Supplemental Digital Content 2. Results of complete case analyses
Table S2. Correlates of average steps/day in boys in complete cases models
Variable Univariate model Multivariate model
B 95% CI p B 95% CI p
Intercept 13245 12678;
13812
<.001 12922 10102;
15741
<.001
Age (years) ‐476 ‐844; ‐108 .011 ‐485 ‐872; ‐99 .014
Site – Trois‐Rivières (ref = Ottawa) ‐260 ‐1733; 1212 .723 ‐178 ‐1528; 1173 .792
Site – Vancouver (ref = Ottawa) 55 ‐1357; 1468 .937 607 ‐696; 1910 351
Type of urbanization – suburban (ref = urban) ‐154 ‐1531; 1223 .821 ‐286 ‐1534; 962 .643
Type of urbanization – rural (ref = urban) 246 ‐1164; 1656 .726 260 ‐1025; 1544 .685
School SES – high (vs. low) 621 ‐521; 1762 .278 283 ‐773; 1339 .589
Bicycle ownership – yes (vs. no) 1426 169; 2683 .026 1504 142; 2866 .031
Child perceived neighbourhood safety – not very safe (vs. very/fairly safe) 129 ‐832; 1089 .793 ‐ ‐ ‐
Child owns a mobile phone – yes (vs. no) 552 ‐574; 1679 .336 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent worries about traffic – very/quite (vs. not very) ‐1208 ‐2002; ‐415 .003 ‐940 ‐1745; ‐135 .022
Time spent outdoors (hour) 739 331; 1146 <.001 772 355; 1190 <.001
Child illness – yes (vs. no) ‐1827 ‐3303; ‐351 0.015 ‐1842 ‐3355; ‐329 .017
Parent walks to work – yes (vs. no) 554 ‐488; 1596 .297 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent cycles to work – yes (vs. no) 711 ‐643; 2065 .303 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent uses public transit to work – yes (vs. no) ‐461 ‐1502; 580 .385 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent drives to work – yes (vs. no) ‐733 ‐1492; 26 .058 ‐942 ‐1723; ‐161 .018
Adults look out for children in our neighbourhood – agree (vs.
neither/disagree)
448 ‐255; 1151 .211 ‐ ‐ ‐
Some people make you afraid – agree (vs. neither/disagree) ‐1516 ‐2480; ‐552 .002 ‐1161 ‐2160; ‐162 .023
Car ownership – 0 (vs. 2 or more) 126 ‐1724; 1976 .894 ‐ ‐ ‐
Car ownership – 1 (vs. 2 or more) 522 ‐199; 1244 .155 ‐ ‐ ‐
Home ownership – no (vs. yes) ‐386 ‐1228; 456 .369 ‐ ‐ ‐
Speak language other than English or French at home – no (vs. yes) ‐137 ‐974; 700 .748 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent education – high school or less (ref: university) ‐436 ‐1726; 853 .506 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent education – high school or less (ref: university) ‐367 ‐1217; 483 .396 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent work – N/A (ref = full‐time) ‐319 ‐1273; 635 .511 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent work – part‐time (ref = full‐time) 80 ‐782; 942 .855 ‐ ‐ ‐
Number of active trips (child report) 24 ‐5; 54 .107 ‐ ‐ ‐
IM index – child report (each licence) 160 ‐48; 368 .132 ‐ ‐ ‐
Walkability – 400m buffer (each SD increase) ‐92 ‐255; 70 .264 ‐ ‐ ‐
Walkability – 1600m buffer (each SD) ‐21 ‐175; 132 .784 ‐ ‐ ‐
Volume of AST (each km/week) 45 ‐60; 150 .400 ‐ ‐ ‐
Precipitation/day (each mm) ‐44 ‐191; 104 .556 ‐ ‐ ‐
Morning temperature (each °C) 38 ‐35; 110 .301 ‐ ‐ ‐
Note: AST = active school travel; SD = standard deviation; SES = socio‐economic status. School level intra‐class correlation coefficient = 0.072.
Deviance (empty model) = 10969.088. Deviance (multivariate model) = 9265.484.
