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Since a new module will be inserted into the existing network, the following rules must be followed: a) The designed module must be transparent to the operating laser signals and protocol from the OLT and ONU;. Since a new module will be inserted into the existing network, the following rules must be followed: a) The designed module must be transparent to the operating laser signals and protocol from the OLT and ONU;.

Performance Analysis of a Passive FTTH-PON System Using Hybrid OTDM/WDM Multiplexing

The graphs below show the diagram of the eye and the quality factor of the OTDM. Figure 12 shows the variation of the quality factor depending on the length of the fiber.

Figure 1: passive point-to-point architecture [2].

COMPARISON BETWEEN

RCORD BASED FTTH NETWORK

MASTER’S IN

INTERNETWORKING

SNEHPREET KAUR

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

ABSTRACT

FTTH

WHAT IS FTTH
FTTx Network Architecture
FTTH TYPES

POINT TO POINT (P2P)
ARCHITECTURE
Advantages of P2P Technology for FTTH
POINT TO MULTIPOINT (THIS IS USED IN GPON)
Architecture
Advantages of P2MP/PON Technology for FTTH

Benefits of FTTH over Traditional Methods
METHODS TO ESTABLISH OPTICAL FIBER

FTTH stands for Fiber to the home network and is a fixed method used to access the network technologies. The base stations for the mobile network c) The customers in single family unit d) The area like schools, hospitals .. e) The security and proper functioning of it like alarms, cameras, sensors. For the best utilization of the existing fibers in specific topologies, the switches are not connected to the POP, but instead connected in a ring or chain structure.

Reference: https://www.excitingip.com/2496/what-is-ftth-fiber-to-the-home-advantages-of-p2p-vs-p2mpon-architectures/.

1.8 5G FIBER REQUIREMENT

FTTH NETWORK SHARING

Duct sharing in North America
SEWER SYSTEM
WATER PIPES

To reduce the cost of the FTTH networks, one way is to share the channels. With the use of a flexible indoor channel it is possible to add more cables to this already congested channel, in this case three of the three alternative operators. With the installation of fiber optic cables, the sewerage system can be reached by more residents.

A microchannel is then installed between the two fixtures to create a gas-tight environment where fiber can be inserted without coming into direct contact with the water supply.

THE LARGEST INVESTORS IN THE FIBER

HOW THEY ACHIEVED IT

FIBER CABLES FOR FTTH

CONCLUSION

PON TOPOLOGY

The network topology is the one in which nodes such as routers, switches are connected to other networks or to LAN (Local Area Network).

TYPES OF PON

TDM PON
An APON/BPON (ITU-T G.983) APON

Here, the traffic to and from is time-division multiplexed on the upstream and downstream wavelengths. Current systems use TDM, which involves APON, which is ATM-PON, BPON, which is broadband PON, GPON, which is Gigabit PON, which is mainly covered in my report, 10G PON, NG-PON, which is the next generation of PON. In the case of ATM, the upstream transmission is performed in bursts of ATM cells.

The delimiter is a pattern used to indicate the start of an incoming cell.

Figure 18: DATA SPECIFICATIONS OF PON Reference: 9781461439387-c1.pdf

DOWNSTREAM AND UPSTREAM TRAFFIC TYPES

The table shows the Timeline for ATM development

LIST OF ATM RELATED ITU-T RECOMMENDATIONS

A BPON

B NG-PON

NG-PON1

Asymmetric 10G-PON

Symmetric 10G-PON

NG-PON2

C EPON (IEEE 802.3ah)

It uses timers, a state machine for point-to-multipoint access control. At the base layer of the MCPC protocol, there is a point-to-point emulation sublayer. This sublayer at the MAC and the upper layer represent the P2MP network as a point-to-point connection.

There is another cost-effective quality of EPON, which is to preserve the Ethernet frame format that carries packets of variable length without fragmentation.

IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GPON AND EPON

D 10GEPON

10G-EPON has 64B/66B line coding with the bit-to-baud overhead being reduced to about 3%. There are advanced transmitters and higher launch power in 10G-EPON to ensure sufficient signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver side to recover the best data at a rate of 10 Gbps. With the increased launch power there should be an increase in the power consumption of the optical transmitter.

So, to accommodate 10 Gbps in the physical layer, the power consumption of the OLT and ONU can increase significantly.

