AN ANALYSIS OF ADJACENCY PAIRS ON ENGLISH VIDEOS CONVERSATION
“by Mathematic students in academic years 2016/2017 class A/B of STKIP PGRI West Sumatera with native speaker”
Indra Eriko Saputra1, Herfina Asti,2Yola Merina,2
1Mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat
2Dosen Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat Indraerikosaputra@yahoo.com
ABSTRAK
Pasangan sepadan ialah urutan dari 2 ujaran yang terdiri dari bagian pertama dan kedua yang muncul berurutan dan menghasilkan rangkaian kalimat-kalimat dalam sebuah percakapan. Dalam pasangan sepadan terdapat contoh-contoh jenis pasangan sepadan tersebut yaitu: tanya–jawab, salam–salam, undangan–menerima (menolak), pujian–
menerima, meminta–memenuhi, menawarkan–menerima, dan mengeluh–meminta maaf.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis pasangan sepadan yang digunakan oleh mahasiswa Matematika Tahun Ajaran 2016/2017 dalam vidio percakapan Bahasa Inggris dengan pembicara asing. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara mengunduh berkas vidio tersebut di internet atas izin dari dosen yang bersangkutan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif. Dalam pengambilan partisipan peneliti menggunakan purposive sampling. Dan dalam mengumpulkan data, peneliti menggunakan komputer untuk media mengunduh berkas dari internet. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pasangan sepadan terbanyak terjadi antara mahasiswa Matematika dengan pembicara asing adalah tanya-jawab. Itu bisa dilihat dari klasifikasi pada pasangan sepadan tanya-jawab yaitu 124 kali dari keseluruhan penggunaan pasangan sepadan. Sedangkan yang paling sedikit pasangan sepadan terjadi antara mahasiswa Matematika dengan pembicara asing adalah komplen-permintaaan maaf yaitu satu kali saja.
Kata kunci: Pasangan sepadan, Siswa Matematika, Pembicara asing
INTRODUCTION
Conversation is an application of the language, like speaking but speaking has possible say something to audience or listener without had reply by the listener and conversation is a speaking activity at least has two person on a conversation with one or more topic and participants show they are participating and following the utterances of other participants by providing feedback. Conversation also can be interaction tool and social adaptation,
for example; when someone try to adapt in a social environment they will choose language that suitable with the situation and condition faced, someone will use nonstandard language when talking to their friends and use standard language to talking with the old people. Like the others component in English conversation have some structure, they are: Turn-taking, Adjacency pairs, Pre sequences and opening section, substance section and closing section on telephone conversation.
Conversation is a way to do interaction or it also means a form of interactive, spontaneous communication between two or more peoples. In conversation, the problems or troubles such as misspelling, mishearing, overlapping and incorrect grammar or appropriate expression might often happen. It all will lead to miscommunication and misunderstanding because all of mistakes that done by participant will create unstructured of pattern and pauses on conversation. In this case, to solve the problem, the adjacency pairs is needed to make the pattern of conversation be structured.
The adjacency pairs is usually considered to be the most fundamental unit of conversation structure and is one way in which we can understand how turn taking works. An adjacency pairs consists essentially of a first and second part produced by two speakers. Question- answer, invitation-accaptance / refusal, compliment-acceptance, request- compliance / rejection, offer-acceptance / rejection, and complaint-apology.
(schegloff in fulcher (2003:36)).
In this research, the researcher choosed English videos conversation by Mathematics student with native speakers as subject of this research because of some reason. The first reason is the researcher only focused to analyze the adjacency pair
used by them, however they did some of error in grammatical on conversation, this will not influenced to this research. The second reason, English is needed by them however they are not learning English as main subject on their study. The last reason, English videos conversation that done by Mathematics students in academic years 2006/20017 class A/B of STKIP PGRI West Sumatera with native speakers is as an exercise from their lecture, this reason proved that English is needed by them for this time and also in the future, and the researcher found some of using adjacency pairs on their conversation. But they are not consciously about that.
