View of Analysis of Sustainable Tourism Destination Development for Digital Nomads (Comparative Study: Lisbon-Portugal and Canggu, Bali-Indonesia)

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Technium

43/2023

2023 A new decade for social changes

Social Sciences

Technium.

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Analysis of Sustainable Tourism Destination Development for Digital Nomads (Comparative Study: Lisbon-Portugal and Canggu, Bali-Indonesia)

Sri Mariati¹, Andre Gilitasha², Myrza Rahmanita³, Sundring Pantja Djati⁴, Robiatul Adawiyah⁵

Trisakti School of Tourism, Jakarta, Indonesia [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract. The digital nomad is a brand-new traveler that has emerged as a result of the digital age. These travelers are able to work while constantly travelling from one location to another and simply need an internet connection. They continue to earn money as they travel. The most popular destinations for digital nomads in the world are Lisbon, Portugal, and Canggu-Bali, Indonesia. By comparing the characteristics of digital nomads who travel to Canggu and Lisbon, this study hopes to identify differences in the standards of sustainable tourism destinations (Accessibility, Attractions, Amenities, Activities, and Accommodations). Involving sixty participants, this quantitative study was undertaken. The findings show that there are considerable differences in the two locations' features, specifically the education level of digital nomad tourists, and between the three factors, namely accessibility, amenities, and accommodation. Lisbon excels in the accessibility and amenities component of the distinctions, while Canggu shines in the accommodation component. Canggu also shines in terms of lower living costs that complement the expensive digital nomad lifestyle, which attracts travelers who are interested in it. The development of Lisbon's tourism locations must also focus primarily on the elements of facilities, activities, and accommodation. The development of tourist locations in Canggu, however, might concentrate on the elements of accessibility, attractions, and amenities.

Keywords. Digital Nomad, 5A of Tourism Sustainable, Tourist Destination

1. Introduction

The digital age has led to rapid changes in many industries, one of which is tourism.

The growth of digital technology and information has leading to the emergence of new professions like the digital nomad, or people who work remotely using digital technology.

Digital nomads, also known as global nomads, are people who work independently, from their laptops, and without a fixed location, which means they can work or study from home or anywhere with an internet connection (Vagena, 2021). This type of work is becoming more popular as the world moves towards an economy based on information technology (Zimmerman, 2017). Digital nomads’ traveler now often travels to new places while earning Technium Social Sciences Journal

Vol. 43, 403-415, May, 2023 ISSN: 2668-7798 www.techniumscience.com

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money through online businesses, clients, or their superiors (Lamarque, 2016). When most digital nomad tourists come not only to travel but also to work, it is commonly referred to as 'workation,' which is traveling from one location to another while completing work (Prabawati, 2020).

There are three categories of digital nomads: remote workers, entrepreneurs, and freelancers. Remote workers, as digital nomads, can work from any location while being legally obligated to one company by a contract. Entrepreneurs are digital nomads who own businesses that can be operated online from any location. Freelancers are people who work on a project and are paid when it is finished; their projects only require an internet connection. A digital nomad can also work in more than one segment, if that is possible. Those who choose to live as a digital nomad will benefit from the lifestyle. Similarly, as a growing group of workers and tourists, digital nomads can benefit the places they visit not only financially, but also by enriching and diversifying the social and cultural life of those places (Hall et al., 2019).

According to a recent report from MBO Partners, there are now 10.9 million digital nomads living in the United States, up from 7.6 million just two years ago (Younger, 2021).

This rapid growth is due to increased internet connectivity, which has helped people to travel to more areas (Nash, 2018). Because digital nomads are required to work while visiting tourist destinations, digital nomad tourists have more criteria to support their work than other tourists.

The internet connection is crucial, as is the lower cost of living because they must stay for a longer period. Tourism industry experts are developing new approaches to cater to the increasing number of digital nomads by taking this into account (Hall et al., 2019; Woldoff, 2021). As the digital industry has expanded, cities and other tourist destinations are beginning to recognize the potential of creative tourism and its products (Marques and Borba, 2017).

Figure 1. Number of Countries Visited by Digital Nomads per Year Source: And Co, (2021)

Figure 1 demonstrates the enormous potential of digital nomads in the travel industry.