WDM PON

In WDM PON, each user has access to its dedicated one or more wavelengths, therefore this gives every subscriber access to full bandwidth. WDM PON networks are more scalable and have better security as each home has access to its own wavelength. In a WDM PON network, each wavelength is a point-to-point link, which allows all links to run at different speeds and with different protocols, providing maximum flexibility.

Despite all these features, WDM PON is still expensive due to the specific wavelength assigned to each ONU.

OFDM PON

In WDM PON, there is simplified MAC layer control because the links between OLT and ONU in WDM PON are point-to-point, which do not require point-to-multipoint (P2MP) media access controllers. Since each subscriber has its own dedicated wavelength, an OLT that can support 32 ONUs must transmit 32 different wavelengths. So this means that this wavelength-specific feature is not so economical, as it will even result in high laser requirements compared to TDM PON if the same set of fixed-wavelength lasers are required for each ONU.

It is a tough competition compared to NG-PON2 because when combined with WDM, it can further increase the bandwidth.

ADVANTAGES OF OFDM PON

EVOLUTION OF PON
PARTS OF PON
PON IMPLEMENTATION

Fiber
Drop Terminals

The testing of PON Installation

The connection of the connector and how it is maintained
IMPORTANT THINGS TO NOTICE WHILE THE TESTING

ADVANTAGES OF USING PON

Patch cords came in a wide range of colors so they can be easily differentiated and are relatively short. Fiber optic cables can be implemented using the most suitable aerial or underground installation techniques. Drop terminals are used for easy access to service connection, distribution and if used can be aerial, underground or located in an apartment building.

Referenca: https://www.cablinginstall.com/articles/print/volume-27/issue-2/features/special- report/good-fiber-optic-connections-start-with-the-ferrule.html.

CHAPTER-3 GPON

WHAT IS GPON AND WHY IS IT USED 2. THE STANDARDS OF GPON
GPON NETWORK MODEL REFERENCE 4. THE FUNDAMENTALS OF GPON
THE FEATURES OF GPON
GPON FRAME FORMAT AND MULTIPLEXING 7. GPON TECHNIQUES
COMPONENTS OF GPON 9. GPON FTTH ARCHITECTURE
GPON NETWORK PROTECTION MODES 11. POWER BUDGET

WHAT IS GPON AND WHY IS IT USED
THE STANDARDS OF GPON

ITU-T G.984.1
ITU-T G.984.2
ITU-T G.984.3
ITU-T G.984.4

GPON NETWORK MODEL REFERENCE
THE FUNDAMENTALS OF GPON
THE FEATURES OF GPON
GPON FRAME FORMAT AND MULTIPLEXING

Optical Line Termination (OLT) and Optical Network Unit (ONU) are the only active transmission equipment in the GPON network. There is only one single-mode optical fiber strand from the main office running up to the passive optical power distributor, which is located near the users' location. When this optical fiber reaches the splitter, the splitter splits the optical power into N separate paths for the users.

GPON uses Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) which has the facility of two-way communication over a single optical fiber.

Figure 38: GROWTH WITH GPON Reference: https://www.slideshare.net

3.6.1 (FROM ONU/ONT TOWARDS OLT): UPSTREAM TRAFFIC

OLT 2. ONU

FROM OLT TO ONU: DOWNSTREAM TRAFFIC
GEM (GPON Encapsulation Method)
SERVICE MAPPING UPSTREAM
T-CONT
GPON TECHNIQUES

Ranging
Burst optical or electrical technology
Line encryption

COMPONENTS OF GPON .1 OLT (Optical Line Terminal)

The T-CONT then uses time slots to send the GEM PDUs to the OLT for the upstream transmission. For the downstream transmission, based on the mapping rules between service and uplink port, the OLT will send Ethernet frames to the GPON service processing module. Multiple T-CONTs can be allocated by the OLT to the ONU when the long queue in the buffer is waiting for an ONU.

It is assigned by the OLT to the ONU to identify the entity carrying the traffic.

THE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF OLT

PON CORE-SHELL

Cross-connect shell

Service shell

ONT/ONU (OPTICAL NETWORK TERMINAL)/ (OPTICAL NETWORK UNIT)

There are several user network interface ports on the ONT for the service network interface that is connected to the OLT. For Residential ONT the UNI ports are: − . a) 10/100Base-T High Speed Internet (HSI) and video over IP b) Coaxial RF for RF video overlay systems. The GPON fiber is terminated by the ONU and has multiple user network interfaces for multiple subscribers.

