation and conservation efforts. When the establishment of conservation areas is included in the national development planning, it can help reduce conflicts or even eliminate the zoning system for various uses of the existing area. This allows grouping the corresponding activities into specific zones.
Marine Conservation Areas (MPA) such as those in Ujung Kulon National Park (TNUK) are seen as an effective way to encourage the recovery of resource stocks, specially protected aquatic organisms, and endemic species. According to Lancaster et al. (2015), that the determination of Marine Conservation Areas into sustainable management avenues or solutions by protecting and restoring species and ecosystems due to pressure from intensive fishing activities and human- caused marine degradation. Marine Protected Areas (MPA) allow these areas to be used simultaneously for various purposes other than commercial activities, such as fishing by fishermen, and aquaculture activities; non-commercial activities can also be carried out, such as research. In addition, various other activities i.e. natural tourism (scuba, diving, beach tourism, sunrise, sunset, and enjoying other natural scenery, can also be produced from the conservation area) (Mulyana &
Dermawan, 2008). In addition, the main function of the area as a transportation medium, especially as a ship shipping channel, makes the Marine Conservation Area very complex. Various interests and purposes are contained within the area (Russ & Zeller, 2003). Some developed and developing countries have adopted a marine conservation model by closing fisheries activities and making it a Marine Conservation Area intended as an effort to protect and restore endangered resources and ecosystems (Roberts & Hawkins, 2000). Although efforts to contain conservation areas continue to be carried out with various sizes, distributions, and levels of protection, concerns about actions in conservation areas are also increasing (Allison et al., 1998; McClanahan & Kaunda-Arara, 1996).
For this reason, in order for the sustainability of Marine Conservation Areas in TNUK to be maintained and sustainable, it is important to conduct an institutional analysis related to the designation of the area as TNUK. The purpose of this study is to analyze the main actors in the
management of Marine Conservation Areas in Ujung Kulon National Park and formulate a sustainable conservation area management model based on these key actors.
RESEARCH METHODS Data Type and Source
The type of data used in the research of institutional analysis of Marine Conservation Areas (MPA) in Ujung Kulon National Park (TNUK) is the primary type of data. The primary data is an answer from 12 (twelve) expert respondents, consisting of; Stakeholders at the central level (Ministry), stakeholders at the Provincial level (Agency/Technical Institution), stakeholders at the district/city level (Agency/Technical Institution), academics and researchers (University/Research Centre), NGOs and the community. The expert criteria are based on (Yusuf et al., 2020) namely; 1) expertise due to science at the academic or researcher level, 2) expertise due to position, namely as a policy maker (decision maker), and 3) expertise due to specificity, such as; traditional figures, religious leaders, or community leaders and others. It further stated that in addition to these three criteria, the basis for expert consideration is also limited to certain factors, such as; a) existence or affordability, and b) reputation and credibility.
Data Collection Method
The data collection method carried out is related to the research method used, namely the expert opinion-based research method (expert judgment). The data collection method was carried out with a closed questionnaire approach, where respondents were given a number of selected questions related to research with a pairwise comparison method. The assessment technique is based on the VAXO assessment method which is a special assessment technique in the ISM method. As done Talib, F., Rahman & Qureshi (2011), is the use of ISM applications in interaction analysis related to obstacles to the implementation of quality management, and also what is done Venkatesha et al. (2015), is the use of ISM application on supply chain risk analysis in retail apparel activities in India and the determination of risk priority models.
Data Analysis Method
The data analysis method used in this study is stakeholder analysis with the ISM (Interpretive Structural Modeling) method. ISM is one of the modeling techniques developed for strategic policy planning (Marimin, 2004; Mahender & Rajeev, 2018). Further, Shanksr et al. (2003), stated the ISM also analyzes the elements of the system and solves complex problems in the form of graphs of the direct relationships between elements and the level of hierarchy. Such elements may be policy objectives, organizational targets, assessment factors, and others.
According to Yusuf et al. (2020), that the ISM stage consists of 3 (three) stages, namely; 1) the system identification stage, 2) the analysis stage (run software), and 3) the output interpretation stage. More details as follows: The first stage is the system identification stage, which includes;
- Formulation of objectives, namely the analysis of the main actors in the management of Marine
- Identify elements and sub-elements (variables/attributes), i.e. actor/stakeholder elements.
