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Analysis of Concrete with the Addition of Coconut Shell as A Substitute of Coard Aggregate and Wood Powder as
Adding Materials of Fine Aggregate on Compressional Strength
Agung Sumarno, Yudistira Rahmadani, Syafwandi and Resi Aseanto
Civil Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Engineering, Mercu Buana University Jakarta, Indonesia
[email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
The development in the world of infrastructure is very rapid which is required to find new ideas and innovations in a construction work. In infrastructure work, it is always related to the main component called concrete which is a very vital component in infrastructure buildings. Renewal continues to be developed by looking for a variety of substitute materials that are able to maintain and even increase the quality of concrete. The material for making concrete itself is a material that is easy to find in nature and easy to process. Many substitutes are easily available.
This study aims to determine the test slump (workability) and compressive strength of concrete with the effect of adding substituted coconut shell to coarse aggregate and adding sawdust to fine aggregate on compressive strength. This study used an experimental method by making 1 variation of control concrete and 7 variations of adding coconut shell and sawdust, namely coconut shell 2.5% wood powder 2.5%, coconut shell 3.5% wood powder 2.5%, coconut shell 5. % wood powder 2.5%, coconut shell 2.5%, coconut shell 3.5%, coconut shell 5%, and wood powder 2.5% with a total of 96 samples of cylindrical specimens with a size of 15cm x 30cm. then the compressive strength on days 3, 7, 14, and 28. From the results of the study showed that the slump value that had been planned was in accordance with what was planned, namely 12±2, with the addition of coconut shells, there was a significant decrease in the value of the compressive strength of the control concrete due to the water absorption capacity of coconut shell does not meet the predetermined requirements.
Keywords:
Coconut Shell, Concrete Compressive Strength, Wood Powder.
1. Introduction
Developments in the world of infrastructure are very rapid, which requires the discovery of new ideas and innovations in a construction work such as work methods, shapes, sizes of structures, and materials used in the manufacture of concrete. In infrastructure work, it is always related to the main component called concrete or concrete which is a very vital component in infrastructure buildings Concrete is used because the materials used are It has advantages over other materials. Concrete itself consists of several kinds of mixed materials such as portland cement, sand, gravel, crushed stone, even with a mixture of other aggregates or without additional materials. Problems in previous studies that came either in the material or residual materials in the process of making concrete, in order to solve problems that came up until the concrete was ready for use.
Problems that occur in concrete which are finally found innovations latest to be the answer to this problem.
Renewal continues to be developed by looking for a variety of substitute materials that are able to maintain and even increase the quality of concrete. The material for making concrete itself is a material that is easy to find in nature and easy to process. Many substitutes are easily available. However, not all materials have the same quality as the commonly used concrete making materials. Renewal continues to be developed using various kinds of waste.(Elnov et al., 2018)
The option that has been researched is to use various types of waste as additives or substitutes that are able to show the contribution of strength to the concrete. One of the wastes that can be used is coconut shell. (Cipto et al., 2019)
Wood sawdust is a waste from the results of wood cutting activities that are often found in wood management factories or wood craftsmen.Until now, the management of sawdust waste can be interpreted as not optimal, partly only for use as material for compost and more often this sawdust waste is burned or disposed of because of sawdust deemed to have no economic value and only considered as industrial waste only. If waste is disposed of continuously without maximum handling, it can cause balance disturbances, thereby causing the environment to not function as before in terms of health, welfare and biological safety.(Danusaputro, 1978)
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This has prompted research for concrete mixtures other than these materials using the addition of coconut shells and sawdust waste as materials for making concrete. The reason for doing this research is aimed at knowing the target value of the compressive strength of concrete by mixing coconut shell and sawdust waste, as well as by using coconut shell and sawdust waste to reduce the need for concrete making materials as well as tackling coconut shell waste and sawdust in currently it is not optimized as well as possible because it can potentially p ollute the soil and air, this will cause pollution to the environment because the handling process is only through burning.
2. Research Materials and Methods
Ingredients:
6. Materials used for research:
a. Cement
Checking the quality of cement from the physical condition, namely whether hardening has occurred or not.
b. Coarse and fine aggregate
Conducting tests on fine aggregates and coarse aggregates such as testing for grain gradation, moisture content, specific gravity, absorption, and mud content.
c. Water
Ensure that the water to be used is clean water and does not contain oil, salt, and contains mud so that water quality is maintained.
d. Coconut shell
Variations of coconut shell that will be used in normal concrete mixtures are substitution of 0%, 2.5%, 3.5%, & 5% of the weight of coarse aggregate (crushed stone ) where the coconut shell used is broken down manually and then sieved to pass the sieve. 19 mm and retained on a 4.75 mm sieve.
e. Wood sawdust
The variation of sawdust that will be used is the addition of 2.5% of fine aggregate and sorted so as not to mix with other materials and sizes sawdust in the form of fine argegate or passed filter no. 4 which affected the results of the study and in this study the waste of sawdust used was in the form of Dutch teak wood.
