ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 243
A PRELIMINARY LIST OF INSECTS OF DIEGO GARCIA ATOLL, CHAGOS ARCHIPELAGO
b y A. M. Hutson
Issued b y
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Washington, D. C., U.S.A.
July 1981
A PRELIMINARY LIST OF INSECTS OF DIEGO GARCIA ATOLL, CHAGOS ARCHIPELAGO
INTRODUCTION
This paper p r e s e n t s a l i s t of t h e i n s e c t s c o l l e c t e d by t h e author on Diego Garcia between March 19 and May 2 3 , 1971, and d i s c u s s i o n of e a r l i e r r e c o r d s . The circumstances of t h i s v i s i t a r e d i s c u s s e d i n Hutson (1975). A g e n e r a l account of t h e geography and ecology of Diego Garcia i s given i n S t o d d a r t & Taylor ( 1 9 7 1 ) . The i n t e n t i o n of t h i s paper i s t o give an i d e a of t h e composition of t h e i n s e c t fauna, t o add t o t h e p r e v i o u s l y recorded fauna such i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s a s have been r e c e i v e d t o d a t e a n d . t o make known what o t h e r m a t e r i a l i s a v a i l a b l e t o s p e c i a l i s t s . A l l specimens a r e i n t h e B r i t i s h Museum ( N a t u r a l
H i s t o r y ) . No a t t e m p t has been made t o g i v e d e t a i l s of l o c a l i t y , d a t e , bionomics, e t c . and numbers of specimens c o l l e c t e d . Specimens were c o l l e c t e d u s i n g hand t e c h n i q u e s , a t l i g h t and a small amount i n a make- s h i f t Herting Trap and water t r a p s . The p r i n c i p a l c o l l e c t i n g s i t e s were i n t h e a r e a s around E c l i p s e P o i n t , P t e Marianne, De Moulin, Roche P o i n t and E a s t P o i n t ( s e e map i n Hutson, 1 9 7 5 ) .
Other m a t e r i a l , n o t examined i n t h i s s t u d y , was c o l l e c t e d by Fehlmann i n 1966 ( s e e S t o d d a r t , 1971) and by members of t h e U.S. Navy s t a t i o n e d on t h e a t o l l i n 1971 ( n o t a b l y a d e n t i s t , Garry M i l l e r ) . A s y e t unpublished r e c o r d s from o t h e r Chagos Archipelago i s l a n d s were c o l l e c t e d by M . J . D . Hirons e t a l . on Egmont A t o l l i n 1972-73, Eagle, Three B r o t h e r s and Danger A t o l l s i n 1975 and elsewhere i n 1978-79 during j o i n t f o r c e s e x p e d i t i o n s .
49 s p e c i e s of i n s e c t have been recorded from Diego Garcia and 113 from t h e Chagos Archipelago a s a whole. A l l t h e s e r e c o r d s a r e discussed here. Where p o s s i b l e t h e nomenclature of t h e s e records has been brought up t o d a t e , b u t t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s have n o t been checked except where s t a t e d . The a u t h o r ' s i n t e r e s t i n Diptera has probably given a b i a s t o
l ~ e ~ a r t m e n t of Entomology, B r i t i s h Museum (Natural H i s t o r y ) , Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD. Manuscript r e c e i v e d 8 September 1979 --Eds.
t h e c o l l e c t i o n s made a s w e l l a s t o t h e r e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d h e r e . The p r e v i o u s major c o l l e c t i o n was by t h e L e p i d o p t e r i s t T. B a i n b r i g g e F l e t c h e r . F l e t c h e r was on Diego G a r c i a f o r seven d a y s o f J u l y , 1905 d u r i n g t h e f i v e weeks (May t o J u l y ) t h a t t h e P e r c y S l a d e n T r u s t
E x p e d i t i o n was i n t h e Chagos A r c h i p e l a g o . Of t h e 49 s p e c i e s p r e v i o u s l y r e c o r d e d from Diego G a r c i a o n l y 25 ( 5 1 % ) have been p o s i t i v e l y i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e 1971 m a t e r i a l . S i m i l a r l y 49 ( 4 3 % ) o f t h e 113 s p e c i e s p r e v i o u s l y r e c o r d e d f o r t h e Chagos A r c h i p e l a g o a s a whole have been i d e n t i f i e d i n t h i s m a t e r i a l . More t h a n 330 s p e c i e s were c o l l e c t e d i n 1971, b u t many o f t h e s e s t i l l a w a i t i d e n t i f i c a t i o n .
THYS ANURA 1 s p e c i e s u n i d e n t i f i e d
COLLEMBOLA c . 1 0 s p e c i e s u n i d e n t i f i e d
0 WNATA ANISOPTERA d e t
.
P .H.
WardLIBELLULIDAE
Dip1 a c o d e s t r i v i a l i s (Rambur) Pan t a l a f l a v e s c e n s ( F a b r i c i u s ) T r a p e z o s t i g m a l i m b a t a (Des j a r d i n s ) ZYGOPTERAdet. P.H. Ward
COENAGRIIDAE
A g r i o c n e m i s pygmaea (Rambur)
Laidlaw (1907 r e c o r d e d Zyxomma s e y c h e l l a r u m M a r t i n from P e r o s Banhos, O r t h e t r u m w r i g h t i ( S e l y s ) from Salomon, P e r o s Banhos and Diego G a r c i a , and I s c h n u r a s e n e g a l e n s i s (Rambur) ( A g r i o n i d a e ) from Diego G a r c i a . Campion (1913) r e - i d e n t i f i e d t h e f i r s t two a s Zyxomma p e t i o l a t u m (Rambur) and D. t r i v i a l i s r e s p e c t i v e l y , and added Trammea l i m b a t a D e s j a r d i n s . Thus t h e p r e s e n t c o l l e c t i o n b r i n g s t h e t o t a l number o f s p e c i e s t o f i v e f o r Diego G a r c i a and s i x f o r t h e Chagos.
