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Archives - 2016 Volume 4, issue 4

July - August 2016 Volume 4, Issue 4 - Journal Cover Page Download pdf

1. Validation of A Commercial Hand-Held Human Electronic Glucose Meter for use in Pigs

Rosa Elena Pérez Sanchez, Gerardo Ordaz Ochoa, Aureliano Juárez Caratachea, Rafael Maria Román Bravo, Ruy Ortiz Rodriguez

Page No: 1-7 Download pdf

doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2364

Instituto de Investigaciones agropecuarias y Forestales-Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Km 9,5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro. Tarímbaro Michoacán, México

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2. Diatom Species in Lake Batur, Bali Province, Indonesia As Supporting Data for Forensic Analysis of Drowned Victim

Ni Made Suartini and I Ketut Junitha Page No: 8-14 Download pdf

doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2363

Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran-Badung, Bali-Indonesia

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3. Ecological Characterization and Mass propagation of Mansonia altissima A. Chev. in the Guinean Zone of Benin, West Africa

Wédjangnon A. Appolinaire, Houètchégnon Towanou and Ouinsavi Christine Page No: 15-25 Download pdf

Laboratoire d’Etudes et de Recherches Forestières (LERF), Faculté d’Agronomie, Université de Parakou, Bénin

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4. Identification of the Substance Bioactive Leaf Extract Piper caninum Potential as

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Botanical Pesticides

Ni Luh Suriani

Department of Biology, Faculty of mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University, Kampus Bukit Jimbaran Bali, Indonesia

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5. Effect of Cinnamon Leaf Extract Formula (Cinnamomum Burmanni Blume) on

Fusarium Wilt that Attacks Tomato Plants in Bali

Anak Agung Ketut Darmadi, Dewa Ngurah Suprapta and I Ketut Ginantra Page No: 33-38 Download pdf

doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2331

Study Program of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Udayana, Bali, Indonesia

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6. Floristic Composition of Soft-Bodied Algae of Pandam Lake (Pandam Wildlife Park, Nigeria)

Ali, A.D., Abiem, I., Elisha, E. B. and Musa, P. J.

Department of Plant science and technology, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Jos, Nigeria

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Integrated Assessment of Phytostimulation and Biocontrol Potential of Endophytic

Trichoderma spp Against Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Root Rot Fungi

Complex in the Centre Region, Cameroon

Eke Pierre, Nana Wakam Louise, Toghueo Kouipou Rufin Mmarie, Tsouh Fokou Patrick Valère, Jesus Marie Arc-en-ce1 and Boyom Fabrice Fekam

Page No: 50-68 Download pdf

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Antimicrobial & Biocontrol Agents Unit (AmBcAU), Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box: 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon

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8. Exertion of Gold Nanoparticles Synthesis in Extract of Garcinia combogia Leaves, Evaluation of its Total Phenolic Content and its Distinct Antioxidant Activity

B. Nithya and A. Jayachitra Page No: 69-76 Download pdf

Research and Development Centre, Bharathiyar University, Tamil Nadu, India

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9. Ethno Taxonomy of Angiospermic Weeds of Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Pasupuleti Neeraja and B. M. Reddy Page No: 77-83 Download pdf

Department of Botany, Kakatiya Government College, Hanamkonda, Warangal, Telangana, India

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10. Bacterial Lignin Peroxidase in Biobleaching of Lignin-mimicking Indicator Dyes

Priyanka Uttamrao Jadhav, Bholay A.D. and Mahesh Shindikar Page No: 84-92 Download pdf

Environmental Science Research Centre, K.T.H.M. College, Nasik, S.P. Pune University, MS, India

Editorial, Advisory Board Member & Reviewer

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Suartini and Junitha Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 4 (4): 8-14 (2016) ISSN: 2320 – 7051

Copyright © August, 2016; IJPAB 8

Diatom Species in Lake Batur, Bali Province, Indonesia As Supporting Data for Forensic Analysis of Drowned Victim

Ni Made Suartini* and I Ketut Junitha

Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran-Badung, Bali-Indonesia

*Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 20.08.2016 | Revised: 28.08.2016 | Accepted: 30.08.2016

INTRODUCTION

Diatoms are very wide spread organisms, they can be found not only in marine waters but also in fresh water in the mountains⁸. Diatoms are a group of single-celled organisms and sometimes colonized. Diatom cell size was generally about 10-200μm and it cell wall composed of silica which distinguishes it from other unicellular organisms¹⁷. The cell wall of templated silica called frustul consists of two valves which are similar to a petridish or shaped like a box. Both valves are sticking together and wrap around the cell contents^5,9. Sunlight is a source of energy for the diatoms

to conduct the process of photosynthesis.

Water turbidity can interfere with the penetration of light into the water so that it will disrupt diatoms life¹⁰. Benthic diatoms mostly belong to the order Pennales while pelagic belong to the order Centrales⁷.

