Volume 11, Number 1 (October 2023):5007-5015, doi:10.15243/jdmlm.2023.111.5007 ISSN: 2339-076X (p); 2502-2458 (e), www.jdmlm.ub.ac.id
Open Access 5007 Research Article
Analysis of the level of groundwater environmental damage due to community activities in the Parangtritis coastal area, DIY Province
Ayunda Milla Puspita1, Langgeng Wahyu Santosa2, Tjahyo Nugroho Adji2*
1 Master in Environmental Management, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Teknika Utara, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2 Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
*corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract Article history:
Received 27 January 2023 Revised 4 June 2023 Accepted 24 June 2023
This study aimed to analyze the level of damage to the groundwater environment in terms of groundwater quality in the coastal area of Parangtritis and its surroundings. This research study unit is based on the landform unit and activities of the community. The research location is located in Parangtritis Village, Yogyakarta Special Region (DIY) Province. This study used a descriptive quantitative analysis as its method of analysis. This study used primary data obtained by testing groundwater samples in the laboratory.
The groundwater sampling technique is carried out using the purposive sampling area. Groundwater sampling was carried out on eleven land units.
The determination of the level of environmental damage to groundwater is carried out using the Pollution Index (IP) method referring to the Regulation of the Minister of Environment Number 115 of 2003. The results showed that the environmental damage to groundwater shows the quality status of lightly polluted water with pollutant index values ranging from 1.244-4.176 with variable pollutants chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia, nitrate, phosphate, and total coliform as well as with sources of pollutants from settlements, livestock, and agricultural activities.
Keywords:
community activities groundwater quality Parangtritis coastal area pollution index water quality status
To cite this article: Puspita, A.M., Santosa, L.W. and Adji, T.N. 2023.Analysis of the level of groundwater environmental damage due to community activities in the Parangtritis coastal area, DIY Province. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 11(1):5007-5015, doi:10.15243/jdmlm.2023.111.5007.
Introduction
Groundwater resources are crucial for preserving a sufficient supply of food and a productive environment for all living things. Groundwater is one of the fundamental components in creating a living environment and is also an inhabitable space (Kilic, 2020). The highest water use is for irrigation at 70%, followed by industries at 23% and domestic and other uses at only 7% (Jha, 2017). A decrease in the level of groundwater can be one of many issues that can arise if there is an imbalance between extraction and recharge (Zhou and Li, 2011; Kalhor et al., 2019).
According to a water balance equation, water flow into and out of a system can be described hydrologically (Asian Development Bank, 2014).
Population growth in Bantul Regency, DIY Province, reaches 1.23% per year (Central Bureau of
Statistics, 2018). Along with the rapid population growth, this has led to the emergence of various environmental problems, including groundwater pollution (Wyman, 2013; Bate et al., 2018). A decrease in groundwater quality occurs when anthropogenic chemicals enter water bodies through runoff, weathering, or when the concentration of natural elements does not meet predetermined standards (Yusuf and Abiye, 2019; Li et al., 2021). Problems related to water quality are generally associated with the entry of nutrients, chemicals, and pathogens into aquatic systems due to activities in the form of point- source and nonpoint-source contaminants (Wu and Chen, 2013; Zia et al., 2013). Most of the groundwater pollution was attributed to human activity; over the course of time, the use of groundwater pollution was generally restricted to human-induced activity, leading
Open Access 5008 to certain parameters beyond the safe limits of the
desired use (Shekhar, 2017).
The southern part of the Special Region of Yogyakarta Province, precisely the Parangtritis Coast, has distinctive regional characteristics when viewed from a geomorphological point of view, which are divided into the fluviomarine plain complex, old beach-ridge complex, beach-ridge and sand-dune complex, as well as the beach-ridge complex (Mardiatno and Wiratama, 2021). If it is not handled promptly, the characteristics of the porous material and the intense community activities could potentially harm the groundwater environment.
The fluviomarine plain complex is composed of alluvium material consisting of greyish-black clay mixed with fine sand, coarse texture, and relatively high permeability. As the soil, this material is classified as latosol. Meanwhile, in the old beach-ridge complex, beach-ridge and sand-dune complex, and beach-ridge, most of the material consists of sand, crumb/lose texture, with high permeability, and belongs to the regosol category (Budiyanto et al., 2020). On the other hand, Susmayadi et al. (2014) suggested that this area has been developed as a residential area, industry, agricultural activities, animal husbandry, and tourist destination. Lin et al.