One to three countries are visited annually by 54% of digital nomads, five or more are visited by 29%, and ten or more are visited by 5% of the digital nomad population. As a result of their constant relocation due to their work, digital nomads expect high incomes. The high income these digital nomads make also contributes to the tourism industry's growth. At least 25% of digital nomads make more than $50,000 USD annually, and 7% of the total population of nomads make more than $100,000 USD annually.

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< 5 54%

29%

< 7 8%

< 10 4%

10 >

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< 3 < 5 < 7 < 10 10 >

Technium Social Sciences Journal Vol. 43, 403-415, May, 2023 ISSN: 2668-7798 www.techniumscience.com

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Due to the phenomenon of digital nomads in the tourism industry, it is only natural for stakeholders to want to cater to their needs when visiting tourist destinations. Utilizing the 5A indicators of tourism (accessibility, attractions, amenities, activities, and accommodations), which were first defined by Dickman in 1997, development in sustainable tourism must consider a healthy balance so that visitors have a positive experience (Ramesh and Muralidhar, 2019). These tourist destinations' attributes will influence how tourists, including digital nomads, perceive other tourist destinations.

Lisbon (Nomad List, 2021a) is the top-scoring destination in terms of overall ratings on the main Nomad List website, according to the perception of a tourist destination that has been formed by a destination for digital nomads. Nomad List is a technology company that creates infrastructure for people to live anywhere in the world, particularly for digital nomads all over the world. In August 2021, there is 7,800 digital nomads residing in Lisbon (Nomad List, 2021b). Canggu, which is a well-liked location or hub for digital nomads in Indonesia, is ranked third globally (Nomad List, 2021c), and the number of digital nomads living in Canggu, in August 2021 is 4,000 people (Nomad List, 2021d).

The goal of this research is to determine what needs to be done for the tourist destination for digital nomads in order to make it sustainable using sustainable tourism indicators. To gain a different perspective from digital nomads and to see a different discography for the digital nomad visitor in each location, two popular tourist destinations on different continents are being compared. The study's findings should be transferable to other locations that want to grow into sustainable tourist destinations for digital nomads.

Literature review

Sustainable Tourism Destination Development

The growth of tourist destinations is a purposeful endeavor that involves numerous parties in terms of development. Furthermore, these activities, which are typically cross-sectoral in scope, are related to legislative initiatives. One of the numerous parties involved in creating tourist destinations is the community. Other parties include travel agencies, tour operators, and business owners in the hotel and lodging industry. Specialists offer a variety of tourism development concepts as a result. Sutrisno and Muhamad (2016) summarize the tourism system using Mathieson and Wall's definition, which states that it consists of three components: a) dynamic elements, namely travel; b) static elements, namely the presence in the destination area; and c) consequential elements, namely various impacts that arise.

Components of Sustainable Tourism Destinations

According to Ramesh and Muralidhar (2019), the "5As of tourism" are crucial elements for tourist sites to draw tourists and entice them to return. Accessibility, attractions, amenities, activities, and accomodation are all included in the tourist "5A" model. Accessibility, according to Jafari and Xiao (2015), relates to simplicity of access. Tourists vary greatly in terms of their culture, age, gender, health, physical stamina, mobility, vision, hearing, and physical or mental disabilities, hence not all tourist attractions and products are accessible to all tourists, particularly those with disabilities. Ratliff and Kunz (2020) define an attraction as something that will draw tourists to a place or destination. Natural environmental resources like lakes, waterfalls, or mountains are just some of the many things that might turn into popular tourist destinations. Historical locations such as structures, monuments, or churches can also be considered attractions. Amusement parks and water parks are examples of man-made locations that can increase demand for a resort.

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According to Pramanik (2020), amenities include the provision of catering, entertainment, internal transportation, and connectivity to make visitors' stays at tourist destinations more convenient. According to Prabawati (2020), amenities are facilities that support visitors or tourists, such as housing, food and drink service or consumption, souvenirs, tour travel packages, guides, and tourist information centers. Ratliff and Kunz (2020) define activities as a range of things that improve the tourist experience at a tourism destination.

