Wandania Farahanny <[email protected]>
Publication of your article refused.
1 message
[email protected] <[email protected]> Tue, Nov 14, 2023 at 1:04 PM To: [email protected]
Date: Nov 14, 2023
Paper ID/Ref.No.: 231110082153700469
Title: Utilizing Anadara granosa Powder as a Natural Abrasive in Polishing Nanohybrid Composite Resins: The Innovative Dental Restoration
Authors: Wandania Farahanny, Harry Agusnar, Fitri Yunita Batubara, Astrid Yudhit, Basri A. Gani Submitted To: Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology
Submission Date: 10-Nov-2023
To
Wandania Farahanny, Harry Agusnar, Fitri Yunita Batubara, Astrid Yudhit, Basri A. Gani Subject: Publication of your article refused in Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology
Dear Author(s) Regards,
Gmail - Publication of your article refused. https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ik=856901d285&view=pt&search=a...
1 of 1 1/4/2024, 12:04 PM
Yours sincerely,
After editorial review of your submitted article titled: ''Utilizing Anadara granosa Powder as a Natural Abrasive in Polishing Nanohybrid Composite Resins: The Innovative Dental Restoration'' (Author by Wandania Farahanny, Harry Agusnar, Fitri Yunita Batubara, Astrid Yudhit, Basri A. Gani) and looking towards the comments, Editorial board have come to
conclusion that this article considered in the upcoming issues of the journal. Please revise according to the reviewer's suggestions in the manuscript
For your guidance, the editorials' comments is included in manuscript.
Editor- in- Chief Editorial Office
Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology
Transfer of Copyright Agreement
The article entitled “ Utilizing Anadara granosa Powder as a Natural Abrasive in Polishing Nanohybrid
Composite Resins: The Innovative Dental Restoration ” is herewith submitted for publication inResearch Journal of Pharmacy and Technology (RJPT). It has not been published before, and it is not under consideration for publication in any other journal (s). It contains no matter that is scandalous, obscene, libelous, or otherwise contrary to law. When the article is accepted for publication, I/We, as author/authors, hereby agree to transfer to Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology (RJPT) all rights, including those pertaining to electronic forms and transmissions, under existing copyright laws.
I/We agree that copies made under these circumstances will continue to carry the copyright notice that appeared in the original published work. I/We certify that I/We have obtained written permission for the use of text, tables, and/or illustrations from any copyrighted source(s), and I/We agree to supply such written permission(s) to Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology (RJPT) upon request.
September 10, 2023 Corresponding Authors,
Wandania Farahanny
Departerent of Dentistry Conservative, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
Certificate of Conflict of Interest:
The article entitled “
Utilizing Anadara granosa Powder as a Natural Abrasive in Polishing Nanohybrid Composite Resins: The Innovative Dental Restoration
“ is herewith submitted for publication in Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology (Name of Journal). It has not been published before, and it is not under consideration for publication in any other journal (s).I/We certify that I/We have obtained written permission for the use of text, tables, and/or illustrations from any copyrighted source(s), and I/We declare no conflict of interest.
September 10, 2023 Corresponding Authors,
Wandania Farahanny
Departerent of Dentistry Conservative, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
Aplication of Anadara granosa Powder as a Natural Abrasive in Polishing Nanohybrid Composite Resins:The Innovative Dental Restoration
Wandania Farahanny1, Harry Agusnar2, Fitri Yunita Batubara1, Astrid Yudhit,3 Basri A. Gani4
1 Departerent of Dentistry Conservative, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
3 Department of Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
4 Department of Oral Biology, Dentistry Faculty, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT:
Polishing nanohybrid composite resin dental restorations is challenging, but they look and last better. The Anadara granosa (A. granosa) powder helps smooth composite surfaces naturally. This research aims to develop A. granosa powder as a natural abrasive in polishing nanohybrid composite resin restorations for roughness, shine, and surface hardness. Forty-eight upper premolar tooth samples were examined for shine using a gloss meter, hardness was examined using a Vickers Hardness Tester, and chemical elements and morphology of A. granosa powder were examined using SEM-EDS. Meanwhile, surface roughness is checked with AFM. A. granosa powder has a particle size (μm) of (4.74 ± 1.567) and contains CaCO3 aragonite crystals. In addition, it contains the chemical elements Oxygen (58.5%), Calcium (40%), Ferrum (0.6%), Sodium (0.5%), Aluminum (0.4%). The surface roughness value of the nanohybrid composite resin restoration after polishing A. granosa paste at a concentration of 25% has a better roughness value (µm) (0.18 ± 0.09) compared to commercial polishing paste (0.23 ± 0.06) and at that concentration has the highest shine value (GU) (30.65 ± 0.28) compared to commercial polishing pastes (16.77 ± 0.52). The 25%
concentration of A. granosa powder had a better effect on the hardness (HV/VHN) of nanohybrid composite resin restorations (112.70 ± 7.07) compared to the commercial polishing paste group (68.32 ± 2.08). The A. granosa powder with a concentration of 25% can be applied to dental restorations because it has an excellent effect on nanohybrid composite resin restorations by reducing surface roughness and increasing shine and hardness.