Whereas, adjacency pairs have important influence toward fluency of a conversation, because without adjacency pairs speakers will face trouble and bring them into pauses and overlapping on conversation. Based on the problem above, the researcher did research “An Analysis of Adjacency Pairs on English Video Conversation by Mathematics Students in Academic Years 2016/2017 Class A/B of STKIP PGRI West Sumatera with Native Speakers”
Conversation analysis can be done on a discourse or a conversation that build with cooperation among speaker and hearer that are informal and unplanned.
The first, Scriffrin in Markee (2000:36) define that the term conversation analysis has been used to describe work that is informed by a broad range of disciplinary perspectives, including pragmatics, speech at theory, interactional sociolinguistics, the ethnography of communication, variation analysis, communication theory, and socialpyschology. It means, conversation analysis has an important role in describing the things contained in the item occurs in talks.
Then,Yule (2005:128) state that English conversation can be described as an activity in which, for the most part, two or more people take turns at speaking.It means the conversation can only be done if total of speaker is not less than one person.
Finally, According to Cameron (2001:89) conversation analysis is microanalytic approach, which takes apparently mundane and unremarkable spoken interactions and finds intricate patterning in the way they are organized. It means, it is easy to talk but there is a very difficult thing happened after talks into parts of talk it.
Cutting (2002:44) define that conversation analysts say that there is a relation among acts, and that conversation contains frequently occurring patterns, in pairs of utterances known as ‘adjacency pairs’. They say that the utterances of one
speaker make a certain response of the next speaker very likely. It means, actions and conversations have relationships each other. Thus forming the group and then conversation will take place from the first speaker and make a response at Second speaker.
Then, Cook (2002:53) define that this occurs when the utterance of one speaker makes a particular kind of response very likely. It means, the first speaker will determine a conversation.
Also, According to Yule (2005:106) define that adjacency pairs is despite different in style, most speakers seem to find a way to cope with everyday business of social interaction.It means, away how to conduct speakers in a conversation.
Finally, Levinson (2001:303) state that turn to another local management organization in conversation, namely adjacency pairs-the kind of paired utterances of which question-answer, greeting-greeting, offer-acceptance, apology-minimization. It means, each adjacency pairs grouped into small parts.
Based on explanation the definition adjacency pairs above, it can be concluded that conversations always expect the response among first speaker and two speakers. With adjacency pairs, conversation can be grouped into sections that have different meanings. Make easier for both speakers start a conversation
RESEARCH METHOD
The design of this research was descriptive research, which is used to determine and describes the way things are. In this research, the researcher described about adjacency pairs used by Mathematic students on English videos conversation with native speakers. Typical of descriptive research are concerned with the assessment of attitudes, opinions, preferences, demographics, practices, and procedures, Gay and Airasian (2002).
Moleong (2010) states that descriptive are research that purposed to undrsatand the subject of research about perseption, motivation, and action. It means that descriptive research is a research with aim to describe and interpret the subject experience, behavior, perception, motivation and action. That was why researcher took this design as design of this research because the researcher describe about types of adjacency pairs used by students with native speakers on English videos conversation.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
After the researcher downloaded videos of English conversation by mathematic student in academic years 2016/2017 class A/B of STKIP PGRI West Sumatera with native speaker on YouTube. The researcher script that video
and then researcher classified the conversation into 7 conversations based on each of students and the researcher found 176 adjacency pairs found of the data that used adjacency pairs. The researcher analyzed the data based on 7 types of adjacency pairs with 11 sub indicators to find the types and of adjacency pairs that occurred and used on English videos conversation by Mathematics student in academic years 2016/2017 of STKIP PGRI West Sumatera with native speakers.
Actually to know the types of adjacency pairs used by the mathematic students and native speakers the researcher used some indicator, they are: question- answer, greeting-greeting, invitation- acceptance, invitation-refusal, compliment-acceptance, compliment- refusal, request-compliance, request- rejection, offer-acceptance, offer-rejection, complain-apology.