ORTHOPTERA TETTIGONIOIDEA d e t . J . A . Marshall
E u c o n o c e p h a l u s c h a g o s e n s i s ( B o l i v a r ) G r y l l a c r i d i d a e nymphs i n d e t .
B o l i v a r (1912) d e s c r i b e d C o n o c e p h a l o i d e s c h a g o s e n s i s (now i n t h e genus E u c o n o c e p h a l u s ) from Salomon and recorded E . i n c e r t u s (Walker) ( a s C . b r e v i c e p s Redtenbacher) from Salomon, Peros Banhos, Egmont and Diego Garcia.
GRYLLOIDEA d e t . J . A . Marshall Ornebi u s v a l i d u s ( B o l i v a r ) G r y l l o d e s s i g i l l a t u s (Walker) G r y l l o t a l p a s p
.
B o l i v a r (1912) d e s c r i b e d S c o t t i a c h a g o s e n s i s ( S c o t t i a B o l i v a r preocc. = S c o t t i o l a Uvarov) from Salomon, and recorded C u r t i l l a
( = G r y l l o t a l p a ) a f r i c a n a ( P a l . de Beauv.) from Peros Banhos and Egmont and 0. v a l i d u s from Salomon and Peros Banhos.
ACRIDIDAE d e t . L.M. P i t k i n
A i o l o p u s s i m u l a t r i x s i m u l a t r i x Walker
B o l i v a r (1912) d e s c r i b e d A e o l o p u s l a t i c o s t a from Salomon, Peros Banhos and Diego Garcia. This i s now regarded a s a synonym of A. s i m u l a t r i x . ARDA (1961) r e c o r d s A. s a v i g n y i (Krauss)
,
a l s o a synonym o f A. s i m u l a t r i x , from Diego Garcia.TETRIGIDAE d e t
.
J . HuxleyP a r a t e t t i x c h a g o s e n s i s B o l i v a r
B o l i v a r (1912) d e s c r i b e d P . c h a g o s e n s i s from Diego Garcia.
DICTYOPTERA BLATTODEA d e t . J.A. Marshall
P e r i p l a n e t a a m r i c a n a (Linnaeus) P e r i p l a n e t a a u s t r a l a s i a e ( F a b r i c i u s ) N e o s t y l o p y a r h o m b i f o l i a ( S t o l l ) N a u p h o e t a c i n e r e a ( O l i v i e r ) L e u c o p h a e a m a d e r a e ( ~ a b r i c i u s ) P y c n o s c e l u s s u r i n a m e n s i s (Linnaeus) P y c n o s c e l u s i n d i c u s ( F a b r i c i u s )
B l a t t e l l a g e r m a n i c a (Linnaeus) M a r g a t t e a p a r v u l a B o l i v a r i n d e t . nymphs
B o l i v a r (1924) r e c o r d e d B. g e r m a n i c a from Salomon, M a r g a t t e a 1 a x i r e t i s ( d e s c r i b e d a s a new s p e c i e s ) from Salomon, P e r i p l a n e t a a m e r i c a n a from P e r o s Banhos, P . a u s t r a l a s i a e from Salomon and Diego G a r c i a and P . s u r i n a m e n s i s from Diego G a r c i a and P e r o s Banhos. 9 o f t h e 1 0 s p e c i e s r e c o r d e d from t h e Chagos o c c u r on Diego G a r c i a .
ISOPTEFW KALOTERMITIDAE d e t . R.M.C. W i l l i a m s
C r y p t o t e r m e s d u d l e y i Banks a t a l i g h t
G l y p t o t e r m e s s p . n r
.
s c o t t i (Holmgren) t r u n k o f r o t t i n g C o c o s t r e e RHINOTERMITIDAE d e t . R.M.C. W i l l i a m sP r o r h i n o t e r m e s c a n a l i f r o n s ( S j b s t e d t ) t r u n k o f r o t t i n g C o c u s t r e e , crown o f f r e s h C o c o s t r e e and a t l i g h t .
DERMAPTEFW CARCINOPHORIDAE d e t . A. B r i n d l e
A n i s o l a b i s s p . ?nov.
CHELISOCHIDAE d e t . A . B r i n d l e Chelisoches m o r i o ( F a b r i c i u s ) Hamaxas s p . nov.
LAB I I DAE
L a b i a c u r v i c a u d a (Motschulsky) s p . i n d e g .
B u r r (1910) r e c o r d e d B o r e l l i a [= E u b o r e l l i a ] s t a l i (Dohrn) from Egmont a n d ~ a b i d u r a r i p a r i a ( P a l l a s ) from t h r o u g h o u t t h e Chagos.
EMBIOPTEFW OLIGOTOMIDAE d e t . E.S. Ross
O l i g o t o m a s a u n d e r s i i (westwood)
PSOCOPTEFW i n d e t . ( c . 10 s p e c i e s )
P H T H I R A P T E R A AMBLYCERA d e t . T . C l a y
MENOP O N 1 DAE
Austromenopon s p .
ISCHNOCERA d e t . T . C l a y P H I L O P T E R I D A E
f r o m Anous s t o l i d u s
Quadraceps s e p a r a t u s ( K e l l o g & K u w a n a ) f r o m Anous s t o l i d u s Q. s t r e p s i l a r i s ( D e n n y ) f r o m A r e n a r i a i n t e r p r e s
O t h e r u n i d e n t i f i e d l i c e w e r e c o l l e c t e d f r o m A c r i d o t h e r e s t r i s t i s and S t r e p t o p e l i a p i c t u r a t a
.