Keywords: Anadara granosa, Abrasive, Composites, Dental Polishing, Resin restoration
INTRODUCTION:
Finishing and polishing are steps that must be taken to achieve a smoother restoration surface. Polishing removes minor scratches from the restoration surface to leave a smooth, reflective surface with minimal microscopic scratches 1. Composite resins are insoluble, low heat conductors, and easy to manipulate. Apart from that, surface hardness is another property of composite resin as a restoration material 2. Low surface hardness on a cloth will result in the material being scratched more easily. In polishing resin composites, abrasive materials often contain silica, carbide, aluminum oxide, diamond, and zirconium oxide 3.
One-step and multi-step polishing are techniques used when carrying out polishing procedures. The difference between the two techniques lies in the amount of abrasive material used 4. One-step polishing uses one instrument, while multi-step polishing uses several types of tools and takes longer than one 5. Several studies say that the final surface of composite resin restorations is smoother and shinier obtained from multi-step techniques.
Polishing paste is an abrasive instrument used in the multi-step polishing process 6.
Loose abrasive polishing pastes have been used for decades in industrial and scientific applications, including dentistry, for polishing composite resins 7. Loose abrasive polishing pastes can be influenced by several factors, such as the shape, direction, and size of abrasive particles and the duration of application of the polishing material, which can affect the results of the physical properties and durability of the restoration 8. The requirements for loose abrasive polishing paste are that it contains abrasive materials, namely diamond and aluminum oxide, has a fine particle size ranging from 0.3-10 μm, has a water-soluble medium such as glycerin, the concentration of the
paste used is around 20-50% in a fat base or containing water, containing Na-CMC and the concentration contained in the paste 9. Based on research conducted by Ahmad (2017) regarding the use of blood cockle shell waste as an abrasive material in toothpaste, it has been proven that the calcium carbonate content in blood cockle shells can be used as an abrasive and remineralization material in making toothpaste. Apart from that, based on all the test results, it was concluded that toothpaste with 25% clam shell powder was better than adding 50% clam shell powder 10.
Polishing paste is rarely used because a mixture of chemical compositions in commercial pastes can irritate the eyes and skin after repeated use over a long period. The A. granosa contains high levels of calcium carbonate, namely 98%, which can be utilized with abrasive and remineralizing properties in making toothpaste 11. Calcium carbonate in egg shells ( 70.84%) is known to have abrasive properties and can polish the surface of acrylic resin denture bases, which is clinically acceptable in dentistry 12. In addition, when used in polishing, the abrasive content of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) can produce minor scratches, thus affecting the smoothness of the surface. Research by Az-Zahra and Wandania (2020) showed the lowest surface roughness value for composite resin restorations after polishing with a polishing paste made from A. granosa 13. The A. granosa is also rich in calcium carbonate, essential for the tooth remineralization process to create healthy and strong teeth.
No scholarly investigations have examined the impact of A. granosa concentration as a polishing agent on the roughness, shine, and surface hardness of nanohybrid composite resin. According to the hypothesis, there is a reported correlation between the A. granosa polishing paste concentration and the gloss and surface hardness of the nanohybrid composite resin. This research aims to develop A. granosa powder as a natural abrasive in polishing nanohybrid composite resin restorations for roughness, shine, and surface hardness.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Ethical clearance No. 1146/KEPK/USU/2022 Faculty of Medicine, University of North Sumatra, Medan Indonesia approved this research. A total of 48 upper premolars were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and then divided into six groups, each group consisting of 8 samples, namely the 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 75%
concentration group, the commercial polish control group, and the no polish group.