(2019) also revealed that Parangtritis Beach could be considered a "pseudo urbanism" where many development potentials are introduced to this coastal area. With the characteristics of porous material and intensive community activities can potentially damage the groundwater environment if it is not managed properly. Regarding this condition, Singh et al. (2016) stated that groundwater has a high residence time, making it difficult to recover if it has been contaminated.
Settlement activities show that the distance between the well and the septic tank is relatively close in areas with a high density of buildings. The proximity of this distance is contrary to the rules of the Regulation of the Minister of Public Housing No. 4 (2011), which states that the minimum distance between a septic tank and a dug well is 11 meters. Furthermore, in agricultural activities, it is also seen that the use of intensive fertilizers has the potential to impact water quality. As revealed by Lawniczak et al. (2016), one of the nutrients that can impact decreasing groundwater quality is nitrogen, both in the form of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia (Safitri, 2014).
At the location of animal husbandry activities, solid waste is piled up behind cattle sheds, waiting for planting time in the fields; as a consequence, liquid waste is allowed to seep into the ground. This condition can lead to the leaching process of livestock manure that enters the groundwater, where the area has a type of sandy material with high permeability.
Furthermore, excessive amounts of manure liquid applied to the soil for years overload the capacity of the soil to filter and retain nutrients from the manure (Saputro et al., 2014). In this area, livestock locations are generally very close to residential areas and have the potential to contaminate groundwater (Figure 1).
Additionally, there are many food stands and public restrooms in tourist areas. Due to improper sanitation system management by users, policymakers, and managers of tourist areas, this facility potentially generates waste in the area. In this case, if left unchecked, excessive amounts of livestock manure liquid applied to the soil for years are feared to overload the capacity of the soil to filter and hold nutrients from the livestock manure (Conroy et al., 2016; Sahoo et al., 2016).
Figure 1. Cattle farming activities.
Determination of groundwater environmental damage can be conducted using the pollutant index (IP) method, which can be identified by looking at the test results on groundwater quality parameters which include temperature, TDS, color, odor, taste, pH, biological oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, nitrate, phosphate and coliform total (Ganguli et al.,
2022). In this case, the variability of water quality parameters is an important determinant of groundwater use (Lutterodt et al., 2022). After about 10 years since the study by Adji et al. (2012), it is interesting to know how the distribution of water quality status in various landforms and community activities that are approached with this IP method. In this case, groundwater use policies are significantly influenced
Open Access 5009 by the variability of water quality parameters
(Lutterodt et al., 2022).
Each landform unit has the potential to experience a decline in groundwater quality due to several community activities. It is anticipated that this study will assess the extent of damage done to the groundwater environment as a result of societal activities and create a strategy for environmental management to preserve its quality. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the level of environmental damage to groundwater quality spatially in the coastal area of Parangtritis. Xu et al. (2022) also revealed the importance of formulating the impact of industrial activities and community activities on groundwater quality concerning human health, which can then be used to take urgent and effective action to control groundwater pollution and reduce public health risks in an area. In addition, the results of this research are expected to benefit the environmental community, the government, and the private sector as a basis for determining regional development plans and directly contribute to the government and the community to improve environmental management around Parangtritis Beach.
Materials and Methods Study area
The research was conducted in the Parangtritis Coastal area, located in the Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta Special Province (DIY), which is astronomically located at the coordinates 110˚18'40”- 110˚34'40” East Longitude and 7˚46'04”-81˚00'28” South Latitude.
Administratively, the research location includes the area of Parangtritis Village, Kretek District, Bantul Regency, with an area of 11.87 km2.
Determination of the level of groundwater damage The groundwater table's depth was measured using a measuring tape of 20 m, which was used as the basis for making a flow net map in the study area. The data was then processed using the three-point problem method to determine groundwater contour lines.
Measurements were made on 14 sample wells, which were then selected for 11 well samples for groundwater sampling used for groundwater quality analysis (Table 1 and Figure 2). The groundwater sample data was collected using an area purposive sampling technique, namely sampling based on the landform area. This determination was made based on the overlay results of landform maps, maps of the distribution of community activities, and maps of groundwater flow directions (flow nets).
Observation and analysis of groundwater samples were carried out by direct visual observation in the field, direct measurement in the field (in-situ) using the Hanna water checker, and laboratory analysis (ex-situ) using the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) based analysis method. The quality parameters tested
will be used to determine the water quality index or status (Lopez and Diaz, 2015). Groundwater quality parameters are physical parameters such as temperature, smell, taste, color, total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC); chemical parameters include pH, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia, nitrate, phosphate, and biological parameters (total coliform).