H E M I P T E R A HETEROPTERA d e t . P .S. B l o o m f i e l d
COREIDAE
1 s p . i n d e t . CY DNIDAE
1 s p . i n d e t . G E R R I DAE
2 spp. i n d e t . LYGAEIDAE
4 spp. i n d e t . M I R I DAE
2 spp. i n d e t . PENTATOMI DAE
1 s p . i n d e t . FU3DUVI I DAE
1 s p . i n d e t . S A L D I D A E
1 s p . i n d e t .
H a l o b a t e s a l l u a u d i Bergroth was recorded without p r e c i s e l o c a l i t y by D i s t a n t (1909, 1 9 1 3 ) . The Reduviid P l a t y m e r i s l a e v i c o l l i s D i s t a n t was introduced t o Diego Garcia i n 1963 from E a s t African s t o c k i n an attempt t o c o n t r o l t h e Rhinoceros b e e t l e s , O r y c t e s r h i n o c e r u s (Linnaeus). 100 were r e l e a s e d (Greathead, 1971)
,
b u t t h e r e a r e no f u r t h e r r e c o r d s . The Reduviid mentioned f o r t h e p r e s e n t c o l l e c t i o n i s a d i f f e r e n t s p e c i e s . No o t h e r Heteroptera have been recorded.HOMOPTERA-AUCHENORHYNCHA d e t
.
P.
S.
Broomfield CICADELLIDAE5 spp. i n d e t . C I X I I D A E
1 s p . i n d e t . DELPHACI DAE
5 spp. i n d e t . DERBIDAE
1 sp. i n d e t .
1 2 s p e c i e s h e r e , no previous r e c o r d s .
APHIDIIDAE d e t . V.F. Eastop A p h i s g o s s y p i i Glover COCCIDAE d e t . D . J . Williams
P u l v i n a r i a grabhami Cockerell DIASPIDIDAE d e t . D . J . Williams
H e m i b e r l e s i a l a t a n i a e ( S i g n o r e t ) PSEUDOCOCCIDAE d e t . D . J . Williams
P l a n o c o c c u s c i t r i - g r o u p
P s e u d o c o c c u s ci t r i c u l u s Green PSYLLIDAE d e t . D . H o l l i s
L e p t y n o p t e r a s u l p h u r e a Crawford Mesohomotoma hibisci ( F r o g g a t t )
on V e r n o n i a
on Ach y r a n thes c a n e s c e n s
on Morinda c i t r i f o l i a
on Morinda c i t r i f o l i a on Morinda ci t r i f o l i a
on C a l o p h y l l urn i n o p h y l l urn on H i b i s c u s t i l i a c e u s
P. c i t r i ( R i s s o ) was r e c o r d e d from Diego G a r c i a from F i c u s s p . by Green (1907) i n t h e genus D a c t y l o p i u s and by Mamet (1941) i n t h e genus Pseudococcus. The g r o u p of s p e c i e s t o which t h i s b e l o n g s i s c u r r e n t l y
under review and i t i s l i k e l y t h a t t h e s p e c i e s on Diego G a r c i a i s n o t t r u e c i t r i . Green a l s o r e c o r d s Lecanium ( = S a i s s e t i a ) o l e a e ( O l i v i e r )
( C o c c i d a e ) from " f i g u i e r d e s Banians" o n P e r o s Banhos and Mamet (1941, 1943) r e c o r d e d t h i s s p e c i e s , F e r r i s i a v i r g a t a ( C o c k e r e l l ) (Pseudococcidae) and t h e D i a s p i d i d s A s p i d i e l l a s a c c h a r i ( C o c k e r e l l )
,
Odonaspis r u t h a e Kotinsky and P i n n a s p i s a s p i d i s t r a e ( S i g n o r e t )
.
Greathead (1971) d i s c u s s e s t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of two s p e c i e s o f
C o c c i n e l l i d b e e t l e s t o c o n t r o l s c a l e i n s e c t s on Coconut and o t h e r c r o p s . The s c a l e i n s e c t s were n o t named, b u t O r i a n (1959) l i s t e d A s p i d i o t u s d e s t r u c t o r S i g n o r e t , Chrysomphalus f i c u s Ashmead,Pseucococcus a d o n i d u s
(Linnaeus ) ( = l o n g i s p i n u s ( T a r g i o n i T o z z e t t i ) and Pseudococcus s p
.
a s p e s t s o f c o c o n u t . Many palms were f e l l e d w h i l e t h e a u t h o r was o n t h e i s l a n d , b u t no o b v i o u s damage by s c a l e i n s e c t s was e v i d e n t .Thus t h e p r e s e n t c o l l e c t i o n b r i n g s t h e p u b l i s h e d l i s t f o r t h e Chagos t o 12 s p e c i e s o f Coccoidea. No o t h e r S t e r n o r h y n c h a have b e e n r e c o r d e d p r e v i o u s l y s o t h a t t h e t o t a l f o r the whole group i s 1 5 .
THYSANOPTERA PHLAEOTHRIPIDAE d e t . B.R. P i t k i n
H a p l o t h r i p s gowdeyi ( F r a n k l i n ) on Vernonia, g r a s s e s , e t c .
NEUROPTERA CHRYSOPIDAE
Chrysopa s p .
Esben-Petersen (1927 d e s c r i b e d Chrysopa r u t i l a a s a new s p e c i e s from Salomon and P e r o s Banhos. T h i s i s now c o n s i d e r e d a synonym o f t h e widespread C. b o n i n e n s i s Okamoto.
COLEOPTERA BOSTRYCHOIDEA
LYCTIDAE d e t . E . R . Peacock L y c t u s brunneus S t e p h e n s CARABOIDEA
CARABIDAE d e t . I . H . Davidson i n d e t .