Plant Material:
The A. granosa was obtained from the coast of Gunung, Batu Bara, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia, with coordinates 3.264307,99.531837. The collection samples in the materials laboratory of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of North Sumatra, Indonesia
Sample Preparation:
The production of A. granosa powder commenced with thorough brushing and rinsing under running water, followed by a boil in 500 mL of vinegar solution for an hour at 100 °C. Afterward, the material was rinsed again and left to dry in direct sunlight for two days. The dried A. granosa was ground using a stone mortar and a blender and sifted through a 400 mesh. The resulting material was placed in a ball mill, operating at a speed of 500 rpm for eight hs to achieve a particle size of ≤10 µM. Following this, the paste-creation process was initiated by dividing the A.
granosa powder into four distinct concentrations: 12.5% (0.62 g), 25% (1.25 g), 50% (2.5 g), and 75% (3.75 g), each carefully weighed using an analytical balance. The base for the paste was then prepared by adding 50 mL of hot distilled water to a mortar, and 0.5 g of CMC-Na powder was evenly sprinkled on top of the hot water and left to sit for 15 minutes. After the rest period, the mixture was ground, combined with 1 ml of glycerin, and the remaining 44 ml of distilled water was incorporated gradually until a uniform consistency was achieved. A paste was then made for each concentration by blending 5 g of the prepared base paste.
Samples were divided into three groups to be tested for shine, hardness, and surface roughness. The sample was formed with an outline in the buccal section with dimensions of 4mm x 4mm x 2mm measured with calipers, and the cavity position was 1mm above the CEJ. The samples were divided randomly into six groups, namely A.
granosa polishing paste with concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 75%, commercial polishing paste (Prisma Gloss Dental Sirona, Germany), and no paste. Then, 48 nanohybrid composite resin disk samples were prepared using a master cast, polymerized, and left for 24 hours to test for hardness.
SEM-EDX Assessment:
Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) (XRD-6000, Shimadzu, Japan) was utilized to examine the morphology and particulate composition of the A. granosa powder.
The analysis was conducted thrice, utilizing a 10 kV beam at a working distance between 18 and 21 mm. Before examination, all specimens were coated with a layer of gold-palladium using a sputter coater to enhance
conductivity. Subsequently, the chemical elements within the samples were explored using the SEM EDX system (Lab X XRD-6000, Shimadzu, Japan). For a comprehensive understanding, elemental analysis was performed on the blood cockle shell powder to ascertain its specific characteristics using the same SEM EDX equipment.
XRD Assessment:
X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was employed to analyze the elemental composition of
A. granosa
. The fundamental working principle of the XRD (EVO MA10, Zeiss, Germany) involves the diffraction of X-rays, which occurs when they encounter the crystal atoms within a material. This interaction gives rise to various angles from which diffraction patterns emerge, delineating the characteristics of the sample. The primary components of an XRD instrument consist of the X-ray source, the sample of the test material, and the detector. The X-ray source within the X-ray tube was subjected to high-voltage collisions to accelerate electrons toward the target metal, producing X-rays with wavelengths ranging from 0.1 to 100x10^-10 meters. The test material required a finely grounded solid (powder) for the analysis. The detector functioned to measure the angles of the X-rays after being reflected off the test material 14.Gloss Test:
A total of 48 samples were soaked in artificial saliva for 24 hours, stored in an incubator at 37°C to condition the samples according to oral cavity conditions, and then tested for surface smoothness of the models using a gloss meter (ETB-0686, China). The specimens were placed in a closed window with a black film container to avoid outside light, and the measurement units were expressed in gloss units (GU) 15.
Hardness Test:
A total of 48 samples were soaked in artificial saliva for 24 hours, stored in an incubator at 37°C to condition the samples according to oral cavity conditions, then tested for the surface hardness of the samples using a Vickers Hardness Tester (Future-Tech FM-800, China). The specimen is placed in the center of the objective lens and focused, and then pressure is applied with a load of 100 grams for 15 seconds. The unit of measurement is expressed in VHN 16.