Table 1. Groundwater sampling distribution.
No Land unit
S1 Fluviomarine plain with settlement activities S2 Fluviomarine plain with agricultural
activities
S3 Old beach ridge with settlement activities S4 Old beach ridge with livestock activities S5 Old beach ridge settlement activities S6 Beach ridge and sand dune complex with
agricultural activities
S7 Beach ridge and sand dune complex with tourism activities
S8 Beach ridge and sand-dune complex settlement activities
S9 Beach ridge and sand dune complex with settlement activities
S10 Beach ridge and sand-dune complex with dry land farming activities
S11 Beach ridge and sand dune complex with tourism activities
The results of observations and analysis of groundwater samples were then used as a basis for determining the level of damage to the groundwater environment, which was carried out using the pollutant index (IP) method following the directives of the Minister of State for the Environment Decree No. 115 (2003). This method can produce a value to indicate the pollution level relative to water quality standards and can be used to identify and measure levels of living things, substances, or components contained in water other than pollutants (Suariadikusumah et al., 2021).
The formula used to calculate IP is as follows.
= 2 + ( )2 2 where:
Lij = Concentration of water quality parameters;
Ci = Concentration of laboratory test results;
PIj = Pollution index for certain designations (j);
(Ci/Lij)M = Maximum Ci/Lij value;
(Ci/Lij)R = Mean Ci/Lij values
Open Access 5010 Figure 2. Groundwater flow and sampling positions.
Furthermore, the classification for determining the level of groundwater environmental damage using the pollution index (IP) method is presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Pollutant index level classification (IP).
No IP Values Classification
1 0 ≤ IP ≤ 1.0 Unpolluted
2 1.0 ≤ IP ≤ 5.0 Lightly Polluted 3 5.0 ≤ IP ≤ 10 Moderately Polluted 4 IP > 10 Heavily Polluted
Results and Discussion Water quality
The results of field observations and laboratory analysis of groundwater samples on each landform and community activities are presented in Table 3.
Regarding the chemical properties of groundwater,
several samples of groundwater exceeded the class I designation quality standards, including COD, DO, PO4, and nitrate. The COD value is due to the high- intensity content of organic matter, minerals, and other chemical compounds.
Residential, domestic waste is the main waste source that can increase COD values' concentration. In contrast, the high value of DO is affected by temperature. It is due to groundwater waters consuming higher O2 due to an increase in the amount of waste from community activities. Phosphate and nitrate values that exceed quality standards are influenced by the use of organic fertilizers and pesticides, the existence of intensive domestic waste products, and waste from human and animal feces and food waste. In this case, the type of phosphate pollutant exists in the form of polyphosphate and organic phosphate. The value of the BOD parameter in all landforms shows a relatively low value to meet the quality standard.
Open Access 5011 Table 3. Results of field observations and laboratory tests of groundwater samples.
No Landform and Community activities
Temperature (oC)
TDS (mg/L)
EC (μS/cm)
BOD (mg/L)
COD (mg/L)
DO (mg/L)
NH3
(mg/L)
PO4
(mg/L)
Nitrate (mg/L)
Total Coliform
(MPN/
100mL)
S1 Fluviomarine plain and settlement 29.8 361 558 0.20 14.9 5.68 <0.01 <0.06 <0.066 43
S2 Fluviomarine plain and agricultural 30.9 442 507 0.59 29.2 5.49 <0.01 0.30 63.44 ≥2,400
S3 Old beach ridge and settlement 29.9 219 409 0.20 19.9 4.70 0.03 <0.06 <0.066 75
S4 Old beach ridge and livestock 31 331 528 0.78 29.6 4.79 <0.01 1.79 13.06 240
S5 Old beach ridge settlement 31 328 547 0.39 15.9 6.07 0.01 1.22 <0.066 23
S6 Beach ridge and sand dune complex and agricultural
32 297 429 0.20 9.7 6.66 0.01 0.34 11.06 240
S7 Beach ridge and sand dune complex and tourism 30 256 313 0.59 11.1 5.49 0.01 0.54 78.13 ≥2,400
S8 Beach ridge and sand dune complex settlement 31 345 656 1.18 10.5 7.05 0.01 0.59 25.13 75
S9 Beach ridge and sand dune complex and settlement
29.8 354 544 0.39 18.0 3.33 0.01 0.01 0.44 4
S10 Beach ridge and sand dune complex and dry land farming
30 324 429 0.98 8.5 6.47 0.01 0.01 <0.066 ≥2,400
S11 Beach ridge and sand dune complex and tourism 30.9 386 584 0.59 9.9 8.23 0.01 0.01 1.63 9
Open Access 5012 The lower BOD value means that the wastewater
contains few organic matter pollutants and has a low dissolved oxygen content. This low BOD can be due to the ongoing self-purification mechanism in water bodies and also indicates that very few microorganisms are needed to decompose organic matter. Spatially, in each landform, the further south the BOD value increases because the amount of TSS and organic matter present in the water only influences BOD (Puspita, 2022). Meanwhile, the physical characteristics of groundwater showed that no samples exceeded the Class I water quality standard for drinking water. The pH of groundwater in the study area ranges from 7.1-8.5, and overall, the groundwater is colorless, odorless, and tastes fresh. TDS values range from 219-442 mg/L (Table 2). In the EC parameter, the study area shows a range between 313- 656 (μmhos/cm) (Table 2), where Santosa and Adji (2014) revealed that the DHL class <750 μmhos/cm is included in good quality groundwater and tastes fresh.