Activities include both indoor and outdoor leisure pursuits (Pramanik, 2020). According to Westcott (2019), activities can encompass a wide range of pursuits like golf, sport fishing, and rock climbing. Activities might include not only outdoor pursuits but also cultural excursions and agro-tourism-related activities based on agricultural pursuits.

The accommodation industry, according to Westcott (2019), offers more than just physical goods like hotel rooms, mattresses, and food. Service is equally vital, and all staff members must do their bit to guarantee that each visitor's wants, preferences, and expectations are fulfilled and satisfied. Thus according Pramanik (2020), examples of accommodation include hotels, apartments, resorts, and homestays, all of which allow guests to spend the night.

Following Rhee and Yang (2015), accommodations must satisfy six criteria: value, location, sleep quality, room, cleanliness, and service.

Digital Nomads

Digital nomads, also known as global nomads, are persons who work independently, from their laptops, and without a fixed location, which means they can work or study from home or anyplace with an internet connection (Vagena, 2021). Following Prabawati (2020), digital nomad tourists not only come to travel but also to work, or what is commonly known as 'workation,' which is traveling from one destination to another while completing work. Tsugio Makimoto and David Manners predicted the term digital nomad in their book in 1997 (Muller, 2016), stating that at the time, it was not yet possible to communicate using video from two different places on this planet, but that this could change in the next ten years, and people will be able to view and send documents and photos from wherever they are. Because digital nomads are compelled to work while visiting tourist sites, digital nomad tourists have more criteria to support their work than ordinary visitors. The internet connection is crucial, as is the reduced cost of living because they must stay for a longer amount of time.

Methods

This study uses a quantitative research approach. The research method used is the comparative method. Comparative research is research that compares the presence of one or more variables in two or more different samples. This research was conducted in two different digital nomad favorite tourist destinations, namely: Lisbon, in Portugal and Canggu-Bali, in Indonesia. In this study, the sample was selected using the non-probability sampling method.

The technique used in this research is quota sampling, which is a sample based on the proportion of certain characteristics that aim to avoid bias. Quota sampling in this study will use the same number of samples from the two research objects to be compared. The characteristics of the sample in this study are a) identifying themselves as a digital nomad; b) have lived as a digital nomad in Lisbon and/or in Canggu.

In this study, data was collected based on the type of data, namely primary data and secondary data. Primary data is information obtained directly from data sources (respondents/informants). Primary data was collected in this study by giving questionnaires to respondents. Secondary data is information that was not collected directly from a data source.

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Secondary data for this study was gathered from: a) Nomad List, a technology company that provides infrastructure for people to live anywhere in the globe, particularly for digital nomads.

The Nomad List compiles many types of data needed by digital nomads to help them decide where to travel next; b) scientific journals and other references.

Researchers use a sample size of 30 people as a guideline for comparative research (Gay et al., 2011). For this comparative studies, 30 samples should be in each group. And in this study, the number of samples used in this study were 30 digital nomads who had visited Lisbon, and 30 digital nomads who had visited Canggu. To analyze the data that had previously been collected through questionnaires, the researchers then used SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) computer software.

The data collected will be tested for validity. Validity test is a test used to show the extent to which the measuring instrument used in a measure can state what is being measured.

If the data is valid, then the reliability test is continued which refers to the understanding that the instruments used in research to obtain information that can be used can be trusted as a data collection tool and are able to reveal actual information in the field. Reliable data is then tested for homogeneity to ensure that the data set to be measured comes from a homogeneous (same) population. The homogeneity test in this study will use Levene's test. Homogeneous data is then tested for differences using ANOVA. ANOVA stands for Analysis of variance. Is a statistical test procedure similar to the t-test. ANOVA is used as an analytical tool to test the research hypothesis which assesses whether there is a mean difference between groups.

Results

Digital Nomad Characteristic Differences

The 21 different nations represented by the respondents in Lisbon, had the most respondents, with 3 each from the United States and 3 each from Poland. There were 15 countries represented among the respondents from Canggu, and Indonesia had the most respondents with a total of 14. Respondents from Lisbon, ranged in age, with 20 people (67%), aged 25-34, having the highest number of respondents. Respondents from Canggu, aged 25-34 years, had the greatest number of respondents, with 17 (57%). It can be concluded that the active digital nomads are young and economically productive.