ARDA (1961) s t a t e s t h a t t h e C a r a b i d S c a r i t e s m a d a g a s c a r i e n s i s D e j e a n w a s b e i n g c o l l e c t e d i n M a d a g a s c a r f o r despatch t o D i e g o G a r c i a f o r c o n t r o l of R h i n o c e r o s B e e t l e , O r y c t e s r h i n o c e r u s ( L i n n a e u s ) , b u t I have n o t been able t o e s t a b l i s h w h e t h e r t h i s w a s a c t u a l l y a c c o m p l i s h e d and none w a s found i n 1 9 7 1 .
DYTISCIDAE
S c o t t ( 1 9 1 2 ) recorded B i d e s s u s t h e r m a l i s G e r m a r f r o m D i e g o G a r c i a , b u t no Dytiscids w e r e found i n 1 9 7 1 .
CHRYSOMELOIDEA
CERAMBYCIDAE d e t . I . H . D a v i d s o n C e r a m b y c i n a e i n d e t .
L a m i i n a e i n d e t .
A u r i v i l l i u s ( 1 9 2 2 ) recorded C o p t o p s a e d i f i c a t o r ( F a b r i c i u s ) f r o m S a l o m o n a n d D i e g o G a r c i a .
CLEROIDEA
CLERIDAE d e t . I . H . D a v i d s o n
T h e presence o f t h i s species on D i e g o G a r c i a w a s i n f e r r e d by O r i a n ( 1 9 5 9 )
.
CUCUJOIDEA
ADERIDAE d e t . I . H . D a v i d s o n X y l o p h i l u s s p p . ( 3 )
ANTHICIDAE d e t
.
I . H. D a v i d s o n A n t h i c u s n r.
a n d r e a e L a f.
CERYLONIDAE d e t . I . H . D a v i d s o n E u x e s t u s ? b a s a l i s ( M o t s c h u l s k y )
A r r o w ( 1 9 2 2 ) recorded E . p a r k i Wollaston f r o m E g m o n t . COCCINELLIDAE d e t . R.D. P o p e
C h i l o c o r u s n i g r i t u s ( F a b r i c i u s )
~ o c c i n e l l a r e p a n d a T h u n d b e r g v a r
.
P l a t y n a s p i s c a p i c o l a C r o t c h Scymnus ( s . s . ) sp.
C. n i g r i t u s and a Scymnus s p . were introduced t o c o n t r o l s c a l e i n s e c t s on Coconut and o t h e r crops (Greathead, 1971)
.
2000 Chilocorus and 150 Scymnus were l i b e r a t e d i n 1956 and a f u r t h e r shipment ofChilocorus i n 1959. The only o t h e r Coccinellids recorded a r e
Menochilus sexmaculatus ( ~ a b r i c i u s ) ( i n Chilomenes) recorded by Sicard (1912) from Salomon, Peros Banhos and Diego Garcia, and C. repanda recorded i n ARDA (1961)
.
COLYDIIDAE d e t . I . H . Davidson
Colibicus n r . s p e c i a l i s Grouvelle Ocholissa sp.
Trachypholis s p . i n d e t
.
CORYLOPHIDAE d e t . I . H . Davidson i n d e t
.
CRYPTOPHAGIDAE d e t . I . H . Davidson i n d e t .
CUCUJIDAE d e t . I . H . Davidson Psammoecus s p
.
ENDOMYCHIDAE d e t . I . H . Davidson Trochoideus d e s j a r d i n s i i ~ u d r i n
This was recorded from Egmont by Arrow (1922).
INOPEPLIDAE d e t . E .R. Peacock Inopepl u s sp
.
N I T I D U L I D A E d e t . E . R . Peacock Cybocephalus sp.
i n d e t .
Grouvelle (1913) recorded Carpophilus hemipterus Linnaeus from Diego Garcia.
OEDEMERIDAE d e t
.
I . H. DavidsonAnanca aldabrana Champion
A . scabripennis Champion
A . ? var. of scabripennis Champion
RHIZOPHAGIDAE d e t . E . R . P e a c o c k
Monotoma m a d a g a s c a r i e n s i s G r o u v e l l e TENEBRIONIDAE d e t . M.J.D. B r e n d e l l
Gonocephal um spp
.
( 2 )i n d e t
.
CURCULIONOIDEA
ANTHRIBIDAE d e t . I . H . D a v i d s o n i n d e t
.
APIONIDAE d e t . R.T. T h o m p s o n C y l a s f o r m i c a r i u s F a b r i c i u s CURCULIONIDAE d e t . R . T . T h o m p s o n
CURCULIONINAE d e t . R.T. T h o m p s o n C r a t o p u s a d s p e r s u s Waterhouse M i c r o t r u p i s sp.
M y l l o c e r u s d e n t i f e r F a b r i c i u s v a r . P e n t a r t h r u m sp.
P r o e c e s d e p r e s s u s ( W o l l a s t o n )
S t e n o t r u p i s sp.
? S t e n o t r u p i s s p .
SCOLYTINAE d e t . E . A . J . D u f f e y
Hypothenemus sp.
X y l e b o r u s p e r f o r a n s W o l l a s t o n
C h a m p i o n (1914) recorded C. a d s p e r s u s f r o m S a l o m o n , P e r o s B a n h o s and E g m o n t
,
and S t e r n o c h e t u s m a n g i f e r a e ( F a b r i c i u s ) ( i n t h e genus C r y p t o r r h y n c h u s ) w i t h o u t l o c a l i t y d e t a i l s .DRYOPOIDEA
PTYLODACTYLIDAE d e t . I . H . D a v i d s o n i n d e t .
ELATEROIDEA
ELATERIDAE d e t . C.M.F. von H a y e k Lacon m o d e s t u s ( B o i s d u v a l M e l a n o x a n t h u s sp.