Roughness Test:
A group of 48 premolars underwent various treatments and were examined for surface texture changes using a 10x10 µm Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). These specimens were tagged and divided into four treatment cohorts. Each tooth was attached to the instrument's holding apparatus, and the NanoSurf2 software was enabled on the associated computing device to communicate with the apparatus controller for evaluation. The operator selected the desired image scale from the IMAGING part of the software interface, which ranged from 0 to 0.5 µm (or 0 to 500 nm, alternately). Next was POSITIONING, then ADVANCE. Close inspection through the scan head's optical aperture was essential to avoid accidental scanning probe contact with the specimen. After selecting the APPROACH instruction, the operator observed the procedure until the controller produced a "tet" beep, signaling the scanning probe's precise contact with the tooth surface and starting the scanning operation. This imaging sequence took 8 minutes and produced JPEG images. To finish the measurement, POSITIONING was re-engaged, WITHDRAW was selected, and RETRACT was initiated until it stopped. The specimen was carefully removed to end the procedure, and the device was powered down17.
Statistical Analyses:
The research results on nanohybrid composite resin restorations' gloss, hardness, and surface smoothness were analyzed by Oneway ANOVA and Least Significant Difference, with p<0.05 as the significance limit.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
The finishing and polishing process to obtain a good restoration surface must pay attention to several conditions, one of which is the paste-making process, including concentration. The amount of concentration of the abrasive material influences the viscosity of the paste, which in turn also affects the smoothness of the surface 18. Viscosity determines the stability of a moving solution when there is friction when the solution is rotated with a spin coater so that a lower concentration will form a thinner layer and a cavity with a larger diameter. Meanwhile, at high concentrations, a thicker layer and voids with a smaller diameter will form 19
.
In dentistry, polishing paste is widely used for restorations because it contains abrasives such as aluminum oxide, diamond powder, silica, calcium carbonate, silicon dioxide, and perlite. Polishing pastes that contain aluminum oxide and diamond powder can produce smooth nanofiller and nanohybrid composite resin restoration surfaces 20. Polishing pastes often found today contain synthetic ingredients that can irritate the eye area and skin in some sensitive patients. against allergies to the contents of the paste 21. The A. granosa is a natural material that contains abrasive particles, including calcium carbonate (CaCO3), silicon dioxide (SiO2), and aluminum oxide (Al2O3), which are commonly used in dentistry 22. The abrasive content of calcium carbonate is known to have good polishing ability in producing minor scratches, which affect the smoothness of the surface. So, the finishing and polishing procedures determine the quality of the smoothness of a surface 23.
Figure 1(A) shows the results of particle size examination based on SEM examination results at 5000 times magnification. Some A. granosa powder sizes were 2.52 μm, 3.68 μm, 5.53 μm, 5.83 μm, and 6.14 μm, with an average of (4.74 ± 1.567). Figure 1 (B and C) shows the chemical element composition of A. granosa, where Oxygen (58.5%) and Calcium (40%) have high contents. In addition, Figure 1(D) XRD results of A. granosa at an angle of 2ɵ depict several different peaks, namely 26.22; 26.28; 27.1; 29.36; 29.38; 47.28; 48.48; 48.36; 62.60. This peak list indicates the presence of CaCO3 aragonite crystals.
Figure 1. Assessment of the physical and chemical characteristics of A. granosa powder. (A). Particle size, (B and C) chemical element profile, and (D) CaCO3 content of aragonite crystals.
Based on XRD examination, it shows that A. granosa contains CaCO3. It is an essential aspect of the properties of A. granosa fiber as a natural abrasive material. CaCO3 as aragonite crystals is vital as an abrasive material in nanohybrid composite resin surface restoration. Aragonite crystals are a polymorphic form of calcium carbonate known for its relatively higher hardness than other polymorphic forms, such as calcite 24. It makes aragonite a suitable choice as an abrasive material, especially in dental applications. When used for polishing nanohybrid composite resins, microscopic aragonite particles remove surface roughness without damaging the internal structure of the composite 25. The gentle yet effective abrasive effect of aragonite can increase the surface smoothness of restorations, improving aesthetics by improving surface shine and uniformity and increasing surface hardness. Harder restorations are more resistant to abrasion and wear from chewing and cleaning activities, thereby extending the functional life of the restoration 26. Additionally, the smooth surface of the restoration is more difficult for plaque and bacteria to adhere to, helping to maintain oral health. Therefore, using CaCO3 aragonite crystals in polishing procedures has become an integral part of efforts to improve the quality and durability of nanohybrid composite dental restorations 27.