There were 176 times of adjacency pairs found in data transcript that produced by Mathematic students with native speakers on all of English videos conversation. There were only 8 of 11 sub indicators that found used by them. They were: Question-answer was 124 times occurred among the Mathematic students and native speakers on all of English videos conversation. Greeting-greeting was 17 times occurred among the
Mathematic students and native speakers on all of English videos conversation.
Compliment-acceptance was 10 times occurred among the Mathematic students and native speakers on all of English videos conversation. Request-compliance was 11 times occurred among the Mathematic students and native speakers on all of English videos conversation.
Request-rejection was 2 times occurred among the Mathematic students and native speakers on all of English videos conversation. Offer-acceptance was 4 times occurred among the Mathematic students and native speakers on all of English videos conversation. Offer- rejection was 7 times occurred among the Mathematic students and native speakers on all of English videos conversation.
Comment-apology was 1 time occurred among the Mathematic students and native speakers on all of English videos conversation.
Based on the explanation above, the researcher can sum up that only 8 of 11 types of adjacency pairs used by the students and the native speaker on all of English videos conversation, but the type that the majority used is the first type it is question-answer that used 124 times of 176 adjacency pairs found of the data.
Meanwhile the second type is greeting- greeeting that used 17 times of 176 adjacency pairs found of the data, the fifth
type is compliment-acceptance that used 10 times of 176 adjacency pairs found of the data, the seventh type is request- compliance that used 11 times of 176 adjacency pairs found of the data, the Eighth type is request-rejection that used 2 times of 176 adjacency pairs found of the data, the ninth type is offer-acceptance that used 4 times of 176 adjacency pairs found of the data, the tenth type is offer-rejection that used 7 times of 176 adjacency pairs found of the data, and the last one is complain-apology that used 1 times of 176 adjacency pairs found of the data.
The result of this research is in adajacency pairs used by the mathematic student and native speaker on English videos conversation, there were 8 of 11 types of adjacency pairs that used by them, they are the first type question-answer, the second type greeting-greeting, the fifth type compliment-acceptance, the seventh type request compliance, the eighth type request-rejection, the ninth type offer- acceptance, the tenth type offer-rejection, eleventh type as the last type complain- apology. Meanwhile the type that majority used by the students and native speakers on all of English videos conversation is question-answer type it is 124 times used of 176 adjacency pairs used of all the data.
CONCLUSION
This research conducted the descriptive research were the researcher need to analyze about types of adajcency pairs.
The data was gotten by downloaded from youtube. There are some of sub-indicators about types of adajcency pairs to analyse the data, they were question-answer, greeting-greeting, invitation-acceptance, invitation-refusaal, compliment- acceptance, compliment-refusal, request- compliance, requst-rejection, offer- compliance, offer-rejection, and complain- apology. The researcher found 8 of 11 sub- indicators of adjacency pairs used by the mathematic student with native speaker on English videos conversation, they were:
a. Question-Answer type 124 times used.
b. Greeting-Greeting 16 times used.
c. Invitation
1) Invitation-acceptance there is no used.
2) Invitation-refusal there is no used.
d. Compliment
1) Compliment-Acceptance 10 times used.
2) Compliment-Refusal there is no used.
e. Request
1) Request-Compliance 11 times used.
2) Request-Rejection 2 times used.
f. Offer
1) Offer-Acceptance 4 times used.
2) Offer-Rejection 7 times used.
Complain-Apology only once used REFERENCES
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Gay, L.R and Peter, Airasian. Educational Research: Competence for Analysis and Application. New Jersey:
Prentice-Hall Company, 2002.
Levinson,Stephen.C..Pragmatics.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002
Yule, G.& Tarone,E. The other side of the page: Integrating the study of communication strategies and negotiated input in SLA. In
Phillipson,R.,Kellerman,E.,Selinker, L.,Sharwood Smith,M., and Swain, M. (eds.). Foreign/Second Language Pedagogy Research (pp. 162-171).
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