F l e u t i a u x (1923) recorded M e l a n o x a n t h u s p u e r u l u s Candsze v a r
.
cribricollis F l e u t i a u x from Peros Banhos.
EUCNEMIDAE
F l e u t i a u x (1923) d e s c r i b e d Fornax p u n c t i c e p s ( i n t h e family
~ e l a s i d a e ) from t h e S e y c h e l l e s and Egmont, b u t no Eucnemids were c o l l e c t e d i n 1971.
HYDROPHILOIDEA
HYDROPHILIDAE d e t . I . H . Davidson P a r o m i c r u s a t o m u s S c o t t
i n d e t . HISTEROIDEA HISTERIDAE
Regular shipments o f H o l o l e p t a q u a d r i d e n t a t a F a b r i c i u s and P l a e s i u s j a v a n u s Erichson were i n t r o d u c e d from T r i n i d a d t o c o n t r o l t h e Rhinoceros b e e t l e , O r y c t e s r h i n o c e r u s ( ~ i n n a e u s ) , i n 1959 (Greathead, 1 9 7 1 ) . They were s e e n i n 1960 b u t t h e r e h a s been no evidence of t h e i r e s t a b l i s h m e n t and no H i s t e r i d s were c o l l e c t e d i n 1971.
SCARABAEOIDEA SCARABAE I DAE
APHODINAE d e t . I . H . Davidson i n d e t
.
CETONIINAE d e t
.
M .E.
BacchusP r o t a e t i a f u s c a (Herbst) DYNASTINAE d e t . I . H . Davidson
O r y c t e s r h i n o c e r u s ( ~ i n n a e u s ) RUTELINAE d e t . I . H . Davidson
A d o r e t u s v e r s u t u s Harold
S c o t t (1912) recorded A - v e r s u t u s from Egmont, S a p r o s i t e s l a t i c e p s airma ma ire) from Egmont and O x y c e t o n i a versicolor F a b r i c i u s from Peros Banhos. The Rhinoceros B e e t l e , O r y c t e s r h i n o c e r u s , was n o t n o t e d t h e n b u t was such a p e s t of coconuts by t h e 1 9 5 0 ' s t h a t v a r i o u s a t t e m p t s were made t o c o n t r o l it. Greathead (1971) d i s c u s s e s t h e a t t e m p t s w i t h
b i o l o g i c a l c o n t r o l and t h e s e a r e d i s c u s s e d under Reduviid Hemiptera,
S c o l i i d wasps and H i s t e r i d b e e t l e s . See a l s o under Carabidae. None of these c o n t r o l methods seems t o have had any g r e a t impact on t h e b e e t l e .
STAPHYLINOIDEA
STAPHYLINIDAE d e t . P.M. Hammond Acan t h o g l o s s a b r a c h y c e r a Kraatz A l e o c h a r a p u b e r u l a Klug
A l e o c h a r a sp.
B l e d i u s sp.
C a r p e l i m u s s p .
C o e n o n i c a p u n c t i c o l l i s Kraatz C o p r o p o r u s s p
.
L i t h o c h a r i s n i g r i c e p s Kraatz L i t h o c h a r i s sp.
O s o r i u s s p .
P h i l o n t h u s spp. ( 2 )
S c h i s t o g e n i a c r e n i c o l l i s Kraatz S c o p a e u s sp.
T h i n o d r o m u s c h a g o s a n u s (Bernhauer)
Berhnauer (1922 ) described T h i n o d r o m u s c h a g o s a n u s ( i n t h e genus
~ r o g l o p h l o e u s ) from Diego Garcia.
SIPHONAPTERA PULICIDAE d e t . A.M. Hutson
C t e n o c e p h a l i d e s f
.
f e l i s ( ~ o u c h e )DIPTERA NEMATOCERA
CECIDOMYIIDAE d e t . K.M. Harris CECIDOMYIINAE
A l l o b r e m i a sp. n r . u p o l u i Barnes L e s t o d i p l o s i s sp.
L e s t o d i p l o s i n i i n d e t . spp. i n d e t .
IESTREMIINAE L e s t r e m i a s p .
P e r o m y i a sp. n r . s e y c h e l l e n s i s K i e f f e r
PORRICONDYLINAE A s y n a p t a s p . P o r r i c o n d y l a s p
.
CERATOPOGONIDAE d e t . R.P. Lane A t r i c h o p o g o n s p
.
B e z z i a s p .
D a s y h e l e a spp. ( 3 ) F o r c i p o m y i a s p p
.
( 2 )CHIRONOMIDAE d e t . P.S. Cranston CHIRONOMINAE
~ a n y t a r s i n i i n d e t . ORTHOCLADIINAE
P s e u d o s m i t t i a s p . s p . i n d e t .
CULICIDAE d e t . G . B . White A e d e s a l b o p i c t u s (Skuse )
C u l e x q u i n q u e f a s c i a t u s Say
Theobald (1912) r e c o r d e d A e d e s a l b o p i c t u s (Skuse) ( a s S t e g o m y i a s c u t e l l a r i s (Walker) from Peros Banhos ( s e e a l s o M a t t i n g l y & Brown, 1 9 5 5 ) . Lambrecht & Van Someren (1971) found A. a l b o p i c t u s and C . q u i n q u e f a s c i a t u s ( a s p i p i e n s spp. f a t i g a n s Wiedemann) abundant on Diego G a r c i a , Salomon and P e r o s Banhos. They a l s o r e p o r t e d A e d e s a e g y p t i (Linnaeus) on Diego G a r c i a and Salomon. I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t t h e specimens c o l l e c t e d ( i n 1969) were of t h e t y p i c a l form r a t h e r t h a n t h e form q u e e n s l a n d e n s i s which i s t h e dominant form i n t h e S e y c h e l l e s and A f r i c a . I t was s e a r c h e d f o r around s e t t l e m e n t s i n 1971 and i t s a p p a r e n t absence i s c u r i o u s .