Biologically, based on the Regulation of the Governor of Yogyakarta Province Number 20 of 2008 concerning class I quality standards, the total coliform bacteria that may be contained in water for drinking water is 1,000 MPN/100 mL. Therefore, some of the groundwater samples in the study area exceed the quality standards allowed for class I criteria, namely in the fluviomarine plain with agricultural activities, the beach-ridge and sand-dune complex with tourism activities, and the beach-ridge and sand-dune complex with dry land farming activities. The groundwater can still be used as drinking water but must be boiled to a temperature of 100 oC so that coliform bacteria can die entirely and do not interfere with human digestion (Santosa and Adji, 2014). In the study area, high total coliform values are also influenced by temperature, pH, and DO, which directly affect bacterial growth, besides the possibility of being influenced by sunlight entering the good body so that it has the potential to increase the temperature in the water.
Interpretation of water quality status
Generally, the water quality status in the Parangtritis Coastal area is included in the slightly polluted category. The highest pollution level occurred in Old beach ridge with the livestock activities unit, with a pollutant index (IP) value of 4.176. In contrast, the lowest pollution level occurred in the beach ridge and sand dune complex with the tourism activities unit, which had an IP value of 1.244 (Table 4 and Figure 3).
The category of pollution level from the IP value indicates that community activities around the sampling point influence groundwater quality. The varying IP values also indicate the presence of different pollution levels but with the same pollution level classification, namely, those still classified as lightly polluted at all groundwater sampling points with pollutant variables in the form of COD, DO, nitrate, phosphate, and total coliform.
Analysis of pollutant sources can also be reviewed based on the distributed landform in the study area. In the Fluviomarine plain landform, there is quite dense settlement activity. Here, the majority of the construction of dug wells is made of concrete bus material, which is then smoothed using cement, and the floor surface of the well is not made permanent but is left with a dirt floor. In this landform, the pollutant sources are thought to originate from settlement activities from the north side and agriculture from the east side. Meanwhile, based on the direction of groundwater flow, it can be seen that water flows from dense residential activities in the north to the sampling location area. In addition, groundwater also flows from the east and south, which are wetland agricultural activities. The direction of groundwater flow can be used as a basis for analysis that contaminants in the groundwater sampling area are not caused by activities in the area but are also influenced by contaminants in the surrounding settlements and livestock activities carried in by the groundwater flow.
Table 4. Calculation results of IP value and water quality status.
