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Analysis of Factors Causing Project Delays ABC
Reviewed Based on Work Productivity at the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Patricia Kanicia Djawu, Zahra Nurlabibah
Faculty Of Engineering, Universitas Mercu Buana Jakarta, Indonesia [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
The ABC project in East Jakarta was delayed due to a decrease in labor productivity caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.The aim of this study was to determine the factors that most influenced the decrease in work productivity and provide suggestions on how to manage these factors so that the project can proceed on schedule. In this study, the authors used quantitative methods by distributing questionnaires to related parties.
This study uses a 3-stage questionnaire using SPSS software version 25 to test validity and reliability, as well as data analysis with the Importance Index (II) analysis. The results of this study show that there are five dominant factors influencing the decline in labor productivity in the East Jakarta ABC project, including late equipment delivery to the project site (63.93%), late order time (61.1%), delays in material arrival (60.73%), financial availability on the job (60.27%), and material shortages (59.92%).
Keywords :
Construction Projects, Delays, Importance Index, Work Productivity, SPSS.
1. Introduction
Indonesia's economic growth of 4.73% as of September 2015 is still far from expected, mainly because Indonesia needs a minimum growth of 7% to be a developed country by 2025. The Indonesian government has made a number of efforts to increase investment in various infrastructure-related sectors. Improvements have been made to regulatory, fiscal, and institutional arrangements to encourage the achievement of priority project milestones (KPPIP , 2016).
The ABC project in East Jakarta is a construction project that supports government policies to increase economic growth, especially in the real estate sector, but this project was delayed in the construction process. To achieve a goal according to plan, time management is very necessary. Time lag is common in the construction world because it is caused by multiple factors. The delay in the ABC project in East Jakarta was caused by the COVID-19 virus pandemic as the main factor that caused the decline in labor productivity.
Delays that occur in the project affect the total value of the plan with the total addendum value. In August 2021, according to project data, the cumulative plan percentage of 98.628% was only achieved at a percentage of 69.130%. So the presentation of project delays reached 29.498%. Therefore, the researcher intends to conduct an analysis regarding the factors causing the delay in the duration of work completion, which will be judged on the basis of labor productivity on the ABC project in East Jakarta, which affects the contract value.
2. Literature Review
A construction project is a series of related activities to achieve a certain goal (construction) within a certain time, cost, and quality. Construction projects always require human resources, building materials, equipment, implementation methods, costs, information, and time. There are three things to consider in a construction project, namely time, cost, and quality (Boy, Erlindo and Fitrah, 2021).
Project management is the activity of planning and organizing a project in which there is an organizational structure that consists of a manager as a project leader who manages resources and oversees the work of its members, and members coordinate with each other and work together to achieve the desired goal.
goals, allotted to work on the project within a predetermined time. The next is the effort or activity of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling company resources to achieve predetermined short-term goals most efficiently and effectively.
In general, productivity is always defined as the ratio between output and input. This performance/performance ratio can also be used for human activities. As a measure of labor productivity, the ratio is generally in the form of output generated by work activities divided by labor hours as an input source using rupiah or other units of production as the measure (Wignjosoebroto, 2003).
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Productivity is measured based on the results achieved per unit of time. It is a well-known phenomenon that a large amount of work equipment is used in construction. Therefore, labor performance has a direct effect on construction work, so productivity in construction is often measured by labor productivity. In construction projects, labor productivity is seen as a complex parameter that is difficult to measure. So, construction production largely depends on the performance of the workforce, which is affected by various factors (Rahman et al., 2019).
The definition of delay (delay) according to the Big Indonesian Language Dictionary/KBBI (2005) has the meaning of being late. A delay is something that has elapsed from a predetermined time. According to Ervianto (1998), a delay is the execution time that is not used according to the activity plan, resulting in one or more follow-up activities being delayed or not being completed exactly according to the predetermined schedule. Planning is done to describe the plan on a time scale. The schedule determines when activities will start, be postponed, and be completed, so funding and use of resources should be determined according to the plan.