MYCETOPHLIDAE d e t . A.M. Hutson
A l l a c t o n e u r a a r g e n t e o s q u a m o s a ( E n d e r l e i n ) PSYCHODIDAE d e t
.
D.A. DuckhouseC l o g m i d a l b i p u n c t a t a ( W i l l i s t o n ) P s y c h o d a a l t e r n a t a Say
P . s a v a i i e n s i s Edwards SCATOPSIDAE d e t . A.M. Hutson
H o l o p l a g i a g u a m e n s i s (Johannsen)
SCIARIDAE d e t . W.A. S t e f f a n B r a d y s i a t r i t i c i C o q u i l l e t t C o r y n o p t e r a l a t i s t y l a t a Hardy i n d e t
.
TIPULIDAE d e t . A.M. Hutson
Gonomyia ( L i p o p h l e p s ) o r n a t i p e s ( B r u n e t t i ) L i m o n i a ( A t y p o p h t h a l m u s ) umbrata ( d e Mei j e r e ) BRACHYCERA
ASILIDAE d e t . S . J . Chambers C l i n o p o g o n s p
.
Lamb (1922) r e c o r d e d S t i c h o p o g o n s c a l a r i s B i g o t (now a s p e c i e s o f S a r a p o g o n ) from Salomon, P e r o s Banhos and Diego G a r c i a , b u t t h i s was a m i s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of C l i n o p o g o n n i c o b a r e n s i s ( S c h i n e r ) and i s l i k e l y t o b e t h e same s p e c i e s a s t h e s p e c i e s c o l l e c t e d i n 1971.
DOLICHOPODIDAE d e t . C.E. Dyte A r g y r o c h l a m y s i m p u d i c u s Lamb Chrysosoma l e u c o p o g o n (Wiedemann) C h r y s o t u s p a l l i d i p a l p u s van Duzee S c i a p u s l i b r a t i v e r t e x Lamb
S c i a p u s s p . nov.
Lamb (1922) r e c o r d e d C . l e u c i p o g o n ( i n t h e genus P s i l o p u s ) from Salomon and . P e r o s Banhos
.
CYCLORRHAPHA ASCHIZA
PHORIDAE d e t . K . G . V . Smith C h o n o c e p h a l u s s i m i l i s Brues M e g a s e l i a s p .
i n d e t
.
SYRPHIDAE
No Syrphi-lae were c o l l e c t e d i n 1971. Lamb (1922) r e c o r d e d O r n i d i a o b e s a F a b r i c i u s ( i n t h e genus ~ o r u c e l l a ) from Diego G a r c i a and
I s c h i o d o n a e g y p t i u m (Wiedemann) ( i n t h e genus Xanthograrnma) from P e r o s Banhos. The a b s e n c e o f 0 . o b e s a i n 1971 i s n o t a b l e s i n c e t h i s i s such a l a r g e s p e c i e s which i s v e r y o b v i o u s i n t h e f i e l d . The specimen of I s c h i o d o n from P e r o s Banhos h a s been r e - i d e n t i f i e d by K.G.V. Smith a s t h e O r i e n t a l s c u t e l l a r i s F a b r i c i u s and n o t t h e A f r i c a n a e g y p t i u m .
SCHIZOPHORA
PLATYSTOMATIDAE d e t . B.H. C o g a n
P l a g i o s t e n o p t e r i n a r u f i c e p s H e n d e l S c h o l a s t e s c i n c t u s G u e r i n
L a m b ( 1 9 1 4 ) recorded S . c i n c t u s f r o m S a l o m o n and D i e g o G a r c i a . ARDA ( 1 9 6 1 ) records S . v i c a r i u s H e n d e l , b u t doubtless a l l these records refer t o t h e s a m e species.
O T I T I D A E d e t . B.H. C o g a n
P h y s i p h o r a demandata ( F a b r i c i u s ) P s e u d e u x e s t a prima O s t e n - S a c k e n
L a m b ( 1 9 1 4 ) recorded P h y s i p h o r a a z u r e a ( H e n d e l ) ( i n the g e n u s C h r y s o m y z a ) f r o m S a l o m o n .
S E P S I D A E d e t . J. Z u s k a
A u s t r a l o s e p s i s n i v e i p e n n i s B e c k e r S e p s i s l a t e r a l i s W i e d e m a n n
S e p s i s sp.
LAUXANIIDAE d e t . B.H. C o g a n Sapromyza spp. ( 2 )
SPHAEROCERIDAE d e t . J . P . D e a r
L e p t o c e r a ( C o p r o i c a ) f e r r u g i n a t a S t e n h a m m e r L . ( C . ) h i r t u l a R o n d a n i
L. ( P o e c i l lo s o m a ) a n g u l a t a T h o m s o n L . ( L i m o s i n a ) b i f r o n s S t e n h a m m e r L. ( L . ) sp. n r . m o e s t a V i l l e n e u v e LONCHEIDAE d e t . B.H. C o g a n
Lamprolonchaea a u r e a M a c q u a r t Lonchaea spp. ( 2 )
AGROMYZIDAE
N o A g r o r n y z i d a e w e r e c o l l e c t e d i n 1 9 7 1 , b u t L a m b ( 1 9 1 2 ) recorded a n Agromyza sp. f r o m S a l o m o n .
XENASTEIDAE d e t . D . E . H a r d y
X e n a s t e i a s i m i l i s H a r d y , described f r o m t h e present c o l l e c t i o n by H a r d y ( 1 9 8 0 ) .