Table S3. Correlates of average MVPA/day in boys in complete cases models
Variable Univariate model Multivariate model
B 95% CI p B 95% CI p
Intercept 70.8 67.0; 74.6 <.001 76.6 57.3; 95.9 <.001
Age (years) ‐3.5 ‐5.8; ‐1.2 .003 ‐3.6 ‐6.1; ‐1.1 .004
Site – Trois‐Rivières (ref = Ottawa) ‐4.4 ‐14.0; 5.3 .365 ‐4.0 ‐13.5; 5.5 .400
Site – Vancouver (ref = Ottawa) ‐2.8 ‐12.1; 6.4 .539 0.1 ‐9.1; 9.3 .983
Type of urbanization – suburban (ref = urban) ‐1.8 ‐11.0; 7.4 .694 ‐2.2 ‐11.1; 6.6 .611
Type of urbanization – rural (ref = urban) ‐0.2 ‐9.5; 9.2 .972 0.1 ‐8.9; 9.2 .975
School SES – high (vs. low) 2.5 ‐5.1; 10.2 .504 0.1 ‐7.4; 7.6 .980
Bicycle ownership – yes (vs. no) 8.7 0.8; 16.7 .032 9.0 0.3; 17.6 .042
Child perceived neighbourhood safety – not very safe (vs. very/fairly safe) 1.8 ‐4.3; 7.8 .570 ‐ ‐ ‐
Child owns a mobile phone – yes (vs. no) 2.1 ‐5.1; 9.3 .570 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent worries about traffic – very/quite (vs. not very) ‐7.1 ‐12.1; ‐2.1 .006 ‐5.7 ‐10.8; ‐0.6 .030
Time spent outdoors (hour) 4.9 2.3; 7.4 <.001 4.8 2.1; 7.5 <.001
Child illness – yes (vs. no) ‐11.8 ‐21.2; ‐2.5 .013 ‐11.1 ‐20.7; ‐1.5 .024
Parent walks to work – yes (vs. no) 2.3 ‐4.3; 8.9 .497 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent cycles to work – yes (vs. no) 5.1 ‐3.5; 13.8 .243 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent uses public transit to work – yes (vs. no) ‐2.8 ‐9.4; 3.9 .411 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent drives to work – yes (vs. no) ‐4.8 ‐9.6; ‐0.0 .049 ‐6.2 ‐11.1; ‐1.2 .015
Adults look out for children in our neighbourhood – agree (vs.
neither/disagree)
2.7 ‐1.8; 7.1 .237 ‐ ‐ ‐
Some people make you afraid – agree (vs. neither/disagree) ‐9.1 ‐15.2; ‐2.9 .004 ‐6.4 ‐12.8; ‐0.1 .048
Car ownership – 0 (vs. 2 or more) ‐1.8 ‐13.6; 9.9 .758 ‐ ‐ ‐
Car ownership – 1 (vs. 2 or more) 3.1 ‐1.5; 7.7 .181 ‐ ‐ ‐
Home ownership – no (vs. yes) ‐3.0 ‐8.4; 2.3 .267 ‐ ‐ ‐
Speak language other than English or French at home – no (vs. yes) 0.9 ‐4.4; 6.3 .734 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent education – high school or less (ref: university) ‐2.4 ‐10.6; 5.8 .566 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent education – high school or less (ref: university) ‐2.0 ‐7.4; 3.4 .471 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent work – N/A (ref = full‐time) ‐0.7 ‐6.8; 5.3 .810 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent work – part‐time (ref = full‐time) 1.6 ‐3.9; 7.0 .574 ‐ ‐ ‐
Number of active trips (child report) 0.2 0.0; 0.4 .033 ‐ ‐ ‐
IM index – child report (each licence) 0.9 ‐0.5; 2.2 .205 ‐ ‐ ‐
Walkability – 400m buffer (each SD increase) ‐0.6 ‐1.6; 0.5 .274 ‐ ‐ ‐
Walkability – 1600m buffer (each SD) ‐0.3 ‐1.3; 0.7 .596 ‐ ‐ ‐
Volume of AST (each km/week) 0.4 ‐0.3; 1.0 .275 ‐ ‐ ‐
Precipitation/day (each mm) 0.1 ‐0.9; 1.1 .875 ‐ ‐ ‐
Morning temperature (each °C) 0.2 ‐0.3; 0.6 .480 ‐ ‐ ‐
Note: AST = active school travel; SD = standard deviation; SES = socio‐economic status. School level intra‐class correlation coefficient = 0.116.