For these types of cases, the UN UNI is connected to a network connection (NT) that is placed at the subscriber's end location.

SPLITTER

ONU can be a better option where the CAT-5 copper cable is already laid like the user in the campus like hospital or school or corporate offices. Basically, the ONT is a combination of functions of ONU and an NT in a single device which makes the ONT a cost-effective solution to provide the GPON services to local and single families. The distribution loss is the most important parameter considered for the FTTH network designer and is the span between the central office and the user or is the maximum optical budget allowed in the system.

Optical budget is the result of attenuation due to splices, connectors, optical fibers and splitters.

ODN (OPTICAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORK)

The passive optical splitter has features such as wide wavelength range, low insertion loss and uniformity, minimal size, high reliability and supporting network survival and security policies. Reference: https://community.fs.com/blog/abc-of-pon-understanding-olt-onu-ont-and-odn.html.

GPON FTTH ARCHITECTURE

In the distribution area, the distribution cable is used to connect the level-1 distributor to level-2. At the entrance to the residential area, the level-2 splitter is placed in a pole-mounted box called a Fiber Access Terminal. The level-2 splitter inside the FAT is used to connect with the subscriber premises in the user area by means of drop cables.

GPON NETWORK PROTECTION MODES

MIXED BACKUP

Power Budget

CORD

INTRODUCTION TO CORD
CORD ARCHITECTURE
MCORD
ECORD
ACORD

Access is again something different and moving it to the cloud will again be a challenge. A lot of effort is put into the switching structure, which is a fundamental part of the CORD platform. In addition to the folding fabric of the spine of the sheet, one of the racks is a rack for ONU access cabinets.

Furthermore, it is extremely difficult to make changes to the current infrastructure for different needs or areas of remote adopters.

RCORD

INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
TRADITIONAL RESIDENTIAL ACCESS
OVERVIEW OF DISAGGREGATED RESIDENTIAL ACCESS
Detailed Residential CORD and its components

vOLT

ONOS applications

Introduction to vSG
Design Options
The Design – Functionality
The Design – Performance
Subscriber API
vRouter
DESCRIPTION OF RCORD
VOLTHA

On this edge, CO is really close to the end user, this is an advantage that gives us the possibility to introduce other third party services. One of the servers will run radius server and vOLT, which will "run on top" of the CORD software stack. Now traffic tagged with the user's assigned VLAN can flow from any device in the subscriber's home to the vSG.

This traffic from the CPE flows to the OLT blade and then through the fabric switch to the vSG of one of the commodity servers.

Figure 63: TRADITIONAL RESIDENTIAL ACCESS

SDN AND NFV

CORD 2. HERD

FUNDAMENTALS OF SDN AND NFV
THE ROLE OF SDN AND NFV IN RCORD

CORD's hardware has commodity servers that are connected using white box switches. Control plane traffic takes into account the router used to decide where its destination should be. With the help of an open interface, the control layer provides a centralized useful functionality that takes care of network mediation.

The infrastructure layer consists of the network components (NE) and components used to switch and forward the packet.

Selection of Neighborhood

DIAGRAM OF CITY OF LEDUC

MULTIWAY MAP

Multiway Map of the City to analyze the length of the cables required to create a network

Details of the City of Leduc
Implementation of GPON based FTTH Network

Technical Aspect
Civil Aspect

R-CORD DEPLOYMENT
Comparison between R-CORD and GPON based FTTH network

There is no standard model for setting up the infrastructure, as it depends on topology, the density of users, etc. Central Office – The function of the central office is to house the OLT and sometimes some components of the core network. Within CORD architecture, OLT disaggregation takes care of the physical OLT NEs to the R-CORD architecture.

It also provides the mapping of physical OLT to the CORD platform using a leaf-spine switch structure.

The optical performance is then plotted against its error due to the passive element at the last mile of the GPON FTTH network. An investigation of the failures of the passive elements at the last kilometer of the FTTH network is reported. The number of clusters is thus estimated in the same way as the model's other parameters.

Together with the Dirichlet Process they enable the collection and learning of a number of clusters simultaneously.