Diatoms have been used in forensic analysis for determine of death by drowning. If drowned person is still alive in the water as along as the respiratory system is still working, the diatoms in the water will be inhaled and entered along the respiratory tract. Thus, the diatoms will enter into the body of the victim¹¹.

Available online at www.ijpab.com

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2363 ISSN: 2320 – 7051

Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 4 (4): 8-14 (2016)

ABSTRACT

Diagnosis of death drowned people can be done by observanting the diatoms in the body of the victim. Diatoms can get into human body through the respiratory tract. This could happen because someone who was still alive will be tried to breathe in the water, and diatoms in the water will be sucked into the respiratory tract following the water movement. This study was conducted to determine diatoms species in lake Batur as an effort of making diatoms species database on waters of Bali island for forensic interest. Water sample was taken by purposive sampling method in fifthteen sampling stations in the lake. There were 12 diatom species found in this study. Species Fragilaria sp. and Nitzschia palea were found in every sampling stations.

Fragilaria sp. was found as the highest percentage of diatom species in the lake.

Keywords: species, diatom, lake Batur, Bali, forensic

Research Article

Cite this article:, Suartini, N.M. and Junitha, I.K., Diatom Species in Lake Batur, Bali Province, Indonesia As Supporting Data for Forensic Analysis of Drowned Victim, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 4(4): 8-14 (2016).

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Gooneratne⁶ mentioned that diatom in the body of the victim can be found in the lungs, heart, bone marrow, liver, spleen, kidneys, and even brain tissue.

Diatoms found inside the body of a drowned victim may serve as evidence in the diagnosis of cause of death¹³. If diatoms were found in the bone marrow, it can be ascertained that the victim was still alive when he drowned in the water. Diatoms entered the lungs by the inhalation of the water then followed the flow of blood into the bone marrow. Conversely, diatoms will not be found in the body of the victim if he entered the water after death. If diatoms found in the water where the victim was found are similiar with diatoms found in the part of the victim’s body, it can be used as an indication that the victim dead by drowning¹⁹.

Diatoms analysis needs to be done to determine the actual scene process of the drowning victim. If diatoms found in the victim's body are not same as diatoms in the water where he was found, it showed that the victim’s location of death should be elsewhere.

Data on diatoms in the water will greatly assist the forensic analysis. For these reasons, the study was conducted. This study aimed to identify the diatoms in the water of Lake Batur in Bali Island, Indonesia, to provide database of diatoms species in Bali.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Water Sampling

Water samplings were taken at Lake Batur, Bali Island, Indonesia on August 2015. Lake Batur is located in the district of Kintamani Bangli at an altitude of 1,050m above of sea level. The surface area of water is about 16:05 km² with average depth of 50.8m. There are agricultural lands and settlements around the

lake². Water samples were taken by a purposive sampling method. Surface water was taken 2-3 m from the outer edge of the lake by using a bucket. Water sample were also taken in the middle of the lake as much as 50 liters. Plankton net with a bottle at the end was used to filter the water sample. The volume of bottle used for water sample was 25 ml. Ten drops of Lugol (fixative reagen) were added into the filtered water, then further observations were done in the laboratory. Data of water temperature, air temperature, brightness, pH and water dissolved oxygen are recorded in each sampling station.

Identification of diatoms

Observation of water samples to identify the diatoms was done in the Animal Taxonomy Laboratory of Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Udayana University. Observation was done by taking 0,04ml water samples, dropped on an object glass and covered it with a cover glass. The water samples on the slide was observed as a whole. Observation of each water sample from each station (each sample bottle) was repeated 10 times. Diatoms were identified based on morphological characters, the determination of diatom species refered to Taylor et al¹⁸., Bellinger and Sigee³ and Al-Yamani and Saburova¹. Calculation of the number of each diatom species in each sampling station refered to the formula of Purnomo¹²:

RESULT AND DISCUSSION Diatoms species were determined from water samples taken from 15 stations around Lake Batur, as shown in Figure 1. Environmental factors measured in each sampling stations are listed in Table 1.

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Table 1: Environmental parameter of each sampling station

Sampling Station

Environmental parameter Water

temperature (^oC)

Water pH

Water dissolved oxygen (mg/L)

Water transparency

(cm)

Air temperature

(^oC)

Air humidity

(%)

I 25.0 8.0 8.3 190 23.0 51

II 23.0 8.5 8.2 250 23.5 49

III 23.0 8.5 8.6 210 26.9 45

IV 23.0 8.5 8.0 280 25.3 49

V 21.5 8.0 7.8 190 25.7 52

VI 23.0 8.5 7.6 220 24.5 63

VII 23.0 8.5 7.4 190 23.5 67

VIII 23.0 8.5 7.4 200 23.5 66

IX 23.0 8.0 7.8 190 25.7 57

X 23.0 8.0 7.6 200 24.9 59

XI 23.0 8.0 7.2 190 24.9 55

XII 23.5 8.5 7.6 190 25.3 54

XIII 23.5 8.0 7.8 190 26.2 57

XIV 23.5 8.0 7.1 200 26.8 55

XV 23.5 8.0 7.7 200 28.5 59

Average 23.2 8.2 7.7 206.0 25.2 55.9

Twelve diatom species were identified in this study and the number of each species per liters of water in each station were varied (Table 2).