Those who responded were from Lisbon, and their educational backgrounds ranged from high school to doctoral level. 13 respondents, or 43% of the total, had a master's degree or higher in education. From the majority having a high level of education, it can be inferred that the respondents from Lisbon, have good insight and knowledge. Respondents from Canggu had education levels ranging from high school to master's degree. Fourteen respondents, or 47%, had a bachelor's degree or higher as their highest educational level. It is evident that the majority of the respondents from Canggu, have higher education levels than the average.

15 respondents from Lisbon, or 41% of the total, were remote workers. That is, despite being employed by a company and being tethered, the digital nomad is free to work from any location. 15 respondents from Canggu, or 41% of the total, are freelancers. This translates to the fact that digital nomads are freelancers. When a freelancer accepts a job, they are paid after the project is finished. A freelancer may work on multiple projects concurrently.

The reasons why each respondent from Lisbon, decided to become a digital nomad are unique. The number of final answers obtained exceeds the number of respondents who participated in filling out the research questionnaire because one respondent may have multiple motivations. The most common reasons given by respondents were to "be independent," which was cited by up to 21 people and had a 20% value, and "want a better lifestyle," which was cited Technium Social Sciences Journal

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by up to 20 people and had a 19% value. With 19 respondents each, "want to explore the world"

and "want a better lifestyle" accounted for 18% of the total population of respondents among respondents from Canggu.

Different respondents from Lisbon, indicated how long they had been working remotely. Nine people (30%) are digital nomads who have just begun their journey, which lasts 3-6 months, while three people (10%) have been traveling for over 5 years. Compared to respondents from Canggu, the number of digital nomads who had just begun their journey, or those who had been doing so for 3-6 months, was 7 (or 30%), and the number who had been doing so for over 5 years was 5 (or 10%).

Different job types are held by respondents from Lisbon. Digital nomads can work remotely in any profession or job. With 6 respondents, or 9% of the total respondents, sharing information about their jobs, SEO (Search Engine Optimization) Specialists had the highest number. The most respondents who shared employment information were from Canggu, specifically Online Language Tutors, who accounted for 7 respondents, or 10% of the total.

ANOVA Quality of Sustainable Tourism Destinations Components

The results of a one-way ANOVA test on the quality of components of sustainable tourism destinations in digital nomad destinations in Lisbon, and Canggu, show significant differences in the three components, namely accessibility with sig. 0.000, amenities with sig.

0.005, and accommodation with sig 0.000. In the other two components, it did not show a significant difference, namely the attraction component and sig. 0.739, and activity with sig.

0.328.

Table 1. One Way ANOVA Test Results of the Quality of Sustainable Tourism Destinations Components

Mean Square F Sig.

Accessibility 80.667 54.282 .000

Attraction .082 .111 .739

Amenity 9.127 8.119 .005

Activity .882 .957 .328

Accommodation 83.627 80.373 .000

Source: Processed with SPSS (2022)

Quoting what was revealed by Ramesh and Muralidhar (2019) that tourists attach great importance to accommodation and attractions to visit the place again, so in this case Canggu is superior in the accommodation component and Lisbon must improve again the quality of the accommodation offered. In the attraction component, both are in a very satisfactory value interval, namely Lisbon at 4.27 and Canggu, at 4.24, both of which have a value difference that is not too significant.

Lisbon's emphasis on accessibility demonstrates their dedication to giving visitors tours that are simple to access. Lisbon offers more pedestrian areas, as well as accessible public transportation and transportation infrastructure, than Canggu. Lisbon is much better prepared than Canggu in terms of accessibility indicators when using the ISO 21902 reference (ENAT, 2021). Even though the accessibility score obtained by Canggu is not high and is in an undecided interval, digital nomads still consider Canggu to be a basecamp for digital nomads Technium Social Sciences Journal

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because the community already exists there which makes digital nomad life easier, and a digital ecosystem has been formed.