3. The test object is used in the form of a cylinder with a diameter of 15 cm and a height of 30 cm with 8 variations, each totaling 3 samples.
4. Examination of the compressive strength of concrete is carried out at PT. Waskita Karya, at the age of 3, 7, 14 and 28 Method.
The research method intended is an experimental method by adding coconut shell waste and sawdust waste to the concrete mixture. This experiment aims to determine the value of workability and compressive strength of concrete due to coconut shell waste and sawdust waste.
This research was conducted using a mix design that refers to the journal. In this study there are variations in the percentage of coconut shells 0%, 2.5%, 3.5% and 5% variations in the percentage of wood sawdust use 2.5% at the ages of 3, 7, 14 and 28 days.
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Figure 1. Resource Flowchart Table 1. Material Requirements
Kode Mix Cement Broken
Stone
Coconut Shell
Jambi
Sand M-Sand Wood
Powder Water
Normal 20,87 46,58 0 24,57 25,24 0 10,02
CS 2,5% + WP 2,5% 19,09 48,53 0,62 19,13 20,62 1,02 9,16
WP 2,5% + CS 3,5% 19,09 48,04 0,87 19,13 20,62 1,02 9,16
WP 2,5% + CS 5% 19,09 48,29 1,24 20,15 20,62 1,02 9,16
CS 2,5% 19,09 47,63 0,62 20,15 20,62 9,16
CS 3,5% 19,09 48,06 0,87 20,15 20,62 9,16
CS 5% 19,09 47,29 1,24 20,15 20,62 9,16
WP 2,5% 19,09 50,76 0 18,66 20,11 1,02 9,16
2.1. Place and time of research Place: PT. Waskita Precast Works Time: 7 June 2021
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Coarse Aggregate Analysis Test
Aggregate testing carried out in this study included sieve analysis, specific gravity, absorption, silt content and organic content, this aggregate test used the ASTM C136 reference method.
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Table 2. Grades of coarse aggregate
Jenis Pengujian Referensi Metode Pengujian Hasil Uji Syarat Batas Status Analisa Saringan 10-25
mm
ASTM C 136, SNI 1968:2010
8,86 FM=7.60 s/d 8.60
Tidak Memenuhi In of
Limits
Grafik=In of Limits Berat Jenis SSD ASTM C 127, SNI 1969:
2008 2,55 Min. 2.4 Memenuhi
Penyerapan ASTM C 127, SNI 1969:
2008 1,95% Max. 4% Memenuhi
Berat Volume ASTM C 29, SNI 03-4804-
1998 1415,25 Min. 1200 kg/m Memenuhi
Kadar Air ASTM C 566, SNI
1971:2011 1,54% Tidak bersyarat Memenuhi
Kadar Lumpur ASTM C 117, SNI 03-4142-
1996 0,81% Max. 1% Memenuhi
Abrasi ASTM C 131, SNI
2417:2008 23,82% Max. 40% Memenuhi
Flakiness BS 812:105.1 18,52% Max. 25% Memenuhi
Clay Lumps ASTM C 142, SNI
4141:2015 1,77% Max. 2% Memenuhi
Source: laboratory
Figure 2. Graph of Coarse Aggregate Sieve Analysis Testing Source: laboratory
Table 3. Value of coarse aggregate Type of Testing Testing Method Reference
Test
Results Border Terms Status Filter Analysis 4,75-19
mm
ASTM C 136, SNI 1968:2010
8,47 FM=7.60 s/d 8.60 Grafik=In of
Limits Fulfilling In of
Limits Type Weight SSD
ASTM C 127, SNI 1969:
2008 1,27 Min. 2.4
Not Fulfilling Absorption
ASTM C 127, SNI 1969:
2008 13,70% Max. 4%
Not Fulfilling Source: laboratory
Figure 3. Graphics of coconut shell sieve
From the data above, it is found that coconut shell does not meet the minimum requirements for specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregate.
