doi: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2023.011.01.03 E-ISSN : 2338-1647
http://jitode.ub.ac.id
Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Development Studies
Analysis of Land Suitability for Mangrove Ecotourism in Tanjung Lesung, Banten Province
Gifano Gias Gemayal Tahapary
1, Indah Riyantini
2, Wahyuniar Pamungkas
2, Ankiq Taofiqurohman
2.
1Study Program of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Indonesia
2Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Indonesia
Abstract
Mangrove ecosystems are generally found in all coastal areas of Indonesia, which are affected by tides and inundate these ecosystems along the coast. The function of the mangrove ecosystem as ecotourism is an alternative that can be developed in coastal areas. The purpose of this study was to identify the diversity of flora and fauna, determine the allocation of mangrove ecosystem land for ecotourism and determine the carrying capacity of the mangrove ecosystem area to be used for ecotourism. This research was carried out from January to February 2021 in the Tanjung Lesung area, Banten, with three research stations based on the initial survey and the data provided by the manager. The data taken in this study are mangrove ecosystems, associated biota, mangrove thickness, and respondents from visitors who aim to find out how long it takes their visit. The results obtained are there are nine types of mangroves from six families. The mangrove density of the research location is 796 ind.ha-1. The biota found at the research site found seven biota. The results of the calculation of ecotourism suitability at Station I have a value of 58.3% with the S2 category, and Station II has a value of 72.2% with the S2 category. Station III has a value of 33.3% with the S3 category. The calculation results of the area's carrying capacity for tracking activities are 180 people per day with a usable area of about 2200 m2.
Keywords: Carrying Capacity, Ecotourism, Land Suitability, Mangroves, Tanjung Lesung.
INTRODUCTION*
Mangrove ecosystems in all coastal areas of Indonesia are affected by tides and inundate these ecosystems along the coast [1]. The mangrove ecosystem has several functions, including ecological function, namely nursery ground, feeding ground, and spawning ground, and also economic function. The mangrove ecosystem has several functions, among others, as ecological function, namely nursery ground, functions of the mangrove ecosystem include a supplier of nutrients, spawning grounds functions of the mangrove ecosystem include as a supplier of nutrients, spawning beds, and soil nurseries for marine biota, as well as an abrasion barrier and many others [2]. In addition to ecological functions, mangrove ecosystems have economic functions, namely producing food from the fisheries sector, firewood and charcoal, and medicines [3]. They can also be managed as an ecotourism activity.
The function of the mangrove ecosystem as ecotourism is an alternative that can be developed in coastal areas [4]. Utilization of mangrove ecosystems as ecotourism is quite
*Correspondence address:
Gifano Gias Gemayal Tahapary Email : [email protected]
Address : Jl. Raya Jatinangor-Bandung KM.21, 45363
potential and beneficial in terms of improving the welfare of local communities because mangrove ecosystems have their characteristics and uniqueness in terms of fauna associated with mangrove ecosystems such as fish, crabs, shrimp, mollusks, birds, and their unique root forms. There are also many flora that are not uncommon to be found associated with the mangrove ecosystem [5].
Ecotourism is a way of tourism to natural areas that is carried out to preserve and improve the welfare of the local community [6].
Ecotourism provides visitors an opportunity to enjoy nature's beauty and learn about the importance of a living creature in it. Ecotourism can also preserve nature and improve the economy for people close to the ecotourism location [7]. The development of ecotourism in an area needs to pay attention to the carrying capacity of the area, which aims to limit excessive use and prevent damage to the ecosystem used by ecotourism [8].
Banten Province is one area in Indonesia with a mangrove ecosystem. According to Statistics Data from the Forestry and Plantation Service of Banten Province in 2011, the area of mangroves in Banten Province reached around 3.158 hectares, with most of them damaged.
Tanjung Lesung is located in Panimbang
categorized as damaged. The location of Tanjung Lesung in Panimbang District is one of the locations that can be developed to become a mangrove ecotourism location. The purpose of this study was to identify the diversity of flora and fauna in the Tanjung Lesung, Banten, to determine the suitability of mangrove ecosystem land for ecotourism and to determine the carrying capacity of the mangrove ecosystem area to be used as ecotourism.
MATERIALS AND METHOD Study area and period
This research was conducted in January - February 2021 in the Tanjung Lesung area, Banten (Fig. 1). Based on the data provided by the manager of Tanjung Lesung, the mangrove ecosystem area is approximately 5 hectares.