Only security in tourist attractions shows a substantial difference between Lisbon and Canggu in the attraction component, with Lisbon being superior. However, the ratings for the remaining nine indicators are comparable between Lisbon and Canggu and there are no notable disparities in the natural environment elements, man-made tourist attractions, or special events offered in either location. In order to keep visitors happy, especially digital nomads, Lisbon, and Canggu just need to maintain their current levels of excellence.

Water that is clean and health services that are good and easily accessible are indicators of the amenity component that differ significantly. Lisbon is better than Canggu in both respects. This indicates that Canggu needs to do a lot of work to get better in these two areas.

There is no significant difference between the other eight indications. Canggu also needs to consider the internet connectivity requirements of tourists who are digital nomads. Lisbon excels in this area even though the current interval values do not significantly differ from one another. Canggu is superior to Lisbon when it comes to the availability of coworking space, however. The likelihood of receiving additional tourists will increase if all the amenities required by digital nomad tourists can be offered. The availability of local and vegan food, as well as other food and beverage service facilities, did not demonstrate a significant difference in other catering-related amenities.

The Canggu activities still fall short in the component of activities in terms of their ability to protect nature. Canggu is also thought to be inferior to Lisbon in terms of its tolerance of minority communities. Other indicators, however, did not reveal any appreciable variations.

Canggu excels at offering a wide range of accommodation options, accommodation facilities that meet the requirements of digital nomads, accommodation costs that are reasonable, and co-living options that are also available. Canggu likewise excels in terms of accommodation cleanliness and safety, as well as comfort, however there is not much of a difference between the two. Nonetheless, Canggu falls short of Lisbon in terms of fast internet connectivity and accommodations with work-friendly amenities. Although there was no statistically significant difference between the two, respondents claimed that Lisbon was only higher on these two metrics.

Discussion

Analysis of Differences in the Characteristics of Digital Nomads

After gathering information on the characteristics of digital nomads traveling to Lisbon, and Canggu, it can be deduced from the demographics of the country of origin that most of the digital nomads visiting Lisbon, are from the European Union, while Canggu, has a more diverse population and digital nomads from Indonesia are also predominate. This is so that they can avoid incurring higher costs associated with excessive travel due to the low-cost lifestyle they have chosen. There was no discernible difference between the average age of digital nomads in Canggu, and Lisbon. The majority are between the ages of 25 and 34, which is the prime working age. Education levels in the two locations are different, with the majority of people completing their last degrees as bachelors in Canggu, and masters in Lisbon, respectively.

Additionally, there are more remote workers in Lisbon. This is due to the fact that businesses in the European Union have more flexible regulations, whereas businesses in Asia still operate according to traditional business practices. In contrast, the majority of people in Canggu, are independent contractors or contractors who receive payment after working on Technium Social Sciences Journal

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numerous projects. The main driving forces behind turning into a digital nomad are the desire for independence, the desire to travel, and the desire to live a better lifestyle. Digital nomads in Canggu believe that by choosing this lifestyle, they have better working circumstances and environments. The length of time spent as a digital nomad also affects the destination preference; those who have just begun their journey favor Lisbon, as their initial destination, while those who have begun their professional nomad journey first favor Canggu.

Analysis of Differences in Quality of Tourism Destination Components for Digital Nomads

The elements of sustainable tourism tested, ten out of sixteen indicators with significant differences favoring Lisbon, show the image of a tourist destination that contributes to Lisbon, being placed first on the Nomad List website. Canggu, must be satisfied with excelling in six indicators despite a difference of two ranks. With each winning by 25 (twenty- five) indicators from the five tested components, both are balanced at the mean interval.

A digital nomad needs a lot of money to support their nomadic lifestyle. Due to the price difference between Canggu and Lisbon, digital nomads consider Canggu, to be more affordable given what they can get for their money there. Lisbon, however, is superior to Canggu, in terms of comfort and convenience as well as security. If Canggu can raise its performance on the metrics that are below Lisbon, it will be able to compete more and more to attract digital nomads. Only a few thorough empirical studies have been conducted on the lifestyle of digital nomads, but it is clear that connectivity, particularly the internet, plays a significant role in their day-to-day operations. On connectivity-related metrics, Lisbon, is far ahead; however, Canggu, has a more advanced coworking and coliving community. The two tourist destinations will be better able to welcome digital tourists if they can share knowledge with one another.