3. Research Metodology
The aim of this research is the ABC Project, East Jakarta City, Special Capital Region of Jakarta. The investigation started from September 2021 to December 2021.
Figure 1. East Jakarta ABC Project Location
The data collection in this research was carried out by means of literature studies, interviews, and project data as secondary data. While the primary data is obtained from the results of distributing questionnaires to related respondents, The phases of data analysis in this study are as follows :
1. Validity and Reliability
A validation test is a test step performed on the contents of an instrument with the aim of measuring the accuracy of the instruments used in research. While reliability testing means understanding that something is a reliable tool to use as a data collection tool, The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 25 for Windows) software program was used to assess test validity and reliability.
2. Frequency Index
(FI) % = * ( )+
Where :
i : Index response category (1,2,3,4 and 5)
: The weight associated with the Ith value (1,2,3,4, 5 respectively) n : The number of people who voted for each answer value
N : The total number of respondents
32 3. Severity Index
(SI) % = * ( )+
Where :
i : Index response category (1,2,3,4 and 5)
: The weight associated with the Ith value (1,2,3,4, 5 respectively) n : The number of people who voted for each answer value
N : The total number of respondents 4. Importance Index
(II) % = ( ) Where :
FI : Frequency Index SI : Severity Index 3.1. Data Analysis
Table 1. Reliability Statistics Reliability Statistics Cronbach’s Alpha N of Items
0.966 37
(Source : SPSS version 25 output, 2021)
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Table 2. Frequency Index, Severity Index, dan Importance Index
Variabel Factors Influencework Productivity Fi % Si % Ii % Rank A Spects of Human Resources
X1 The lack of skilled labor 62.00 73.33 45.47 30
X2 The lack of coordination in the work 71.33 76.67 54.69 10
X3 Lack of work experience 68.00 72.00 48.96 27
X4 The lack of the amount of labor 76.67 76.67 58.78 7
X5 Human error 56.00 64.67 36.21 37
X6 Lack of work experience heavy
equipment operator 61.33 69.33 42.52 33
X7 Work instruction are not clear 66.00 78.00 51.48 22
X8 Too much overtime 64.67 66.00 42.68 32
X9 Less precisely estimate the ability of
production labor 74.67 70.00 52.27 19
A spects of the work documents
X10 Design changes during
implementation 72.00 77.33 55.68 8
X11 Working drawings are less clear 71.33 74.67 53.26 14
X12 The include the disagreement the
rules of image-making work 70.00 74.67 52.27 20
X13 A lot of additional work 72.67 72.67 52.80 17
X14 Late filing the change of design 71.33 77.33 55.16 9 X15 The change of the work that has been
completed (Rework) 68.00 75.33 51.23 23
X16 The low control document 66.67 74.67 49.78 25
X17 Changes to material specifications 69.33 78.00 54.08 12 Managerial aspects, coordination, and communication
X18 A method of construction that is not
right 70.67 84.00 59.36 6
X19 The lack of communication and
coordination between the divisions 68.00 78.00 53.04 16 X20 The availability of finance for a job 75.33 80.00 60.27 4 X21 Deay the process of payment by the
owner 72.67 74.67 54.26 11
X22 Lack of commitment will be the
commitment of thhe QC/QA 70.00 71.33 49.93 24
X23 The pandemic which has an impact on
the globa economy 68.67 78.00 53.56 13
X24 The late arrival of the material 74.67 81.33 60.73 3 X25 The use of the equipment is less
efficient 69.33 76.00 52.69 18
X26 The damage of the material in storage 64.00 74.67 47.79 29
X27 Lack of material 71.33 84.00 59.92 5
X28 The low capacity of the equipment 72.00 81.33 58.56 28
X29 The delay time of booking 74.67 82.00 61.23 2
X30 Delay in delivery of equipment to the
project site 77.33 82.67 63.93 1
X31 The unavailability of material 72.00 72.00 51.84 21
Social and environmental aspects X32 The state of the weather, which is not
unexpected 68.67 71.33 48.98 26
X33 Natural disaster 58.00 64.67 37.51 36
59.33 64.00 37.97 35
34 X34
The influence of environmental security against the construction of
the project