EPHYDRIDAE d e t . B.H. C o g a n A l l o t r i c h o m a sp.
Hecameda l a c t e i p e n n i s L a m b N o s t i m a s t r i a t a L a m b
N o s t i m a sp.
P l a c o p s i d e l l a c y a n o c e p h a l a K e r t e s z S c a t e l l a sp.
DROSOPHILIDAE
~ f y c o d r o s o p h i l a s p
.
d e t.
L.
T s a c a sZ a p r i o n u s ? v i t t i g e r C o q u i l l e t t d e t . B. H. C o g a n D r o s o p h i l a spp. ( m o r e t h a n 4) d e t . B.H. C o g a n M I L I C H I I D A E d e t . B . H . C o g a n
CANACEIDAE d e t . B.H. C o g a n N o c t i c a n a c e ? m a h e n s i s L a m b CHLOROPIDAE d e t . B.H. C o g a n
Cadrema n i g r i c o r n i s T h o m s e n C . p a l l i d a L o e w
C . p a l l i d a v a r . b i l i n e a t a de M e i j e r e MUSCIDAE d e t . A.C. P o n t
A t h e r i g o n a o r i e n t a l i s S c h i n e r A. o r y z a e M a l l o c h
Musca s o r b e n s W i e d e m a n n
Ophyra c h a l c o g a s t e r W i e d e m a n n S t o m o x y s c a l c i t r a n s L i n n a e u s CALLIPHORIDAE d e t . J . P . D e a r
C h r y s o m y a m e g a c e p h a l a ( F a b r i c i u s ) R h i n i a a p i c a l i s W i e d e m a n n
S t e i n ( 1 9 1 0 ) recorded R . a p i c a l i s w i t h o u t d e t a i l s of l o c a l i t y and B e z z i quoted ( 1 9 2 3 ) this record and recorded C . m e g a c e p h a l a and
L u c i l i a a r g y r o c e p h a l a M a c q u a r t ( s i c ) f r o m S a l o m o n . L . a r g y r i c e p h a l a i s a s y n o n y m of L . c u p r i n a ( W i e d e m a n n )
.
SARCOPHAGIDAE d e t
.
J.
P.
D e a rB o e t t c h e r i s c a p e r e g r i n a R o b i n e a u - D e s v o i d y S a r c o p h a g a ( C u r r a n e a ) t i b i a l i s M a c q u a r t S
.
( T h y r s o c n e m a ) s p.
Bezzi (1923) recorded S a r c o p h a g a r u f i c o r n i s Wiedemann and S . d u x Thomson from Peros Banhos. S . d u x i s a m i s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n f o r
B
.
p e r e g r i n a.
TACHINIDAE d e t . R.W. Crosskey
T h e r o b i a a b d o m i n a l i s (Wiedemann)
LEPIDOPTERA LYCAENIDAE d e t . C. Hugggins
P e t r a l a e a dana de N i c e v i l l e a d u l t s on T e r m i n a l i a & Morinda NYMPHALIDAE d e t . A.M. Hutson
H y p o l i m n a s s p .
A s i n g l e d H y p o l i m n a s was seen f o r s e v e r a l days i n v a r i o u s scrubby bushes. I t was thought t o be m i s i p p u s Linnaeus, b u t may have been b o l i n a Linnaeus
.
Bourne (1886) records V a n e s s a ' b o l i n i ' from Diego Garcia, b u t Poulton (1924) r e - i d e n t i f i e d h i s specimen as m i s i p p u s ; t h i s appears t o be t h e only s u b s t a n t i a t e d record of m i s i p p u s from t h e Chagos. H .
b o l i n a was recorded by F l e t c h e r (1910a) from Salomon, Peros Banhos, Diego Garcia and Egmont A t o l l s . F l e t c h e r , and l a t e r Walker (1920)
,
noted d i f f e r e n c e s between specimens from Chagos and elsewhere and Poulton (1924) d e s c r i b e d t h i s a s a s e p a r a t e s u b s p e c i e s , e u p h o n o i d e s .
Bourne (op. c i t . a l s o r e f e r s t o s e e i n g "one i n d i v i d u a l of Oenone".
This may r e f e r t o J u n o n i a o e n o n e Linnaeus, widely recorded around t h e western Indian Ocean, b u t with no o t h e r records f o r t h e Chagos.
F l e t c h e r (op. c i t . ) records J . v i l l i d a F a b r i c i u s ( a s v e l l i d a ) from throughout t h e Chagos. On t h e b a s i s of F l e t c h e r ' s specimens Watkins
(1925) d e s c r i b e d t h e subspecies c h a g o e n s i s . Thus f i v e s p e c i e s of b u t t e r f l y have been recorded from Chagos with two endemic s u b s p e c i e s , b u t t h e s t a t u s of some needs confirmation.