Table 1. Identify Elements of Actors/Stakeholders
Symbol Actor/Stakeholders Elements
A1 Ujung Kulon National Park Agency A2 Bappeda of Banten Province
A3 Regional Revenue Agency of Banten Province A4 Directorate General of Capture Fisheries
A5 Directorate General of Coasts and Small Islands
A6 Directorate General of Natural Resources & Ecosystem Conservation A7 Environment and Forestry Service of Banten Province
A8 Public Works and Spatial Planning Office of Banten Province A9 University
A10 Private/Entrepreneur A11 Society (Fisherman) A12 NGO
A13 Marine and Fisheries Service of Banten Province A14 Tourism Office of Banten Province
- Determination of the level of contextual relationships between elements/sub-elements, which is based on VAXO (a method of assessing contextual relationships in ISM).
- The determination of expert respondents (experts), which is based on the criteria and the number of experts. The expert criteria are based according to Yusuf et al. (2020), and the number of experts is as many as 12 people.
The analysis stage (run software) is the second stage, namely the data analysis stage in the ISM method (Yusuf et al., 2020). Data analysis in this study was carried out with the help of ISM Professional 2.0 software. The software is a free software that can be accessed through the website.
The data analysis stage includes; 1) data tabulation, 2) data input, 3) compiling the Structural Self- Interaction Matrix (SSIM), 4) the conversion of SSIM into Reachability Matrix (RM), 5) matrix correction (transitivity law) until reachability Matrix Final is obtained, 6) determination of Driven Power and Dependence, 7) formulation of the position of elements in the ISM quadrant, and 8) Leveling (ranking), which is the stage of determining key levels or key elements. While the third stage is the output interpretation stage, including; a) interpretation of the position of each element in the quadrant, and b) interpretation of levels, i.e. order/level of elements.
The formulation of the position of elements in the ISM quadrant is carried out by referring to the analysis output in the form of an ISM quadrant which includes 4 (four) quadrants, namely (Singh
& Kant, 2008); Quadrant 1 (Autonomous), Quadrant 2 (Dependent), Quadrant 3 (Linkage) and Quadrant 4 (Independent). The four quadrants are detailed as follows:
- Quadrant I: Weak Driver and Weak Dependent Variables (Autonomous), which is a quadrant that indicates an element that has a position with low influence and dependence. The elements contained in this quadrant are generally only slightly related to the system and not even related (free elements).
- Quadrant II: Weak Driver and Strongly Dependent Variables (Dependent), which is a quadrant that shows elements that have a low influence position on the one hand and high dependence
on the other. The elements contained in this quadrant are elements that are bound to the system but are not free (bound/dependent elements).
- Quadrant III: Weak Driver and Strongly Dependent Variables (Linkage) is a quadrant that denotes elements that have a high position of influence and dependence. The elements contained in this quadrant are relatively less stable, so they must be carefully studied.
- Quadrant IV: Strong Driver and Strongly Dependent Variables (Independent) is a quadrant that denotes elements that have a high position of influence and dependence. The elements contained in this quadrant are relatively less stable, so they must be carefully studied.
Leveling (ranking) is the stage of analysis that is the stage of determining the level of a key or key element. Key elements are obtained based on the position of the elements in the level (Mahender
& Rajeev, 2018). The key level is the main (first) level in the system. According to Yusuf et al. (2020), that generally the key level is the element that has a high influence.
RESULTANDDISCUSSION
One of the important things in natural resource management including the management of Marine Conservation Areas in the Ujung Kulon National Park (TNUK) is the stakeholders in the area.
Stakeholders can also be called stakeholders have different interests. Stakeholders are an important part of management planning, including in the management of Ujung Kulon National Park (TNUK).
These stakeholders have an active and passive role in developing the management objectives carried out. Based on the results of the prospective analysis, the relationship between actors/stakeholders is obtained as follows:
Figure 1. Contextual Relationship of Actors/Stakeholders in the Management of MPA
Based on the graph, it appears that the actors/stakeholders involved in the management of the Marine Conservation Area in the Ujung Kulon National Park, are spread across 4 different quadrants, as detailed in the following Table 2.