According to studies, accommodations and attractions are what draw visitors to tourist destinations and encourage them to tell others about them. Accommodation makes Canggu superior in this case by performing exceptionally well in eight out of the ten currently used indicators. Out of the six indicators with significant differences, as many as six excel.

Proposed Development of a Sustainable Tourism Destination Component for Digital Nomads in Lisbon and in Canggu

After the discovery of the many elements of a viable tourist destination for digital nomads. Researchers acquired development plans that could be implemented for Lisbon and Canggu. The goal of this development plan is to give tourist destinations for digital nomads the tools they need to compete and excel in their field.

Table 2. Required Development of the Sustainable Tourism Destination Component for Digital Nomads in Lisbon and in Canggu

No. Component Lisbon Canggu

1. Accessibility a. It ought to be easier to get a visa to travel as a digital nomad.

b. There should be an increase in traffic and transportation safety.

a. It should be simpler to obtain a visa for a trip as a digital nomad.

b. Transportation and traffic safety have to be increased.

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No. Component Lisbon Canggu c. Pedestrian facilities are

repaired and upgraded.

d. Public transit must be readily available and offered in adequate numbers.

e. Public and private

transportation infrastructure has improved in terms of quality.

f. Further special needs facilities were added

c. Repairs and upgrades are made to the pedestrian facilities.

d. Accessible public transit must be made available in adequate numbers.

e. Streamline the process to travel between different tourist attractions.

f. Both the public and private transportation infrastructure quality has to be improved.

g. Special needs people's facilities were added.

2. Attraction a. Developing alluring

outdoor tourist destinations.

b. Provide English language training to tourism professionals.

a. Make adjustments to the temperature in tourist areas to make it more comfortable for visitors.

b. Tighten security at tourist sites.

c. Promoting unique occasions that can serve as tourism attractions.

3. Amenity a. Faster, and more reliable internet connection is required.

b. Increase the availability of free Wi-Fi in public areas.

c. Provide the community more co-working space.

d. Adding more dining options, particularly for vegan and organic food.

e. Enhancing the standard of healthcare services.

f. Increasing the number and accessibility of locations for foreign exchange.

g. Accessibility to medical services.

a. A faster, more reliable internet connection is required.

b. Increase the availability of free Wi-Fi in public areas.

c. Increasing the quality of medical care.

d. Increasing the number and accessibility of locations for foreign exchange.

e. Increasing the availability of clean, hygienic water while maintaining its high quality.

f. Accessibility to medical services.

g. Enhancing security at tourist destinations to provide visitors a greater sense of security.

4. Activity a. Creating more easily accessible tourism attractions.

a. Creating more easily accessible tourism attractions.

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No. Component Lisbon Canggu b. Making travel agents more

reachable.

c. Tightening regulation of activities that endanger the environment.

d. Increasing self-care activities (self wellness).

e. Planning tourism attractions with more distinctive activities than competing locations.

b. Making travel agents more reachable.

c. Show compassion for minority communities.

h. d. Tightening regulation of activities that endanger the environment.

5. Accommodation a. Provide more options and forms of accommodation.

b. Provide help to

accommodations so they can offer suitable facilities.

c. Provide accommodation options in accordance with the amount charged.

d. Increasing the number of co-living spaces.

e. The cleanliness and comfort of the

accommodation should be increased.

f. Determine market rates for accommodation in light of the limited financial

resources of digital nomads.

g. Facilitates the ability to get from accommodation to entertainment locations.

h. The accommodation must offer quick internet.

i. The accommodations must offer a cozy workspace.

a. Provide accommodation options in accordance with the amount charged.

b. The cleanliness and comfort of the accommodation should be increased.

c. The accommodation must offer quick internet.

d. d. The accommodations must offer a cozy workspace.