X35 A limited area on the area of work 62.00 71.33 44.23 31 X36 The occurence of damage due to the
negligence or actions the third 56.67 68.67 38.91 34 Political aspects
X37 The acquisition of a license from the
government 68.67 77.33 53.00 15
(Source : Author, 2021)
5. Results
Based on Table 2, the value of the Importance Index (II) can be obtained by ranking factors that affect the labor productivity of ABC projects where these factors cause a delay in completion time. The 5 main factors influencing the labor productivity of the ABC project are :
Table 3. The Highest Factor Influencing Work Productivity Rank Variabel Factors Influence Work
Productivity FI % SI % II % Interpretation Of Score
1 X30
Delay in delivery of equipment to the project site
77.33 82.67 63.93 Quite Influential 2 X29 The delay time of
booking 74.67 82.00 61.23 Quite Influential
3 X24 Delay in the arrival of
materials 74.67 81.33 60.73 Quite Influential
4 X20 The availability of
finance for the job 75.33 80.00 60.27 Quite Influential 5 X27 Lack of material 71.33 84.00 59.92 Quite Influential (Source : Author, 2021)
Figure 2. Pie Chart Aspects of the Effect of Work Productivity (Source : Author, 2021)
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6. Discussion and Conclusions
Table 3. The Highest Importance Index Value The Effect of Work Productivity Rank Value (%) Variabel Factors Influence Work
Productivity
The Interconnectedness Of Factors ToWork Productivity 1 63.93 X30 Delay in delivery of
equipment to the project site
The delay in work due to no availability of the equipment needed. so that the work can not be equipment to the project site done which resulted in not the lack of progress the progress of the work 2 61.23 X29 The delay time of
booking
Stock material thinning causes some of the work is not done because of the limitations of material that is available 3 60.73 X24 The late arrival of the
material
The execution time of a job is delayed because of the material it took to arrive by the time that long, so that the
implementation is not in accordance with the time plan 4 60.27 X20 The availability of
financial for the job
The delay in payments to workers who cause some workers do not do the job and impede the transaction of purchase kebutukan work so it does not increase the progress of the completion of the project 5 59.92 X27 Lack of material The cessation of the
implementation of the work because of the availability of the material that is not sufficient, so that the completion of the work experience delays where the implementation is not in accordance with the time plan (Source : Author, 2021)
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Table 4. Preventive Measures and Corrective Actions Against Factors
Aspect Preventive Action Corrective Action
Aspects of Equipment and Materials
Making schedule of equipment and materials, monitoring schedule booking and delivery, ensure the subcontractor is bound to the contract, as well as perform the calculation of the needs of the material more
thoroughly
Follow - up schedule booking and delivery, form a team monitoring schedule, make the price according to the bidding, and do the ordering and delivery of materials according to the schedule before the depletion of the stock of the material Managerial a spects,
Coordination, and Communication
Make a schedule of payments and financial planning
Coordination with the owner for realization of payment and hold the financing of projects that can be done in the form of pettycash
(Source : Author, 2021)
References
Boy, W., Erlindo, R. and Fitrah, R. A. (2021) ‘Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Keterlambatan Proyek Konstruksi Gedung Kuliah Pada Masa Pandemi Covid 19’, Rivet, 01(01), pp. 57–64.
Ervianto, W. I. (1998) Kajian Praktis Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Terjadinya Delay dalam Proyek Konstruksi.
KPPIP (2016). Perkembangan Pembangunan Infrastruktur di Indonesia
Rahman, I. A. et al. (2019) ‘Factors Affecting the Labour Productivity in Construction Projects of Pakistan’, MATEC Web of Conferences, 266, p. 05010. doi: 10.1051/MATECCONF/201926605010.
Wignjosoebroto, S. (2003) Pengantar teknik & manajemen industri. Guna Widya.