Table 2. The Position of Actors/Stakeholders in the Management of Marine Conservation Areas in the Ujung Kulon National Park (TNUK)
Quadrant Actors/Stakeholders Description
I A5 (Directorate General of Coasts and Small Islands) Low influence, low dependence II A4 (Directorate General of Capture Fisheries) Low influence, high
dependence A7 (Environment and Forestry Service of Banten Province)
III A3 (Regional Revenue Agency of Banten Province) High influence, high dependence A6 (Directorate General of Natural Resources & Ecosystem
Conservation)
A8 (Public Works and Spatial Planning Office of Banten Province)
A9 (University)
A10 (Private/Entrepreneur) A11 (Society (Fisherman) A12 (NGO)
A13 (Marine and Fisheries Service of Banten Province) A14 (Tourism Office of Banten Province)
IV A1 (Ujung Kulon National Park Agency) High Influence, low dependence A2 (Bappeda of Banten Province)
Based on the results of the ISM analysis (Figure 1 dan Table 2), it was obtained that it appeared that the position of actors /stakeholders was spread across all quadrants/sectors. The actor elements included in quadrant IV are the Ujung Kulon National Park Agency (A1) and the Bappeda of Banten Province (A2). While the other actor elements are in quadrants I, II, and III. Thus, it can be concluded that as a whole the elements have varying degrees of influence and dependence. According to Eriyatno (2003), that each quadrant has a different level of influence and dependence. While the elements contained in quadrant IV are elements that have a high influence position on the one hand and low dependence on the other. According to Yusuf et al. (2020), that the elements contained in this quadrant have a great influence on the system and are independent, so this element can also be used as a key element. Additionally, key elements are shown from the results of the hierarchy as follows:
Figure 2. Hierarchy/Level of Actor/Stakeholder Elements in MPA Management
The results as shown above show that the key element (main actor) in the management of Marine Conservation Areas (MPA) in Ujung Kulon National Park Agency (A1). In addition, there are
three other actors who also have a relatively dominant influence and become key actors, namely;
Bappeda of Banten Province (A2), Private/Entrepreneur (A10), and Community/Fisherman (A11).
The four elements of the actor are key elements that have a relatively high influence compared to other actors/stakeholders. This is as stated by Yusuf et al. (2020), that the key element is an element that has a high influence value on one side and a relatively low level of dependence. The key institutional picture in MPA management hints at an effective and efficient form/model of MPA management, namely; a collaborative management model/form, between governments, communities, and entrepreneurs.
The collaborative management model allows stakeholders to play a role and participate in the management of these conservation areas. The government holds the role of a regulator, and who coordinates the overall plan of management activities. The role and function of the government as part of the joint management will provide guarantees of maintained ecological sustainability. The role and participation of the community can be carried out when determining the zoning of the area, utilizing the zone, and maintaining the sustainability of the area, as well as participating in the rehabilitation of conservation areas. To strengthen the role and participation of the community, it is very important to involve the community from the beginning. Direct community involvement in management will provide social sustainability guarantees. Meanwhile, the role of the private sector (entrepreneurs) is as the main source of funding and technical management. Management that involves the private sector (entrepreneurs) will provide a professional management model, where economic sustainability can be maintained.
For this reason, the collaboration model that is suitable to be applied in the management of TNUK MPA is an interdependent model based on a system thinking framework that directs a change in mindset to see things as a whole as stated by Raharja (2008), namely; First, it is necessary to re- manage the main tasks and functions of each organization based on the structure and capacity of the institution in collaborative governance. The arrangement is formulated in the form of instruments- arrangements of cooperation and integrated governance (collaborative governance). Second, carry out management steps collaboratively, namely; a) foster mutual trust between the actors/institutions involved by creating a "clear" sense of mission, b) a change in mindset from sector egos to system thinking by seeing management problems as a common problem. The process is directed at understanding the inseparability between customers (C) and actors (A) and owners (O), c) Building a common vision and mission between related institutions which is realized in the form of a formulation of common goals combined with the goals of each institution that supports each other.
