antioxidant activities of biodiesel additives - SGU Repository

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By

Ida Bagus Gede Giodantha 11404028

BACHELOR’S DEGREE in

Chemical Engineering - Sustainable Energy and Environment Life Science and Technology

SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY The Prominence Tower

Jalan Jalur Sutera Barat No. 15, Alam Sutera Tangerang, Banten 15143 - Indonesia

August 2019

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Ida Bagus Gede Giodantha STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.

Ida Bagus Gede Giodantha

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Student Date

Approved by:

Hery Sutanto M.Si

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Thesis Advisor Date

Dr. -Ing. Evita H. Legowo

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Thesis Co-Advisor

Dr. Dipl. -Ing. Samuel P. Kusumocahyo

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Dean Date

Date

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Ida Bagus Gede Giodantha ABSTRACT

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF BIODIESEL ADDITIVES

By

Ida Bagus Gede Giodantha Hery Sutanto M.Si, Advisor Dr. -Ing. Evita H. Legowo, Co-Advisor

SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY

Biodiesel is a renewable alternative fuel that can be used in a diesel engine. But due to biodiesel characteristics that it is prone to oxidation, it will reduce the biodiesel quality. To address biodiesel instability of oxidation, synthetic antioxidants commonly of phenolic compounds have been explored. Although the phenolic compounds antioxidants for example Pyrogallol and Tert-butylhydroquinone are insoluble in biodiesel because of their polarity, the antioxidants have been modified to be more soluble in biodiesel. In this study, phenolic antioxidants of 2 Pyrogallol (B- PY-DPPH and B-PY-FC) and 1 Tert-butylhydroquinone (B-TBHQ-FC) derivatives were compared to a commercial (B-Baynox) antioxidant. This study aims to obtain the best antioxidant activity of all the antioxidant additives. The antioxidants were subjected to a solubility limit, rancimat, iodine value, acid number and viscosity measurement. The solubility test results showed all the samples had high solubility limit value. Based on rancimat test, commercial had the highest induction time, followed by pyrogallol derivative antioxidants. While the regression tests of iodine value, acid number and viscosity showed that the best antioxidant was commercial, followed by pyrogallol derivatives.

Keywords: biodiesel, antioxidants, solubility, antioxidant activity, commercial

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Ida Bagus Gede Giodantha DEDICATION

I dedicate this works for my family, my friends and all the people in Indonesia

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Ida Bagus Gede Giodantha ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First, I am grateful to the God for his blessing to help me finish this bachelor thesis work.

Second, I would like to give my gratitude to all the people who supported me in Swiss German University. Especially to Hery Sutanto M.Si, as my advisor, for the advices, patience, guidance, and time that he had given me during my bachelor thesis work.

Also to my Co-Advisor, Dr. -Ing. Evita H. Legowo for her guidance and motivation.

Also I would like to give my gratitude for all the lecturers and staffs of Life Sciences and Technology Faculty and to the class of Sustainable Energy and Environment, especially for Dr.-Ing Evita H. Legowo have been my inspiration these past years as student in Swiss German University.

Also thank you to Ali Rimbasa S. and his staff from PPTMGB Lemigas, Jakarta for the support and help with the data collection and consultation.

Finally, last but not least to my beloved family, my father, my mother, my brother and including Marthauli Fiona Susilawati for the endless love and support that been given during my hard time doing this bachelor thesis, not only for this bachelor thesis work, but also from the beginning of my university study.

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Ida Bagus Gede Giodantha TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR ... 2

ABSTRACT... 3

DEDICATION ... 5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... 6

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... 7

LIST OF FIGURES ... 9

LIST OF TABLES ... 10

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ... 11

1.1 Background ... 11

1.2 Research Problem ... 13

1.3 Researcg Objectives ... 13

1.4 Research Questions ... 14

1.5 Significance of Study ... 14

1.6 Hypotheses ... 14

CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW ... 15

2.1 State of the art ... 15

2.2 Biodiesel... 16

2.3 Autoxidation Mechanism ... 17

2.4 Biodiesel Antioxidant Additives ... 18

2.4.1Pyrogallol ... 18

2.4.2Modified Pyrogallol with DPPH ... 19

2.4.3Modified Pyrogallol using Friedel Crafts Acylation... 20

2.4.4Tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) ... 21

2.4.5Modified Tert-Butylhydroquinone using Friedel Crafts Acylation ... 22

2.4.6Baynox ... 23

2.5 Biodiesel Quality Parameters... 23

2.5.1Solubility ... 25

2.5.2Rancimat ... 25

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2.5.5Viscocity ... 26

CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH METHOD ... 27

3.1 Venue & Time... 27

3.2 Materials & Equipment ... 27

3.2.1Materials... 27

3.2.2Equipment ... 30

3.3 Design of Experiment ... 30

3.4 Experimental Procedure ... 31

3.4.1Solubility Test ... 31

3.4.2Rancimat Test... 32

3.4.3Iodine Value Test ... 33

3.4.4Acid Number Test ... 33

3.4.5Viscocity Test... 34

CHAPTER 4 – RESULT AND DISCUSSION ... 35

4.1 Solubility Limit Test ... 35

4.2 Rancimat Test ... 38

4.3 Iodine Value Test ... 39

4.4 Acid Number Test ... 41

4.5 Viscocity Test ... 43

CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMENDATIONS ... 45

5.1 Conclusions ... 45

5.2 Reccomendations ... 45

GLOSSARY ... 47

REFERENCES ... 48

APPENDICES ... 52

CURRICULUM VITAE ... 69