The study area was obtained from the results of a field survey due to the limitations of the mangrove.
Data Collection
Data was collected using the field survey method. The physical data collected include the thickness and density of mangrove vegetation to reflect the name of the mangrove species, the biota associated with mangrove ecosystems, and respondents who aim to
Transect Line Plot (TLP) was which sampling plots were established to record and identify the plant species contained within the plot with size following the method proposed by several works of literature [9] and described as follows:
a. Trees, located on a 10x10 m2 plot.
Stem diameter > 10 cm at height > 1.5 m, b. Stakes, located in a 5x5 m2 plot.
Stem diameter < 10 cm at height > 1.5 m c. Seedlings, located in 1x1 m2 plots
At a height of <1.5 m.
Data analysis Mangrove Density
The equation used to calculate the density of mangrove species according to English et al.
[10]. The equation is:
𝐷 = 𝑛𝑖 𝐴 Description:
D = the density of mangrove species i (ind.ha-1) ni = total number of stands of mangrove species i A = total sampling area (number of transects x area of plot per hectares unit)
Species Diversity Index
The Shannon-Wiener species diversity index is used to determine species diversity in a location. The formula used according to Odum [11] as follows:
Figure 1. Research Site in Tanjung Lesung, Panimbang Sub-District, Banten Province, Indonesia
Land Suitability for Mangrove Ecotourism (Tahapary, et al.)
𝐻
′= −Σ 𝑝
𝑖ln (𝑝
𝑖)
Description:
H' = Diversity
Pi = (Ni/N) Number of individuals to i / Total number of individuals
The criteria for the value of the Species Diversity Index:
a. Low diversity: H'<1 b. Medium diversity: 1<H'<3 c. High diversity H'>3
Analysis of Mangrove Ecosystem Suitability It is necessary to look at four parameters to calculate the Ecotourism Suitability Index for mangroves that have been modified (Table 1), namely: mangrove type, mangrove density, mangrove thickness, and biota objects [12]. The formula used in calculating the Tourism Suitability Index is as follows:
𝐸𝑆𝐼 = Σ 𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑥 100%
Description:
ESI = Ecotourism Suitability Index ; Ni = parameter value (weight x score);
Nmax = Maximum value of a ecotourism category (Nmax = 29)
The level of suitability of the area will be divided into four classifications, namely:
S1 = Very Appropriate (75 – 100%) S2 = Appropriate (50 – 74%)
S3 = Conditional Appropriate (25 – 49%) N = Not Appropriate (< 25%)
Table 1. The Suitability Matrix of Mangrove Ecotourism
Source: Modification of Yulianda [12]
Carrying Capacity of Mangrove Ecotourism Areas
Carrying capacity is the maximum number of visitors physically that can be accommodated in an area that has been provided at a certain time without causing a bad impact on nature and humans. The calculation of the carrying capacity of the area [13] (Table 2) is as follows:
𝐶𝐶𝐴 = K x𝐿𝑝 𝐿𝑡𝑥 𝑊𝑡
𝑊𝑝 Description:
CCA = carrying capacity of the area (person) K = maximum visitors per unit of area (person) Lp = area/length of area that can be utilized (m2 or m) Lt = unit area for a particular category (m)
Wt = time allocated for tourism activities in 1 day (hours) Wp = time spent by visitors for certain activities (hours)
Table 2. Calculation of Carrying Capacity Areas [12,14]
Activity K Lt Wp Wt
Tracking
Mangrove 1 50 m 2 8
Notes:
K = maximum visitors per unit of area (person) Lt = unit area for a particular category (m)
Wp = time spent by visitors for certain activities (hours) Wt = time allocated for tourism activities in 1 day (hours)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Mangrove Ecosystem for Ecotourism Activities Based on the results of observations and identification during data collection at the research location of mangrove species found in Tanjung Lesung, Banten, there are six families, namely Rhizoporaceae, Avicenniaceae, Meliaceae, Combretaceae, and Euphorbiaceae.
We found nine different species including Avicennia alba, A. marina, A. officianalis, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Excoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera racemosa, Rhizopora apiculata, R.
mucronata, and Xylocarpus mollucensis.