The collaborative model was chosen given; 1) A collaborative model is a form of the organizing process, in addition to being a conflict resolution tool, 2) The collaborative model complements the cooperative and coordination model as a model of cooperation between institutions, 3) The collaborative model maps dimensional interactions as cycles in a system.
The Ujung Kulon National Park Agency, hereinafter abbreviated as BTNUK, is a government
Agency is very important by having full responsibility for the management of the Ujung Kulon National Park (TNUK). The duties and functions of the agency in general, include; 1) Inventory of potential areas, zoning, and preparing management plans; 2) Protection and security of the region; 3) Monitoring the impact of destruction of natural resources; 4) Forest fire surveillance; 5) Development and non-commercial use of plant and wild animal species; 6) Protection of plant and wildlife species, habitats and genetic sources, including traditional knowledge in national park areas; 7) Development and use of ecosystem services; 8) Evaluation of appropriate functions has been determined, ecosystem restoration plans and forest cover changes; 9) Data and information services, promotion, and natural resources and ecosystem conservation marketing; 10) Cooperation and development of partnerships in the conservation of natural resources and ecosystems; 11) Management and counseling of nature lovers in the field of natural resources and ecosystem conservation; 12) Empowerment of communities in and around national parks; and 13) Administration and office matters, and public relations.
One of the important functions in the management of the Marine Conservation Area (MPA) of Ujung Kulon National Park (TNUK) is to maintain and regulate the use of aquatic resources within the area. According to Hilborn (2021), that the establishment of Marine Conservation Areas will contribute to sustainable development to maintain ecosystems (ecological), managing conflicts in the use of resources (social), and facilitating the use of resources effectively (economical). Marine protected areas are an effort to better manage existing fisheries with one of the objectives being to reduce the risk of overexploitation (Mcgillard, Carey et al., 2011). The main thing that is important according to Huffard et al. (2012), is to maintain resilience and protection of biodiversity wealth that will benefit communities both locally, nationally, and globally, considering that one-fifth of the world's coral reefs are in Indonesia, which is around 51,020 km2 (Glaser & Marion, 2011).
As one of the models of coastal and marine resource management and has become a government policy, namely by developing Marine Conservation Areas (MPAs), namely by allocating part of coastal and marine areas as shelters for economically important fish to spawn and multiply properly, including sea turtles and other protected aquatic organisms. By allocating some coastal and marine areas that have high biodiversity, and healthy ecosystems, and providing protected areas for fish resources, it will ultimately support sustainable fisheries and tourism activities. With the conservation model through Marine Conservation Areas (MPA), it is hoped that it can minimize and prevent more severe loss of marine resources, namely by setting aside locations that have the potential for diversity of animal and plant species, uniqueness and natural symptoms, and their ecosystems into several zones. The same is also obtained Adimu et al., (2018) that 16 stakeholders were identified, wherein the role of stakeholders as key players, occupied by BTNW, provincial governments, Bappeda, and customary institutions. It further stated that the role of stakeholders as context setters of local governments is represented by: DKP, BLH, and DPEK. These three institutions are the work units of official devices in the regions. The same results were also obtained from the study Magfiroh et al., (2020) that the strategy of increasing the effectiveness of TNKJ
conservation area management can be achieved if there is good coordination between all parties in order to realize more effective management of conservation areas and provide benefits to the community in a sustainable manner. Thus, it requires the integration of movement and work from a number of key actors to realize effective, optimal and sustainable management of marine protected areas.
CONCLUSIONANDSUGGESTION Conclusion
Based on the results of the ISM analysis, it was obtained that the main actors/stakeholders in the management of TNUK Marine Conservation Areas are; 1) the Ujung Kulon National Park Agency, 2) Bappeda of Banten Province, 3) Communities (Fishermen), and 4) Private Sector (Entrepreneurs).
The four actors are key actors in the management of Marine Conservation Area in the Ujung Kulon National Park (TNUK).
Suggestion
In order to realize the effective, optimal and sustainable management of Marine Conservation Area in the Ujung Kulon National Park (TNUK), it is proposed that collaborative management action be carried out between the Government, Community, and Private.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thank you to all parties who participated in helping the implementation of the research until it could be published, especially to the Ujung Kulon National Park Agency and the Banten Provincial Government, which have given permission for the implementation of the research and supported data related to the TNUK area.
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