Percentage based on the number of species of

each station listed in Figure 2. Percentage of each diatom species found in lake Batur are listed in Figure 3.

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Species (cell/L)

Sampling station

A. inflata A. coarcata A. ovalis C. placentula Cymbellasp. Cyclotelasp. Diatomasp. E. adnata Fragilaria sp. G. pseudoaugur N. palea Stauroneis sp. Total

I 10 4 3 4 9 2 13 11 228 2 15 3 304

II 3 4 0 2 3 5 3 2 172 0 19 2 215

III 0 0 0 2 0 3 0 0 128 0 13 0 146

IV 0 0 0 3 0 5 0 0 82 0 28 0 118

V 0 0 2 3 0 5 0 0 92 3 35 0 140

VI 2 0 3 0 2 7 0 0 74 4 34 0 126

VII 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 73 3 30 0 111

VIII 0 0 0 4 0 2 0 0 45 4 20 4 79

IX 0 0 2 2 0 3 2 0 19 2 17 2 49

X 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 37 2 22 4 69

XI 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 7 0 13

XII 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 29 2 19 2 57

XIII 2 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 22 0 3 2 35

XIV 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 5 2 4 0 13

XV 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 23 0 19 2 48

Total 17 8 16 34 16 38 18 15 1031 24 285 21 1523

Fig. 2: Percentage based on the number of species in each sampling station

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Diatoms have an ability to live in a certain range of environmental parameter. The measurement results of environmental parameter from this study were still in the range of diatoms life. The measured temperature of Lake Batur was 21.5-25.0^oC.

Effendi⁴ stated that the range of temperatures where diatoms can grow well is 20-30^oC. The content of hydrogen ions (pH) in lake Batur was quite high. Probably because of the existence of many rocks and the natural forest on the edge of the lake. So, when the rains, will occur entry of rainwater from the forest into the lake. The water pH of lake Batur was 8.0 to 8.5. According to Welch²⁰ , water pH which aquatic organisms can live are 6.6-8,5.

Diatoms need oxygen for their respiration process. Water dissolved oxygen in Lake Batur still supported diatoms life. The range of water dissolved oxygen in Lake Batur was 7.1 to 8.6 mg/L (Table 1). Soeprobowati and Hadisusanto¹⁷ mentioned that dissolved oxygen content required by diatom was 7-12 mg/L, however, some species were able to live in dissolved oxygen content below 6.5 mg/L.

The numbers of diatoms species found in each sampling station in Lake Batur were varied. Sampling stations with the highest number of diatom species was on sampling stations I (12 species of diatoms).

Sampling station with the lowest number of diatoms species was sampling station XI (3 species of diatoms). Fragilaria sp. and Nitzschia palea were found in every sampling station (Table 2). Fragilaria sp. was the highest percentage species (68%) which found in Lake Batur (Figure 3). Round¹⁵ stated that the Fragilaria is prefer neutral and alkali water.

The water pH of lake Batur was 8.0 to 8.5 with an average 8.2. The range of water pH on the lake supports the life of Fragillaria. The condition causes Fragilaria found in all sampling station with the highest persentage.

Examination of diatoms found in a drowned person conducted to clarify the diagnosis of the cause of death of the victim.

The discovery of diatoms in organs of the victims will explain whether someone drown at the time of antemortem or postmortem. The examination of cases of drowning are not always found diatoms, but if found diatom in organs in large quantities it will clarify the diagnosis antemortem drowning¹⁶. Further study of the morphology and the presence of diatoms in the water bodies will help in investigating the cause of death by drowning.

Associated with the interests of forensics as an indicator of death due to drowning, several genera of diatoms found in this study are often found on the examination

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of them mentioned in Wilianto²¹, i.e.

Cocconeis placentula which is often found in the liver samples, Nitszchia and Gomphonema in the duodenum, Diatoma in the bone marrow, Fragilaria in the hepar samples.

CONCLUSION

Twelve diatom species were identified in this study i.e. Achnanthes inflata, Achnanthes coarcata, Amphora ovalis, Cocconeis placentula, Cymbella sp., Cyclotela sp., Diatoma sp., Epithemia adnata, Fragilaria sp., Gomphonema pseudoaugur, Nitzschia palea and Stauroneis sp. The species Fragilaria sp.

and Nitzschia palea were found in every sampling station. Fragilaria sp. was also found with the highest percentage.

Acknowledgements

Authors thank to the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Udayana University for providing the opportunity to undertaken this research by a Research Grant Program in 2015

(number of agreement

1314/UN14.1.28.I/PP/2015).

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