The diversity of mangrove species in a location attracts visitors to the location to carry out tourism activities and education related to the mangrove ecosystem [15]. The various types of mangroves in a location support the existence of biota associated with mangroves and can even become the primary habitat of biota and can be the main choice for tourists visiting because they can enjoy beautiful nature, cool air as well as add insight into the importance of mangrove ecosystems [15]. The diversity of mangrove species in an area is essential in supporting the management activities of a location and adding to the attraction of visitors who come [16].
The density value of mangrove species at each observation station are: Station I has the highest density with a density value of 366 ind.ha-1, followed by Station II with a value of 330 ind.ha-1 and the last Station III with a value of 100 ind.ha-1. Lumnitzera racemosa has the highest individual density of 240 ind.ha-1 found at Station II, and Avicennia marina species has the lowest density value of 33 ind.ha-1 found at Station I. At station III, only two types of Parameters Weight Parameters
Standards Score Mangrove
width (m)
5 >500 3
>200-500 2
50-200 1
<50 0
Mangrove species (ind)
3 >5 3
3-5 2
1-2 1
1 0
Mangrove density (ind.100m-2)
3 >15-25 3
>10-15 2
5-10 1
<5 0
Biota Object 1 > 5 biota 3
3-5 biota 2
2-3 biota 1
1 biota 0
individuals in a location determines the high- density value. If there are many individuals, the density value will be high, and vice versa. If the number of individuals is small, the density value will be low [17]. The highest species density was caused by a suitable substrate and the ability to adapt to environmental conditions [18]. Station 3 has the lowest density value due to a natural disaster that occurred at the end of 2018 in the research area, which caused the destruction of mangrove ecosystems on the coast and damaged land areas, leaving only a few individuals who survived.
The diversity index values of all stations are varied. Station I has a diversity value of 1.06, Station II has a value of 1.05, and Station III has a value of 0.69. According to the criteria of the diversity index, Stations I and II have a Medium Diversity category, and Station III has Low Diversity. Moreover, for the average of all stations, the Tanjung Lesung area has a low diversity with a value of 0.93. The value of H' <
1.0 indicates low species diversity [19]. The number of species and individuals in the community can influence the diversity value of a community. The value of diversity will be high if a community has many types of individuals and does not dominate the community. If the value of diversity is low, then the community is composed of a few types of individuals, and some species dominate the community [20].
Based on observations during data collection at the research site, the biota found in Tanjung Lesung, Banten, contained seven different biota, namely the biota found, including Telescopium sp., Fejervarya cancrivora, Scylla serrata, Periopthalmus sp., Ocypode ceratopthalmus, Myron richardsonii, and Polymesoda erosa. The most common
biota were only slightly found at each station.
Objects of biota in the mangrove ecosystem can be enjoyed directly and provide satisfaction for visitors and more value for the mangrove ecotourism location [15]. The main attraction of the mangrove ecosystem is the potential diversity of wildlife, especially water birds, migratory birds, reptiles, mammals, primates, and fish, besides the mangroves themselves [21].
Ecotourism Suitability Index and Carrying Capacity Areas for Ecotourism Activities
Based on the calculation of the Ecotourism Suitability Index (Table 4), Station I gets a score of 58.3% with the S2 category, Station II gets a score of 72.2% with the S2 category, Station III gets a score of 33.3% with the S3 category.
Calculating the demand for land to be used as a mangrove ecotourism location in Tanjung Lesung Banten gets spatial results where Stations I and II get the appropriate category. In contrast, station III gets the conditional appropriate category. It is because, at stations I and II, there are many mangrove species and biota and a reasonably high density in that location. In contrast, at station III, there are only two types of mangroves, which results in low density and only a few biota found at the station. Station III received an inappropriate category also due to natural disasters that destroyed the mangrove ecosystem in these stations, namely the tsunami that occurred at the end of 2018, which was right on the coast and left only a few individuals. At each research station, the mangrove thickness parameter has a low score; this is because the thickness of the mangrove at the study site only ranges from 60 meters to 150 meters.
