AN ANALYSIS OF THE SENTENCE TYPES USED IN CLASSROOM INTERACTION AT STKIP PGRI SUMATERA BARAT
Sri Puji Astuti, Armilia Riza, M. Khairi Ikhsan
Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat [email protected]
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan dan menganalisa tipe-tipe kalimat yang digunakan oleh dosen dan mahasiswa di dalam interaksi kelas. Data yang dianalisis diperoleh dari video recording, observation checklist, dan field note. Dalam penelitian ini peneliti memilih tiga kelas yaitu kelas General Linguistics, Writing 2 dan Speech.
Data yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini dikumpulkan dan kemudian dikelompokkan berdasarkan tipe-tipe kalimat yang ditemukan. Dari hasil analisis data yang ditemukan ada 618 kalimat yang tergolong kedalam dalam tipe-tipe kalimat yang ditemukan. Dari semua data tersebut, peneliti menemukan ke empat tipe kalimat yang digunakan dalam interaksi kelas di STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu, terdapat 262 kalimat yang merupakan kalimat pernyataan, 120 kalimat yang merupakan kalimat pertanyaan, 182 kalimat yang merupakan kalimat perintah, dan 54 kalimat yang merupakan kalimat seru.
kalimat pernyataan lebih sering digunakan untuk menyampaikan materi pembelajaran dan juga memberikan pendapat, kalimat pertanyaan lebih sering digunakan pada saat diskusi kelompok, kalimat perintah sering digunakan untuk memberi saran kepada orang lain, dan kalimat seru sering diguanakan untuk memberikan penegasan atau mengungkapkan apa yang sedang dirasakan seseorang terhadap orang lain.
Kata kunci: Tipe-tipe Kalimat, Interaksi Kelas
INTRODUCTION
Interaction is a reciprocal relationship between two or more people and each person involved in it plays an active role. In the interaction process not only happens the relationship between the parties involved, but happens mutually affect each other. In the classroom is
also found interaction in teaching and learning process. The patterns of classroom interaction are teacher- students, student-teacher, and student-students. In classroom interaction, there is often found a conversation between teacher- students or student-teacher. In conversation many sentences are
spoken by the speaker to listener.
Where in the conversation there are some sentences. The teacher said the sentences to the student to give and ask some information. Sentence has some types; it can be different based on the structure and functions.
Sentence types based on the function are declarative sentence, interrogative sentence, exclamatory sentence, and imperative sentence.
In the classroom, interaction is very important because interaction in the classroom will make the students interested in communicating at the classroom. Classroom interaction can improve relationship between teacher and students. Tsui in Carter and Nunan (2001:120) states that classroom interaction focused initially on the language by used the teacher, especially teacher questions and the learner responses elicited teachers’ feedback and turn allocation behaviour. It means that classroom interaction often done by teacher, where the teacher asks to the students as the beginning of the interaction and the students respond to what the teacher requests,
resulting in mutual interaction between teacher and students.
Interaction in the classroom is very important because it can build the good relationship between teacher- students and student-students by sharing information or exchange of thoughts on each other. In the classroom interaction, teacher helps students engage in teaching and learning process.
In classroom interaction also found many sentence. Sentence is a unit of language in the form of a word or sequence of words that can stand alone and express a complete meaning. It is the smallest unit of language that expresses the whole thought, both orally and in writing.
In oral form, the sentence is pronounced in a high, low, soft, loud voice, and ends with the last intonation. While in writing, the sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a dot (.) to declare a message or informative sentence, a question mark (?) to declare a question and an exclamation point (!) to declare a command. Jones and Farness (2002:70) define that
sentence is a group of words that follows the rules of the language for correctness and completeness, and makes sense. It means that sentence is a group of words that correspond to the correct and complete grammar structure, and can be understood easily.
Sentence has some types it can be different based on the structure and function. According to Vitto (2006:319), besides classifying sentences by structure as simple, compound, and complex, we can classify sentences according to their function. There are four types of sentences: declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory. Zhang (2005:71-72) explains that a declarative sentence simply states a fact or an argument, without requiring either an answer or action from the reader or listener, interrogartive sentence or a question is primarily used to express lack of information on a specific point, and to request the listener to supply this information verbally, and imperative sentence or command is primarily used to instruct somebody to do
something, while exclamatory sentence is primarily for expressing the speaker’s feeling, it is simply a more forceful version of a declarative sentence, marked at the end with an exclamation mark. Based on the explanation, it can be concluded that declarative sentence used to make a statement, fact, argument, or opinion, interrogative sentence used to ask specific information about something from the listener, imperative sentence used to give command, request, and instruction to someone to do or not to do something, exclamatory sentence used to express the speaker’s feeling with the strong emotion.
RESEARCH METHOD
The design of this research was descriptive research. According to Gay and Airasian (2000:275) descriptive research is a research design to determine and describe the way things and use to investigate the educational problems. It means that descriptive research was a study to identify of phenomena or issue. The researcher used this design in this research because the researcher
wanted to analyze the sentence types used in classroom interaction at STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat in 2016/2017 academic year.
In this research, the researcher took some participants. The participants of the research were lecturer and students in speech, writing 2 and general linguistic classes at STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat. According to Gay and Airasian (2000:122), the selected research participant must be able to provide the desired information sought and willing to provide it to the researcher. In this research, the researcher chose STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat as the place to conduct the research. The researcher chose interaction between lecturer- students and student-students in speech, writing 2, and general linguistic classes as participants of this research. The researcher choose speech and general linguistic classes because in those classes displayed group discussion. Then, the researcher choose writing 2 class because in writing 2 class discussed about text, opinion and argument. so
that, the researcher would get the data in the class. In conducting this research, the researcher used instruments, video recording, observation checklist, and field note as the instrument.
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
In this research the researcher found all of types of sentences which were used in classroom interaction at STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat in 2016/2017 academic year. There were 250 sentences that belong to declarative sentence, 120 sentences that belong to interrogative sentence, 179 sentences that belong to imperative sentence, and 69 sentences that belong to exclamatory sentence. It classified based on the characteristics which appropriate with each types. To make it clear, the finding in this research showed in the chart below:
No Types of Sentence
Quantity
1 Declarative 262
2 Interrogative 120
3 Imperative 182
4 Exclamatory 54
618 Based on the classification above, the researcher interpret that the lecturers and students at STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat in 2016/2017 academic year used all of the types of sentence in classroom interaction.
Nurbaiti (2016) concluded that the result of the sentence structure anlysis, the most dominant sentence is declarative sentence. This is the same with the result of this study that declarative sentence is a sentence that is often used in classroom interaction to give material and opinion to the listener. Interrogative sentence is often used to ask some information to the listener about the material that is discussed. Next, imperative sentence found in classroom interaction is often used to give command by moderator and give suggestion to another people.
The last is exclamatory sentence; the
function of exclamatory sentences that is found in classroom interaction is to give affirmation from the speaker to the listener, and this type is rarely found in the class.
CONCLUSION
Based on the finding the researcher concludes that there are 262 sentences that belong to declarative sentence, 120 sentences that belong to interrogative sentence, 182 sentences that belong imperative sentence, 54 that belong exclamatory sentence. Based on the research conducted, it can be explained that declarative sentence is often used in classroom interaction than other types. Because, in the classroom interaction, lecturer and students often discuss some material in the form of arguments, facts, statements and opinions.
REFERENCES
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Jones, P And Farness, J. (2002).
College Writing Skills, 4th Ed,. United States Of America: Collegiate Press.
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