Source: Researcher (2022)

The above-mentioned development proposals are directly related to the research findings from Pramanik (2020), which found that even though a tourist destination has an attraction that draws visitors, the 5A component of a tourist destination must maximize its development efforts in order to make the destination sustainable. Similar to Canggu, which according to Prabawati (2020) is ready to become a hotspot for digital nomads due to readiness in the digital field and the existing digital community, there is still a need for a lot of improvements or performance improvements in the accessibility and amenities components, for Technium Social Sciences Journal

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instance, in terms of public transportation that difficult for tourists to access in Canggu, and tourists feel unsafe while traveling in Canggu. Canggu will become a less popular or unsustainable tourist destination if this is not managed appropriately at this time. The effects extend beyond tourism industry participants to the socioeconomic well-being of the neighborhood.

According to Hall et al. (2019), the digital nomad lifestyle offers a new possibility in the tourist industry. Compared to individuals generally, they prefer to live more frugally and use their money as wisely as possible. The visits received in Lisbon, where the findings of the present findings indicate that it is difficult to find a low cost of living there, are clearly only from digital nomads who are just beginning their adventure. In this instance, Lisbon stakeholders have the power to set price caps on tourism-related activities in the city.

Particularly the costs associated with the accommodation, as seen in Canggu, where the accomodation is prepared to host digital nomad tourists, many of whom are more experienced.

This accommodation is a crucial component that encourages visitors to return and suggest the destination to others (Ramesh and Muralidhar, 2019).

In addition to Canggu's advantages, Prabawati (2020) notes how traffic and safety considerations should still be given priority. The Canggu traffic and safety indicator values were remained at an inadequate interval when this research was done two years later. This indicates that the stakeholders have not changed anything in the past two years. Canggu will be able to welcome more and more digital visitors every year if decision-makers and stakeholders act promptly to seize digital tourist opportunities. Of course, the Indonesian government's effort to grant special visas for digital workers must come after this.

Lisbon requires more development than Canggu because of the flexibility required by digital nomads, according to Nash et al. (2018). Nonetheless, compared to Lisbon, Canggu draws fewer visitors due of its poor accessibility.

Conclusion

The conclusion that can be reached is that there are notable disparities in the characteristics of visiting digital nomads at the level of education based on the findings and discussion the researcher has found about the study topic raised. Also, the traditional nature of each location's visits by the digital nomad. While new digital nomads prefer to visit Lisbon as the starting point of their profession as a digital nomad, Canggu receives a higher volume of visitors than those who started their trip first. Both have a fair range of labor and a balanced distribution of employees to business owners. After testing, it was discovered that the components of sustainable tourist destinations varied in quality. The three elements' accessibility, amenities, and accommodations all differ in three key ways. Lisbon outperforms Canggu on two of the three factors, namely accessibility and amenities, whereas Canggu alone shines on the accommodation component. The sixteen indicators differ significantly from the fifty indicators in the five components that are presented.

The development of Lisbon's tourism sites must focus primarily on the elements of amenities, activities, and accommodation. Only a little amount of development is required in the accessibility and attractions component, and the rest must be maintained. Accessibility, attractions, and amenities are given priority in Canggu while developing tourist locations. To compete as a top location for digital nomads, some small development is needed in the activity and accommodation components, however the rest can be kept the same.

Lisbon, in spite of it is a popular destination for digital nomads, has established itself as a good place for those who are just beginning their trip. Yet, when it comes to the low cost Technium Social Sciences Journal

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of living promised by digital nomads, Lisbon has fallen short. In order to lower expenses, decision-makers might create policies that facilitate travel and tourism activities. The accommodations that are offered fall short of what a digital nomad would like. Lisbon has space for improvement due to the lack of selection and the high prices compared to what is offered.

There needs to be improvement in terms of accessibility within the city because existing tourism spots are similarly difficult to access. However, the availability of digital nomad visas is sufficient and can be maintained.

Canggu, which maintains the trust of seasoned digital nomads, needs to start considering accessibility, particularly traffic and security. Canggu appears to be constant and has to be maintained in terms of value for money. Yet, stakeholders must consider the fact that obtaining a visa to work remotely in Indonesia is not easy enough. A strong internet connection, which serves as the primary enabler of digital nomad tourists' activities, is crucial for supporting other indicators like a vibrant online community. It's also necessary to maintain a number of indications for the attraction and activity components that are currently occurring at regular intervals.

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