Table 3. Mangrove Density at Each Research Station
No Type of Mangrove K (Ind.ha-1)
Station I Station II Station III
1. Avicennia alba 133 30 0
2. Avicennia marina 33 0 0
3. Avicennia officianalis 0 10 0
4. Bruguiera gymnorhiza 0 20 0
5. Excoecaria agallocha 0 10 50
6. Lumnitzera racemosa 200 240 0
7. Rhizopora apiculata 0 0 50
8. Rhizopora mucronata 0 10 0
9. Xylocarpus mollucensis 0 10 0
Total 366 330 100
Total density 796
Land Suitability for Mangrove Ecotourism (Tahapary, et al.) Tabel 4. Mangrove Ecotourism Suitability Index at Each Station
Based on the calculation of the suitability of ecotourism from the three mangrove research stations owned by Tanjung Lesung, Banten, it is feasible to be used as mangrove ecotourism because the calculated parameters have met the requirements and are eligible to be used as ecotourism locations. On the other hand, in the process of developing mangrove ecotourism in Tanjung Lesung, Banten, several things need to be considered also to increase the value of ecotourism suitability later, namely the rehabilitation of mangroves at the observation station, which will add to the type of mangroves owned, increase the thickness of mangroves and also increase the area of mangrove areas at the observation station (Fig.
2). Mangrove thickness affects litter production, organic matter from litter produced by mangroves becomes the main
chain in the feeding web in the mangrove ecosystem [22]. This organic material is helpful as a nutrient for plankton that can increase diversity, the number of individuals, and the number of fish species [23].
Every effort is significant in supporting ecotourism activities and the ecological role of the mangrove ecosystem itself [24]. The success of developing mangrove ecotourism cannot be separated from the involvement of local communities, planning, and concepts to be made, having a reasonable interpretation of nature and culture, creating a sense of comfort and safety, as well as providing learning to tourists and also establishing good relationships with tourists and various parties involved in the process of developing mangrove ecotourism [25].
Figure 2. Map of suitability level for mangrove ecotourism in Tanjung Lesung, Panimbang sub-district, Banten Province, Indonesia.
Parameters Weight
Research station
I II III
Field data Score Value Field
data Score Value Field
data Score Value
Mangrove width (m) 5 70 1 5 150 1 5 70 1 5
Mangrove density (100 m2) 3 23 3 9 33 3 9 6 1 3
Type of mangrove (ind) 3 4 2 6 7 3 9 2 1 3
Biota object 1 2 1 1 5 3 3 2 1 1
Total values 21 26 12
ESI (%) 58.3 72.2 33.3
Category S2 S2 S3
[26]. Analysis of carrying capacity in the development of mangrove ecotourism is needed to use it sustainably from the potential possessed by coastal resources. The concept was developed to prevent or the occurrence of degradation of a natural resource or environment so as to maintain and maintain sustainability and nothing is detrimental [27] .
Table 5. Calculation of Carrying Capacity Areas
Activity K Lp Lt Wp Wt CCA
Tracking
Mangrove 1 2400m2 50 m 2 8 192
Notes:
K = maximum visitors per unit of area (person) Lp = area/length of area that can be utilized (m2 or m) Lt = unit area for a particular category (m)
Wp = time spent by visitors for certain activities (hours) Wt = time allocated for tourism activities in 1 day (hours) CCA = carrying capacity of the area (person)
Based on the calculations that have been made, the value of the carrying capacity of the area for mangrove ecotourism in Tanjung Lesung Banten is 192 people per day, where the average time spent by visitors is 2 hours, and the time provided by the area is 8 hours with an area that can be utilized is 2400 m2. In developing the concept of tourism, it is necessary to hold the number of tourists; if this is not limited, it will threaten the sustainability of the resources owned by an ecosystem [28].
Limiting the number of visitors has a vital role for managers later to provide comfort and a good image of the tourism destination [4].
CONCLUSION
The mangrove ecosystem in the Tanjung Lesung area of Banten has 9 types of mangroves, including Avicennia alba, A.marina, A. officianalis, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Excoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera racemosa, Rhizopora apiculata, R. mucronata, and Xylocarpus mollucensis. All stations have different diversity values. Station I has a diversity value of 1.06, Station II has 1.05 and Station III has 0.69. The seven biota found in Tanjung Lesung, Banten are Telescopium sp., Fejervarya cancrivora, Scylla serrata, Periopthalmus sp., Ocypode ceratopthalmus, Myron richardsonii, and Polymesoda erosa. ESI value in station 1 got a score of 58.3% in the S2 category or appropriate, Station 2 got a score of 72.2% in the S2 category or appropriate and for Station 3 it got a score of 33.3% with the S3
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