Deviance (empty model) = 5251.067. Deviance (multivariate model) = 4415.080.
Table S4. Correlates of average steps/day in girls in complete cases models
Variable Univariate model Multivariate model
B 95% CI p B 95% CI p
Intercept 11335 10792;
11878
<.001 10826 8514;
13137
<.001
Age (years) ‐109 ‐367; 148 .405 51 ‐219; 321 .710
Site – Trois‐Rivières (ref = Ottawa) 163 ‐1155; 1480 .804 583 ‐729; 1895 .375
Site – Vancouver (ref = Ottawa) ‐569 ‐1836; 697 .367 ‐964 ‐2202; 275 .123
Type of urbanization – suburban (ref = urban) ‐269 ‐1550; 1012 .673 ‐220 ‐1450; 1010 .719
Type of urbanization – rural (ref = urban) ‐92 ‐1390; 1206 .886 275 ‐980; 1531 .660
School SES – high (vs. low) 398 ‐659; 1455 .451 287 ‐738; 1310 .575
Bicycle ownership – yes (vs. no) 306 ‐616; 1228 .515 ‐ ‐ ‐
Child perceived neighbourhood safety – not very safe (vs. very/fairly safe) ‐625 ‐1230; ‐21 .043 ‐ ‐ ‐
Child owns a mobile phone – yes (vs. no) ‐435 ‐1118; 247 .211 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent worries about traffic – very/quite (vs. not very) ‐425 ‐957; 107 .117 ‐ ‐ ‐
Time spent outdoors (hour) 723 438; 1009 <.001 694 399; 989 <.001
Child illness – yes (vs. no) ‐1453 ‐2714; ‐192 .024 ‐1362 ‐2653; ‐72 .039
Parent walks to work – yes (vs. no) ‐206 ‐933; 521 .579 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent cycles to work – yes (vs. no) 127 ‐825; 1080 .793 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent uses public transit to work – yes (vs. no) 83 ‐663; 830 .827 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent drives to work – yes (vs. no) 338 ‐217; 893 .233 ‐ ‐ ‐
Adults look out for children in our neighbourhood – agree (vs.
neither/disagree)
229 ‐265; 725 .362 ‐ ‐ ‐
Some people make you afraid – agree (vs. neither/disagree) 423 ‐217; 1062 .195 ‐ ‐ ‐
Car ownership – 0 (vs. 2 or more) 337 ‐951; 1625 .608 ‐ ‐ ‐
Car ownership – 1 (vs. 2 or more) 44 ‐468; 556 .865
Home ownership – no (vs. yes) ‐209 ‐819; 402 .502 ‐ ‐ ‐
Speak language other than English or French at home – no (vs. yes) 812 177; 1447 .012 855 194; 1515 .011
Parent education – high school or less (ref: university) ‐267 ‐1134; 600 .545 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent education – high school or less (ref: university) ‐11 ‐645; 623 .973 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent work – N/A (ref = full‐time) ‐721 ‐1409; ‐33 .040 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent work – part‐time (ref = full‐time) ‐139 ‐762; 485 .663 ‐ ‐ ‐
Number of active trips (child report) 7 ‐15; 29 .521 ‐ ‐ ‐
IM index – child report (each licence) 37 ‐124; 198 .650 ‐ ‐ ‐
Walkability – 400m buffer (each SD increase) ‐91 ‐200; 18 .101 ‐ ‐ ‐
Walkability – 1600m buffer (each SD) ‐83 ‐198; 31 .153 ‐ ‐ ‐
Volume of AST (each km/week) 70 ‐6; 146 .070 ‐ ‐ ‐
Precipitation/day (each mm) 23 ‐112; 159 .729 ‐ ‐ ‐
Morning temperature (each °C) 88 28; 147 .004 ‐ ‐ ‐
Note: AST = active school travel; SD = standard deviation; SES = socio‐economic status. School level ICC = 0.155. Deviance (empty model):