No IP values Water quality status
Pollutant parameters Sources of pollutants S1 1.395 Lightly polluted COD, DO settlements on the north and east sides S2 3.708 Lightly polluted COD, DO, Nitrate,
Phosphate, Coliform total
settlements on the east side
S3 1.804 Lightly polluted COD, DO dryland farming
S4 4.176 Lightly polluted COD, DO, Nitrate, Phosphate
settlements on the east side
S5 3.550 Lightly polluted COD, Phosphate settlements
S6 1.615 Lightly polluted Nitrate, Phosphate settlements on the east side S7 4.0 Lightly polluted COD, DO, Nitrate,
Phosphate, Coliform total
settlements and livestock S8 2.490 Lightly polluted COD, Nitrate, Phosphate dry land agriculture and settlements S9 1.653 Lightly polluted COD, DO, Nitrate settlements on the north side S10 2.115 Lightly polluted Coliform total Settlements on the east side, livestock
waste, and dryland agriculture
S11 1.244 Lightly polluted - tourism and agriculture
Open Access 5013 Figure 3. Pollution Index (IP) value in the research area
In the old beach ridge unit, there is quite intensive settlement activity. As a rule, sources of groundwater pollution in an area are not only caused by activities that occur in the groundwater sampling area. However, they can also be caused by activities around them (Li et al., 2021). The pollutant source in this landform comes from dryland agricultural activities located on the south side, which is known from the direction of groundwater flow, indicating flow from the dryland agricultural area on the south side (Figure 1). The direction of groundwater flow can be used as a basis for analysis that contaminants do not only come from the groundwater sampling area but are also caused by contaminants originating from surrounding activities, which enter along with the groundwater flow. In addition, settlement activities on the east side of the study area also affect the quality of groundwater in the Old beach-ridge complex.
At the beach-ridge and sand-dune complex, the majority of pollutant sources come from settlement activities on the east side of the sand dune, livestock farming around the sand dune, and dryland farming itself. Based on the direction of groundwater flow, it can be seen that the direction of groundwater flow
through the sand dune can pass to the agricultural area so that contaminants caused by settlement and livestock activities around the sampling area can easily enter the landform unit. In addition, the beach ridge and sand dune complex has a high topography which acts as a recharge area for groundwater, which makes it easier for contaminants to spread in all directions (Figure 1).
At the beach-ridge and sand-dune complex, the majority of pollutant sources come from settlement activities on the east side of the sand dune, livestock farming around the sand dune, and dryland farming itself. Based on the direction of groundwater flow, it can be seen that groundwater flow through the sand dune can pass to the agricultural area so that contaminants caused by settlement and livestock activities around the sampling area can easily enter the landform unit. In addition, the beach ridge and sand dune complex has a high topography that acts as a groundwater recharge area, making it easier for contaminants to spread in all directions (Figure 1).
Several environmental management actions that can be taken to prevent the decrease in the status of groundwater quality are presented in Table 4.
Table 4. Groundwater environmental management efforts Institution Environmental management actions
Government
Regular monitoring of groundwater quality
Monitoring and supervising activities that have the potential to cause a decrease in the quality of the groundwater environment
Conduct training for the community on processing solid and liquid waste so that it can be reused Distribution of subsidized funds for the construction of communal WWTPs both in settlements and in tourist areas
Community
Reduce, reuse and recycle garbage/waste
The use of antiseptic in the reservoir with the aim of minimizing the occurrence of pathogenic bacterial contamination
Do not drain domestic waste directly onto the ground surface Improving the management of livestock waste in cattle and goats Private
Periodic monitoring of groundwater quality in livestock areas Designing a sewage sanitation system
Provide trash bins and storage facilities in tourist areas 1.40
3.71
1.80 4.18
3.55
1.62 4.00
2.49
1.65 2.12
1.24
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11
IP Values
Sampling Sites
Open Access 5014 Conclusion
Determination of the status of water quality in the research area was carried out by observing, measuring, and laboratory analysis of groundwater samples on physical, chemical, and biological parameters. The results of field measurements and laboratory analysis showed that several parameters exceeded the required quality standards, including COD, DO, nitrate, phosphate, and coliform total. Parameters that exceeded these quality standards were spread over all landforms and community activities, namely the Fluviomarine plain complex with settlement and wetland agricultural activities; Old beach ridge with settlement activities and chicken, duck, and cattle breeding, beach ridge and sand dune complex with dryland farming activities, as well as Beach-ridge complex with dryland farming activities and tourism.
The groundwater damage level, approximated by the pollution index (IP) value, showed the lowest value of 1.244 and the highest value of 4.176. The lowest score was found in the beach ridge and sand dune complex with tourism and agricultural activities, and the highest value was found in the old beach ridge with livestock activities.
Generally, the water quality status in the study area is in the lightly polluted category, although several parameters have exceeded the quality standard.
Of course, this fact requires efforts to manage the environment so that water quality can be controlled and even reduce the damage to the groundwater environment. The results of this study are expected to be used as a basis for determining policies in environmental management, especially groundwater, as well as developing influences on biotic and cultural components that have not yet been included in this study.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the government of Bantul Regency for permitting this research. The authors also thank all field team members who have assisted with measurement and sampling activities.
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