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Table 4. Value of Jambi's fine aggregate Type of
Testing Testing Method Reference Test
Results Border Terms Status
Organic Content
ASTM C 40, SNI
2816:2014 No. 3 Max. No. 3 Fulfill
Filter Analysis
ASTM C 136, SNI 1968:2010
2,20 FM=7.60 s/d 8.60
Not Fulfill In of
Limits Grafik=In of Limits Ssd Type
Weight
ASTM C 128, SNI
1970:2008 2,59 Min. 2.4 Fulfill
Absorption ASTM C 128, SNI
1970:2008 1,21% Max. 4% Fulfill
Volume Weight
ASTM C 29, SNI 03 - 4804
- 1998 1508,39 Min. 1200 kg/m3 Fulfill
Water Content
ASTM C 566, SNI
1971:2011 3,26% Unconditional Fulfill
Mud Content ASTM C 117, SNI 03 –
4142 - 1996 1,51%
3% (Abrasion concrete) 5% (Non-abrasive concreteNon-
abrasive concrete)
Fulfill Clay Lumps ASTM C 142, SNI
4141:2015 2,07% Max. 3% Fulfill
Source: laboratory
Figure 4. Jambi sand sieve graph Table 5. Value of fine aggregate cariu Type of Testing Testing Method Reference Test
Results Border Terms Status
Organic
Content ASTM C 40, SNI 2816:2014 No. 1 Max. No. 3 Fulfill
Filter Analysis ASTM C 136, SNI 1968:2010
3,77 FM=2.30 s/d 3.10
Not Fulfill In of
Limits Grafik=In of Limits Ssd Type
Weight ASTM C 128, SNI 1970:2008 2,62 Min. 2.4 Fulfill
Absorption ASTM C 128, SNI 1970:2008 2,91% Max. 4% Fulfill
Volume Weight ASTM C 29, SNI 03 - 4804 -
1998 1582,60 Min. 1200 kg/m3 Fulfill
Water Content ASTM C 566, SNI 1971:2011 2,09% Unconditional Fulfill Mud Content ASTM C 117, SNI 03 – 4142 -
1996 2,19%
3% (Beton terabrasi) 5% (Non-abrasive
concrete)
Fulfill
Clay Lumps ASTM C 142, SNI 4141:2015 1.61% Max. 3% Fulfill
Source: laboratory
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Figure 5. Cariu sand sieve graph
From the data above, the ex-Jambi fine aggregate is too fine and the ex Cariu fine aggregate is too coarse, therefore 2 combinations of sand are needed to get a homogeneous concrete mixture.
3.3. Concrete Crack
Table 6. Workability value of concrete
Test Object Code Slump
FC 30 WP 2.5% CS 2.5% 13,5
FC 30 WP 2.5% CS 3.5% 10,5
FC 30 WP 2.5% CS 5% 11,5
FC 30 CS 2.5% 11
FC 30 CS 3.5% 11,5
FC 30 CS 5% 13
FC 30 WP 2.5% 12
Control 12
Source: laboratory
Figure 6. Graph of Concrete Workability Source: laboratory
In the concrete slump test (workability) has obtained the expected value of 12 ± 2 from the results of the concrete slump test with a mixture of 2.5% coconut shell sawdust 3.5% getting the lowest workablity value of 10.5 cm and with a mixture of sawdust 2.5% coconut shell 2.5% got the highest workability value of 13.5 cm.
3.4. Strong Press
Figure 7. Compressive strength value
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From the test data above, it was found that the results of the compressive test on the 3rd day of the control concrete got an average compressive strength of 20.39 MPa. Meanwhile, on the 7th day of the compression test, the control concrete got an average increase in compressive strength of 25.03 MPa. While the results of the compression test on the 14th day of the control concrete get an increase in the average compressive strength of 26.57 MPa. And the results of the 28th day of compressive strength get an increase in the average compressive strength of 30.07 Mpa. For the 3rd day compressive test with a mixture of 2.5% sawdust and 2.5% coconut shell, the average compressive strength was 11.27 Mpa. While the pressure test on the 7th day got an increase in the average compressive strength of 14.39 MPa. While the results of the compression test on the 14th day got an increase in the average compressive strength of 17.98 MPa. And on the 28th day of the compressive test, the average compressive strength increased by 19.79 Mpa. For the 3rd day compressive test with a mixture of 2.5%
sawdust and 3.5% coconut shell, the average compressive strength was 14.44 MPa. Meanwhile, on the 7th day of the compressive test, the average compressive strength increased by 19.68 MPa. While the compression test on day-14 got an increase in compressive strength of 22.85 MPa. And on the 28th day of the compressive test, the average compressive strength increased by 26.24 Mpa.
For the 3rd day compressive test with a mixture of 2.5% sawdust and 5% coconut shell, the average compressive strength was 12.35 MPa. While the pressure test on the 7th day got an increase in compressive strength of 15.67 MPa. While the compression test on the 14th day got a decrease in compressive strength of 15.17 MPa. And the 28th day of the compressive test got an increase in compressive strength of 17.45 Mpa. For the 3rd day compressive test with 2.5% coconut shell mixture, the average compressive strength was 16.62 Mpa.