14738.179. Deviance (full model): 13202.541.
Table S5. Correlates of average MVPA/day in girls in complete cases models
Variable Univariate model Multivariate model
B 95% CI p B 95% CI p
Intercept 60.6 57.4; 63.7 <.001 59.6 45.4; 73.9 <.001
Age (years) ‐1.2 ‐2.7; 0.3 .116 0.1 ‐1.6; 1.8 .919
Site – Trois‐Rivières (ref = Ottawa) ‐0.4 ‐8.2; 7.3 .914 1.8 ‐6.2; 9.8 .646
Site – Vancouver (ref = Ottawa) ‐4.4 ‐11.8; 3.1 .239 ‐6.0 ‐13.6; 1.5 .115
Type of urbanization – suburban (ref = urban) ‐2.5 ‐10.0; 5.1 .512 ‐0.4 ‐7.9; 7.1 .918
Type of urbanization – rural (ref = urban) ‐1.8 ‐9.4; 5.8 .636 2.5 ‐5.4; 10.3 .533
School SES – high (vs. low) 2.0 ‐4.3; 8.2 .522 ‐0.2 ‐6.4; 6.0 .949
Bicycle ownership – yes (vs. no) 3.4 ‐2.0; 8.9 .218 ‐ ‐ ‐
Child perceived neighbourhood safety – not very safe (vs. very/fairly safe) ‐2.6 ‐6.2; 1.0 .156 ‐ ‐ ‐
Child owns a mobile phone – yes (vs. no) ‐3.5 ‐7.5; 0.6 .094 ‐4.5 ‐9.1; 0.2 .061
Parent worries about traffic – very/quite (vs. not very) ‐2.1 ‐5.3; 1.1 .195 ‐ ‐ ‐
Time spent outdoors (hour) 4.2 2.5; 5.8 <.001 4.0 2.2; 5.9 <.001
Child illness – yes (vs. no) ‐7.9 ‐15.4; ‐0.4 .038 ‐8.0 ‐15.7; ‐0.2 .044
Parent walks to work – yes (vs. no) 0.3 ‐4.0; 4.6 .908 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent cycles to work – yes (vs. no) 0.4 ‐5.3; 6.0 .897 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent uses public transit to work – yes (vs. no) 0.5 ‐3.9; 4.9 .833 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent drives to work – yes (vs. no) 1.3 ‐2.0; 4.6 .430 ‐ ‐ ‐
Adults look out for children in our neighbourhood – agree (vs.
neither/disagree)
1.4 ‐1.5; 4.3 .353 ‐ ‐ ‐
Some people make you afraid – agree (vs. neither/disagree) 1.9 ‐1.9; 5.7 .326 ‐ ‐ ‐
Car ownership – 0 (vs. 2 or more) 3.7 ‐3.9; 11.4 .336 ‐ ‐ ‐
Car ownership – 1 (vs. 2 or more) ‐0.2 ‐3.2; 2.8 .897
Home ownership – no (vs. yes) ‐1.1 ‐4.7; 2.5 .561 ‐ ‐ ‐
Speak language other than English or French at home – no (vs. yes) 4.8 1.0; 8.5 .013 4.5 0.4; 8.7 .032
Parent education – high school or less (ref: university) ‐0.9 ‐6.0; 4.1 .715 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent education – high school or less (ref: university) ‐0.5 ‐4.2; 3.3 .810 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent work – N/A (ref = full‐time) ‐4.3 ‐8.4; ‐0.3 .037 ‐ ‐ ‐
Parent work – part‐time (ref = full‐time) ‐1.3 ‐5.0; 2.4 .475 ‐ ‐ ‐
Number of active trips (child report) 0.1 ‐0.1; 0.2 .444 ‐ ‐ ‐
IM index – child report (each licence) 0.1 ‐0.9; 1.0 .859 ‐ ‐ ‐
Walkability – 400m buffer (each SD increase) ‐0.5 ‐1.1; 0.2 .140 ‐0.7 ‐1.5; ‐0.0 .040
Walkability – 1600m buffer (each SD) ‐0.5 ‐1.2; 0.2 .139 ‐ ‐ ‐
Volume of AST (each km/week) 0.7 0.2; 1.2 .009 0.5 0.0; 1.0 .032
Precipitation/day (each mm) 0.2 ‐0.6; 1.0 .610 ‐ ‐ ‐
Morning temperature (each °C) 0.5 0.2; 0.9 .006 ‐ ‐ ‐
Note: AST = active school travel; SD = standard deviation; SES = socio‐economic status. School level ICC = 0.153. Deviance (empty model):
6809.504. Deviance (full model): 5336.702. Mobile phone ownership was kept in the multivariate model because its removal would result in significantly worse model fit.