Figure 2. Surface roughness of nanohybrid composite resin restorations subjected to polishing with A. granosa powder. (A) 12.5% Group, (B) 25% Group, (C) 50% Group, (D) 75% Group, (E) Commercial Paste Group, (F) Control Group (Non Paste)
Table 1 reports that A. granosa concentration of 25% has good natural abrasive properties in changing the properties of innovative dental restoration surfaces of nanohybrid composite resin restorations related to its ability to cause a decrease in roughness, an increase in shine and an increase in hardness. Meanwhile, A. granosa concentrations of 12.5%, 50%, and 75% had values for roughness, strength, and changes in a sheen that varied close to or below the importance of the commercial paste group. The One-way ANOVA analysis showed that the treatment of each roughness, shine, and hardness group had significant differences (p<0.05). The results of the One Way ANOVA assessment of the three core groups have a considerable value (p<0.05)
The A. granosa powder at a concentration of 25% has shown significant potential as a natural abrasive in improving the surface quality of nanohybrid composite resin restorations. Scientifically, the use of shell powder in the processing of dental restorations can be explained by the fact that related to reducing surface roughness, A.
granosa particles which have a specific size and hardness, when used in polishing procedures, function to remove the uneven top layer of resin restorations selectively of composite. It occurs through a mechanical abrasion process where the abrasive particles interact with the resin surface, efficiently removing micro defects and resolving the surface contour without disturbing the integrity or overall anatomy of the restoration 28.
The use of A. granosa increases surface luster, making it smoother and able to reflect light more uniformly.
Luster, an essential indicator of the visual aesthetics of dental restorations, is mainly produced by the reflection of light on smooth surfaces. Therefore, using A. granosa powder improves the restoration's visual appearance and helps provide better integration with the natural tooth in terms of appearance. In addition, the abrasive nature of A.
granosa causes an increase in surface hardness. Along with the reduction of micro defects, there is an increase in the structural integrity of the resin matrix at the microscopic level 29. It occurs through a mechanical burnishing mechanism where the pressure and friction generated during the polishing process cause compression and possible rearrangement of the nanohybrid composite filler, making the surface harder and more resistant to abrasion and daily wear 8.
Table 1. Effect of A. granosa powder on the innovative dental restoration properties of nanohybrid composite resin surfaces
A. granosa (%) N Roughness (Ra) Gloss Units (GU) Vickers Hardness (HV)
p-value
Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD
C12,5 8 0,41±0,13 10,43±0,23 57,27±2,21
0,000
C25 8 0,18±0,09 30,65±0,28 112,70±7,07
C50 8 0,23±0,09 18,80±0,50 77,75±2,57
C75 8 0,39±0,20 15,46±0,42 76,63±2,30
Commercial Paste 8 0,23±0,06 16,77±0,52 68,32±2,08
Non Paste 8 0,31±0,11 7,80±0,38 53,46±2,37
p-value 48 0.043 0.023 0.002
*One Way ANOVA (p<0,05)
Using A. granosa powder in a concentration of 25% offers a practical and potential natural method to improve the surface characteristics of nanohybrid composite resin restorations. It supports tooth restoration efforts that are more durable and aesthetically pleasing and helps maintain the health of the surrounding dental tissue by reducing the possibility of plaque adhesion due to the smoother surface 30.
Table 2 reports that Based on the results of analysis using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test, findings showing significant differences in the surface roughness of nanohybrid composite resin restorations between A. granosa concentrations of 25% and 75% can support the hypothesis that the concentration of shellfish powder plays a key role in determine abrasive efficacy. The fact that there is a significant difference between the two concentrations indicates that a higher amount of powder does not necessarily contribute to better results in terms of reducing roughness because, at higher concentrations, the particles may become too tightly packed on the surface of the restoration, resulting in an excessive effect that not only removes roughness but can also erode the composite resin material itself 31.
In hardness and shine testing, where there were significant differences between the various concentrations tested, the data suggest that more appropriate proportions of A. granosa powder may be required to improve both attributes, like a lower concentration may be sufficient to increase gloss without negatively affecting hardness. In contrast, a higher concentration may be necessary to maximize surface hardness 32. This situation shows that the interaction between abrasive particles and the composite resin matrix is complex and influenced by many factors, including the size, shape, and distribution of the abrasive powder particles and the composition and method of applying the composite resin restoration 33.