Meanwhile, on the 7th day of the compressive test, the average compressive strength increased by 19.25 MPa.
While the compression test on the 14th day got an increase in the average compressive strength of 27 Mpa. And on the 28th day of the compressive test, the average compressive strength decreased by 22.78 Mpa. For the 3rd day compressive test with 3.5% coconut shell mixture, the average compressive strength was 15.17 MPa.
Meanwhile, on the 7th day of the compressive test, the average compressive strength increased by 18.36 MPa.
While the compression test on the 14th day got an increase in the average compressive strength of 21.40 Mpa.
And the 28th day of the compressive test got an increase in the average compressive strength of 21.71 Mpa. For the 3rd day compressive test with 5% coconut shell mixture, the average compressive strength was 15.03 MPa.
Whereas The 7th day of compressive test got an average increase in compressive strength of 21.88 MPa. While the compression test on the 14th day got an increase in the average compressive strength of 28.38 MPa. And on the 28th day of the compressive test, the average compressive strength decreased by 25.06 Mpa. For the 3rd day compressive test with a mixture of 2.5% sawdust, the average compressive strength was 18.09 Mpa. While the pressure test on the 7th day got an increase in the average compressive strength of 22.07 MPa. While the compressive strength on the 14th day got an increase in the average compressive strength of 26.33 Mpa. And on the 28th day of the compressive test, the average compressive strength increased by 29.16 Mpa. These results indicate that the addition of coconut shell as a substitute for coarse aggregate can reduce the compressive strength of concrete, in other words, the more addition of coconut shells, the lower the value of the compressive strength of the resulting concrete and with only the addition of sawdust, the highest increase even though it does not touch the expected number, namely fc 30 which gets a value of 29.16 Mpa.
4. Conclusion
Based on the results of the tests that have been carried out on the analysis of coconut shell as a substitute for coarse aggregate and sawdust as an added material for fine aggregate on the compressive strength of concrete.
It was concluded that:
1. In the concrete slump test (workability) has obtained the expected value of 12±2 from the results of the concrete slump test with a mixture of 2.5% coconut shell sawdust 3.5% getting the lowest workablity value of 10.5 cm and with a mixture of powder wood 2.5% coconut shell 2.5% got the highest workability value of 13.5 cm.
2. In testing the compressive strength of concrete, the highest value was obtained in the control concrete, which was 100.25% or 30.07 Mpa and the lowest value was found in the compressive strength of concrete with a mixture of 2.5% sawdust and 5% coconut shell, which was 50.53%. or 17.45 Mpa.
References
Cipto, J., Kampus, M., & Lipan, G. (2019). Pengaruh tempurung kelapa sebagai bahan tambah terhadap agregat kasar dalam campuran beton normal. 3, 16–20.
Danusaputro. (1978). Hukum Lingkungan. Bina Cipta.
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Elnov, D., Debrinda Rama, A., & Fernando, R. (2018). Pengaruh Pecahan Tempurung Kelapa Sebagai Pengganti Agregat Kasar Dalam Campuran Beton Effect of Coconut Shell Fragments As Substitute for Coarse Aggregate in Concrete Mixture. 07(4), 157–166.
Biography
Agung Sumarno
Born: Samarinda, July 5, 1990
S1: Mulawarman University Samarinda, Faculty of Engineering Majoring in Civil Engineering
S2: Bandung Technical Institute, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Civil Engineering Structural Engineering
Activities: teaching at the prog bachelor of civil engineering univ. Mercubuana And researchers at the biomaterial research center (LIPI)
Yudistira Rahmadani Born in Jakarta, June 15, 1998, Yudistira Rahmadani is a student of the Study Program Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mercu Buana University in 2017 - 2021. He studied at the vocational high school pgri 20 cibubur jakarta majoring in automotive engineering in 2014 – 2017. During his studies, Yudistira Rahmadani was active in various activities on and off campus, Yudistira Rahmadani had been a committee in the 2019 Civil Expo, the 2018 Familiarity Night committee, the committee in a seminar event held by the Civil Engineering Study Program. Yudistira rahmadani did practical work on the bridge parallel to the rail at Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta for 2 months.
Syafwandi was born in Jakarta on October 13, 1956. He is a Directory Professor with a Professor title, he took a Bachelor's Degree at the University of the University of Indonesia (1983), Doctor of Randes at Muhammadiyah University of Jakarta (1984), Masters at the Bandung Institute of Technology (1988). And pursuing a doctorate at the University of Satyagama Jakarta (2005). In the world of education, he teaches Science at Mercu Buana University, STKIP Albana, Menara Siswa College of Administration, Jakarta College of Technology. He also teaches in the field of Civil Engineering regarding Building Structures and others.
