consisting background of the study, statements of the problems, objectives of the study, significances of the study, scope and limitation, and operationl definition.
1.1 Background of the Study
In a conversation, there are two essential roles taking part involving speaker and listener(s) who have the discussion involved in the topic they have. Levinson (1989: 284) defines “A conversation as a familiar predominant kind of talk where two or more people freely substitute in speaking that commonly happens outside some institutional settings like education field, social, politic, religious services, law courts, classrooms, and so forth”. Hence, achieving a successful in communication which is particularly in the verbal one, the participants are expected to be cooperative during the conversation done. As a matter of the cooperative in a conversation, the participants are expected to follow some principles wich is called Cooperative Principles.
Grice (Yule, 1996: 37) claimed “Cooperative Principles provide the participants to make conversational contribution as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, and by the accepted purpose of conversation and/or direction of the talk of exchange”.
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“Cooperative Principles are elaborated in four sub- principles called maxims. First, maxim of quantity, second it is called maxim of quality, then, maxim of relation, and lastly called maxim of manner. The four maxims mentioned organize how the participants, the speaker and the listener(s), should participate in a conversation such as telling the truth, being relevant, and trying to be as clear as they can in order to make the conversation done as it is purposes.” (Yule, 1996) Some people do not realize they often break the role of principles of maxims by overstepping, disrespectful, opting out, suspending, or flouting them as the roles to be done. Unlike flouting, the other kinds of the failure of observing maxim do not generate implicit meaning within them. By flouting maxims, the participants of the conversation seem to be uncooperative but actually they do. The participants themselves have certain intentions of flouting the maxims. There are some intended meanings and certain purposes which are conveyed by the speaker so the utterance where maxim flouting occurs in the conversation done can be understood.
Hence, by flouting the maxims, the participants are not said to be uncooperative in a conversation. It is because maxim flouting can be as a strategy or a way to make the listener gets the intended meaning as the real purposes beyond what it is said implicitly by the speaker. The phenomenon of maxim flouting can be found not only in real life but also in other asspects of conversation such as in movies.
A movie is one of some kinds of entertainment. Bordwell and Thompson (1997: 3) argued “Movies are equal to buildings, books, and symphonies which is known as an artifact that is made by humans for
humans' purposes”. Thus, movie is well-defined as a work created that can be a reflection of humans’ life since it is made based on social phenomena and cultural values applied in the characters involved. Furthermore, movie is also categorized as a form of spoken discourse in which the phenomena that the researcher analyzes, that is maxim flouting, are reflected through the characters of movie. Movies have some aspects which can reflect the phenomena clearer than other media. In movies, the phenomena are depicted clearer through the context, setting, expression, and the like coming from the characters regarding the theme of the movie.
Hence, analyzing maxim flouting through a movie can represent the analysis of maxim flouting in the real life. There are many movies that can be analyzed in terms of the occurrence of maxim flouting, but in this research, the researcher selected Armageddon as the subject of the study and it became the main discussion of this study.
Armageddon is a movie about a giant, global assassination asteriod, like the one that killed off the dinosaurs 65 million years ago is 18 days away from striking the Earth. In the movie, NASA had been trapped with their pants down and needs a new plan to stop the rock. They enlist the help of Harry Stamper, an expert deep core driller, to train their astronauts and help them drill into the asteroid and plant a nuclear bomb. But Harry records the astronauts can't be trained in time and determines to go with his own oil drilling crew. They ultimately went to the asteroid to save the planet. The
focus on the highlighting the conversation involving the main character, Harry Stamper”.
The researcher decided to analyze the movie because he is interested in one of the main male characters in this movie who has a very good track as actors, Bruce Willis. He has been nominated several times for an Academy Award through his career and the award of the greatest actor went to him twice. Moreover, the researcher is interested in analyzing the maxim flouting done by the main characters in this movie. In addition, studying the movie’s maxim flouting is inspiring to be conducted. This movie can represent the real examples of maxim flouting uttered by the main characters through the movie in every scene.
There are some topics under pragmatics field that can be conducted in relation to the subject of this research. They are deictic expressions, speech acts, politeness strategies, adjacency pairs, implicature, cooperation, and so forth. Yet, in this study, the researcher only focuses on the analyzing of maxim flouting found in Armageddon and the function of maxim flouting done by the characters in the film are analyzed in this research. Based on the arguments above, this study is going to focus on “An Analyzes of Maxim flouting uttered by the main characters in Armageddon movie’’
1.2 Statements of the Problem
Regarding the background of the study which is viewed in the previous discussion, there are two formulated problems in this study as follows.
1.2.1 What are the types of maxims that are flouted by the main characters in the movie entitled Armageddon?
1.2.2 What are the reasons of the maxim flouting done by the main charactersin the movie entitled Armageddon?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
Related to the research focus in this study, the objectives of this study are stated as follow:
1.3.1 To describe the types of maxims which are flouted in Armageddon 1.3.2 To describe the reasons of maxim flouting done by the main
characters in Armageddon.
1.4 Significance of the Study
By conducting this research on maxim flouting, the researcher expects that this stiudy can be done and contribute to give some advantages to others. Theoretically, this study is expected to give deeper understanding and expand sources in the analysis of maxim flouting depicted in a movie.
The researcher also expects that this research can be areference in analyzing maxim flouting under the umbrella of pragmatics.
Essentially, this research is projected to show some kinds of maxim flouting. It can show that being cooperative in a conversation can be done by bothobeying and flouting maxims using some strategies. Furthermore, it is useful forpeople to be more aware of being cooperative in a conversation in order to make the conversation run well. They can also avoid misinterpretation in the use ofmaxim flouting in a conversation.
1.5 Scope and Limitation
The researcher had the scope of this study which is focused on the Armageddon movie. The limitation of this study is focused only on the analyze of the flouted maxims done by the main characters of movie then it focused on the reason of each maxim.
1.6 Operational Definition
Concerning to the topic of the study, the researcher gives the definition about choosing of variables and subject of the research in order to provide clear understanding between the researcher and the readers such as : 1.6.1 Pragmatics is the studying that the are approaches to studying language’s relation to the contextual background features. (Jon Cuting) of meaning uttered by speaker whether spoken or written.
Moving on to what pragmatics and discourse analyssis are, we can start by sa
1.6.2 Maxims is the principle which should be obeyed by the participants in a conversation Language philosophers argue that implicatures can be dependent on conversational context or context in general and can be part of sentence meaning, e.g. Even John came to the party. The sentence implies that John’s coming to the party was unexpected, a surprise. Figures of speech (e.g. metaphor, irony, sarcasm)
1.6.3 Maxims flouting is the maxim which is failed to be observanced 1.6.4 Armageddon movie was a popular movie made in USA in 1998