Table 2. Least Significant Difference Test Results on the influence of A. granosa powder on the innovative dental restoration properties of nanohybrid composite resin surfaces
A. granosa (%)
p-value
Roughness (Ra) Gloss Units (GU) Vickers Hardness (HV)
C12,5 C25 0,001* 0,000* 0,000*
C50 0,006* 0,000* 0,000*
C75 0,739 0,000* 0,000*
Commercial Paste 0,006* 0,000* 0,000*
Non Paste 0,003* 0,000* 0,039*
C25 C50 0,416 0,000* 0,000*
* Post Hoc LSD (p<0,05)
This discussion should explore the potential mechanisms behind these observations. The abrasive particles may create a more intensive polishing effect at higher concentrations, resulting in a smoother surface and higher shine. Still, if used excessively, this can cause thinning or damage to the composite filler, reducing hardness 34. It indicates the importance of finding the right balance between abrasive concentrations to optimize the desired properties of composite resin restorations. The A. granosa, as an abrasive in dental restorative treatments, can be seen as an innovative approach that combines natural materials with nanohybrid technology to produce dental restorations that are not strong and durable. Further studies may be needed to determine appropriate protocols and ensure that desired results can be achieved consistently in dental practice.
CONCLUSION:
The A. granosa powder with a concentration of 25% can be used as a natural abrasive to improve the properties of innovative dental restorations on the surface of nanohybrid composite resin because it has an excellent effect on nanohybrid composite resin restorations by reducing surface roughness, increasing shine and hardness.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
Terima kasih kepada LPPM Universitas Sumatera Utara melalui program riset TALENTA No.
3557/UN5.2.1.6/PPM/2022), 31 Agustus 2022.
REFERENCES:
1. Jefferies SR. Abrasive finishing and polishing in restorative dentistry: a state-of-the-art review. Dent Clin North Am 2007; 51: 379-397.
2. Wang Y, Zhu M and Zhu X. Functional fillers for dental resin composites. Acta Biomater 2021; 122: 50-65.
3. Kranjčić J. Surfaces of dental materials and their treatment. Expert Editor 2022: 303.
4. Erdemir U, Sancakli HS and Yildiz E. The effect of one-step and multi-step polishing systems on the surface roughness and microhardness of novel resin composites. European journal of dentistry 2012; 6: 198-205.
5. Bashetty K and Joshi S. The effect of one-step and multi-step polishing systems on surface texture of two different resin composites.
Journal of conservative dentistry: JCD 2010; 13: 34.
6. Sivtseva P. Polishing Devices and Techniques on Resin-based Composite Restorations: Systematic Review. PQDT-Global 2021.
7. Habeeb MA. The surface roughness of new fluoride releasing material after using three polishing protocols and storage in artificial saliva. J Baghdad Coll Dent 2013; 25: 21-26.
8. Jaramillo-Cartagena R, López-Galeano EJ, Latorre-Correa F, et al. Effect of Polishing Systems on the Surface Roughness of Nano-Hybrid and Nano-Filling Composite Resins: A Systematic Review. Dent J (Basel) 2021; 9 20210812. DOI: 10.3390/dj9080095.
9. Belkin P, Kusmanov S and Parfenov E. Mechanism and technological opportunity of plasma electrolytic polishing of metals and alloys surfaces. Applied Surface Science Advances 2020; 1: 100016.
10. Ahmad I. Pemanfaatan limbah cangkang kerang darah (Anadara granosa) sebagai bahan abrasif dalam pasta gigi. Jurnal Galung Tropika 2017; 6: 49–59-49–59.
11. Rashidi NA, Mohamed M and Yusup S. The kinetic model of calcination and carbonation of Anadara Granosa. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 2012; 2: 497-503.
12. Suraskurmar T and Syafrinani S. The effect of polishing agents on the transverse strength of heat cured acrylic resin bases. Indonesian Journal of Prosthodontics 2020; 1: 33-36.
13. Az-Zahra MaJ. Pengaruh Cangkang Kerang Darah (Anadara granosa) sebagai Bahan Dasar Pasta Polishing terhadap Kekasaran Permukaan pada Restorasi Resin Komposit Nanohybrid. Universitas Sumatera Utara, 2021.
14. Teanchai K, Witit-Anun N and Chaikhun S. Characterization and analyzation of chitosan from Anadara granosa shell. Key Engineering Materials 2016; 675: 463-466.
15. Jassé FF, de Campos EA, Lefever D, et al. Influence of filler charge on gloss of composite materials before and after in vitro toothbrushing.
Journal of dentistry 2013; 41: e41-e44.
16. Sofya PA, Rahmayani L and Saputra A. Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) Surface Hardness after Addition of 5% Silica from Sea Sand. Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 2020; 48: 70-76.
C75 0,002* 0,000* 0,000*
Commercial Paste 0,416 0,000* 0,000*
Non Paste 0,639 0,000* 0,000*
C50 C75 0,015* 0,000* 0,538
Commercial Paste 1,000 0,000* 0,000*
Non Paste 0,728 0,000* 0,000*
C75 Commercial Paste 0,015* 0,000* 0,000*
Non Paste 0,006* 0,000* 0,000*
Commercial Paste Non Paste 0,728 0,000* 0,000*
17. Darmawi I, Abidin T, Agusnar H, et al. In Vitro Study of Irrigation solution of Chitosan Nanoparticles to Inhibit the Adhesion and Biofilm Formation of Enterococcus faecalis in the Root Canal. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 2022; 15: 2691-2696.
18. Surahyo A, Surahyo and Luby. Concrete construction. Springer, 2019.
19. Grosso D. How to exploit the full potential of the dip-coating process to better control film formation. Journal of Materials Chemistry 2011;
21: 17033-17038.
20. Ali S, Farooq I, Shahid F, et al. Common toothpastes abrasives and methods of evaluating their abrasivity. Journal of Oral Research 2020:
9-15.
21. Baki G. Introduction to cosmetic formulation and technology. John Wiley & Sons, 2022.
22. Sudhaparimala S and Usha R. Quality (nanoscale) assessments of calcium carbonate present in shells of Anadara granosa, and Crassostreao virginica marine species located in the coastal part of South India. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences 2017; 11: 205-212.
23. Németh KD, Haluszka D, Seress L, et al. Effect of Air-Polishing and Different Post-Polishing Methods on Surface Roughness of Nanofill and Microhybrid Resin Composites. Polymers 2022; 14: 1643.
24. Sztorch B, Brząkalski D, Pakuła D, et al. Natural and synthetic polymer fillers for applications in 3D printing—FDM technology area.
Solids 2022; 3: 508-548.
25. Choi AH. Biomaterials and Bioceramics—Part 1: Traditional, Natural, and Nano. Innovative Bioceramics in Translational Medicine I:
Fundamental Research 2022: 1-45.
26. Wang L, Chen D, Jiang K, et al. New insights and perspectives into biological materials for flexible electronics. Chemical Society Reviews 2017; 46: 6764-6815.
27. Ramírez-Vargas GG, Medina YMJE, Aliaga-Mariñas AS, et al. Effect of Polishing on the Surface Microhardness of Nanohybrid Composite Resins Subjected to 35% Hydrogen Peroxide: An In vitro Study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2021; 11: 216-221. 20210415. DOI:
10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_9_21.
28. Alao A-R, Stoll R, Song X-F, et al. Surface quality of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal in CAD/CAM milling, sintering, polishing and sandblasting processes. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 2017; 65: 102-116.
29. Fu Y and Yao X. A review on manufacturing defects and their detection of fiber reinforced resin matrix composites. Composites Part C:
Open Access 2022; 8: 100276.
30. John P, Ambooken M, Kuriakose A, et al. The perio-restorative interrelationship-expanding the horizons in esthetic dentistry. Journal of Interdisciplinary Dentistry 2015; 5: 46-53.
31. Kalita T, Kalita C, Das L, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Colour Stability and Surface Roughness of Nanohybrid Composite Resins in Mouth Rinse and Colouring Beverages. Cureus 2023; 15: e35303. 20230222. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35303.
32. Calvez I, Davoudi S, Szczepanski CR, et al. Low-gloss UV-curable coatings: Light mechanisms, formulations and processes—A review.
Progress in Organic Coatings 2022; 171: 107039.
33. Marghalani HY. Effect of finishing/polishing systems on the surface roughness of novel posterior composites. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry 2010; 22: 127-138.
34. Elbishari HI. Characterisation of the effect of filler size on handling, mechanical and surface properties of resin composites. The University of Manchester (United Kingdom), 2012.