ARCTIIDAE d e t . M.A. Lane ARCTIINAE
U t e t h e i s a p u l c h e l l o i d e s Hampson LITHOSIINAE
E i l e m a spp. ( ? 2 )
F l e t c h e r ( l 9 l O a ) recorded U . p u l c h e l l o i d e s from Salomon
,
Peros Banhos and Diego Garcia.GEOMETRIDAE d e t . D . S . F l e t c h e r C h l o r o c l y s t i s i m m i x t a r i a W a l k e r P y r r h o r a c h i s p . p y r r h o g o n a W a l k e r S c o p u l a a c t u a r i a W a l k e r
NOCTUIDAE d e t . A.H. Hayes ( e x c e p t w h e r e s t a t e d o t h e r w i s e ) ACONTI INAE
I l a t t i a o c t o ( G u e n 6 e ) B e r r e s a n a t a l i s ( W a l k e r )
Porph y r i n i a c o c h y l i o i d e s ( G u e n d e ) ACRONICTINAE
C a l l o p i s t r i a m a i l l a r d i Guende Chasmina t i b i a l i s F a b r i c i u s P r o s p a l t a c a p e n s i s Guen6e S p o d o p t e r a l i t u r d F a b r i c i u s
S . m a u r i t i a a c r o n y c t o i d e s Guende ( d e t . I.W.B. N y e ) CATOCALINAE
M o c i s f r u g a l i s F a b r i c i u s OPHIDERINAE
Anomis s a b u l i f e r a Guende SARROTHRIPINAE
Characoma n i l o t i c a R o g e n h o f e r
F l e t c h e r ( 1 9 1 0 a ) r e c o r d e d s i x s p e c i e s o f N o c t u i d a e and 11 a r e l i s t e d h e r e . T h e o n l y t w o s p e c i e s o c c u r r i n g i n b o t h l i s t s a r e C . m a i l l a r d i w h i c h F l e t c h e r r e c o r d e d ( i n t h e g e n u s E r i o p u s ) f r o m S a l o m o n
and M . f r u g a l i s w h i c h F l e t c h e r r e c o r d e d ( i n t h e g e n u s R e m i g i a ) f r o m D i e g o G a r c i a . The o t h e r s p e c i e s r e c o r d e d b y F l e t c h e r a r e S p o d o p t e r a l i t t o r a l i s ( B o i s d u v a l ) ( i n t h e g e n u s P r o d e n i a ) f r o m S a l o m o n , P e r o s Banhos and D i e g o G a r c i a ; T h i a s h o n e s t a Hiibner ( i n t h e g e n u s O p h i u s a ) f r o m P e r o s B a n h o s ; C h r y s o d e i x i s c h a l c y t e s E s p e r ( i n t h e g e n u s P l u s i a ) f r o m Egmont and Anomis e r o s a Hiibner ( i n t h e g e n u s C o s m o p h i l a ) f r o m S a l o m o n . T h u s 12 s p e c i e s a r e r e c o r d e d f r o m D i e g o G a r c i a o f 15 f o r t h e Chagos a s a w h o l e .
SPHINGIDAE d e t . A.H. Hayes
A c h e r o n t i a l a c h e s i s F a b r i c i u s A g r i u s c o n v u l v u l i L i n n a e u s M a c r o g l o s s u m c o r y t h u s W a l k e r
F l e t c h e r (1910a) recorded A. l a c h e s i s from Peros Banhos and Diego Garcia and M . c o r y t h u s from Salomon and Peros Banhos. He a l s o
recorded C e p h a n o d e s p i c u s Cramer and H i p p o t i o n v e l o x F a b r i c i u s both from Peros Banhos. Orion (1959) recorded A. c o n v u l v u l i ( i n t h e genus Herse) from Diego Garcia. Thus t h r e e s p e c i e s a r e recorded from Diego Garcia and f i v e from t h e Chagos as a whole.
PTEROPHORIDAE d e t . M . S h a f f e r
P l a t y p t i l i a p u s i l l i d a c t y l a ?Walker
F l e t c h e r (1910a) recorded T r i c h o p t i l u s d e f e c t a l i s .Walker from Salomon and Peros Banhos and l a t e r (1910b) t r a n s f e r r e d it t o t h e genus B u c k l e r i a .
PYRALIDAE d e t . M. S h a f f e r GALLERI INAE
G a l l e r i a m e l l o n e l l a Linnaeus PHYCITINAE
E t i e l l a g r i s e a ? g r i s e a Hampson
P h y c i t a s p . n r . j a s m i n o p h a g a Hampson PYRALINAE
E n d o t r i c h a m. m e s e n t e r i a l i s Walker PYRAUSTINAE
A e t h a l o e s s a c. c a l i d a l i s Guende A n t i e r c t a o r n a t a l i s Duponchel D i a p h a n i a i n d i c a Saunders
E u r r h y p a r o d e s t r i c o l o r a l i s Ze l l e r Herpetogramrna l i c a r s i s a l i s Walker Hymenia r e c u r v a l i s F a b r i c i u s Lamprosema s a l o m o n a l i s ( F l e t c h e r ) L o x o s t e g e m a s s a l i s Walker
Marasmia p o e y a l i s Boisduval P a r o t i s s u r a l i s Lederer S u f e t u l a m i n i m a l i s F l e t c h e r
F l e t c h e r (1910a) recorded E . m e s e n t e r i a l i s from Salomon, D. i n d i c a ( i n t h e genus G l y p h o d e s ) from Peros Banhos and d e s c r i b e d L. s a l o m o n a l i s ( i n t h e genus N a c o l e i a ) from Salomon. 9 o t h e r s p e c i e s n o t c o l l e c t e d i n 1971 were C u l l a d i a a d m i g r a t e l l a Walker ( ~ i e g o G a r c i a ) , ~ n d o t r i c h a c h a g o s a l i s ( d e s c r i b e d as a new s p e c i e s from Salomon, b u t a l s o seen on Diego G a r c i a ) , B r a d i n a a d m i x t a l i s Walker (Salomon)
,
Mabra e r y x a l i s Walker ( ~ g m o n t ),
Z i n c k e n i a f a s c i a l i s Cramer (Salomon, Peros Banhos and Diego Garcia),
Marasmia v e n i l i a l i s Walker (Salomon and Peros ~ a n h o s ),
S y n g a m i a f l o r i d a l i s Z e l l e r (Salomon)
,
N a c o l e i a n i p h e a l i s Walker( S a l o m o n and Peros ~ a n h o s ) and N. c h a g o s a l i s ( d e s c r i b e d as a n e w species f r o m S a l o m o n and E q m o n t )
.
T h u s 18 species are recorded f r o m D i e g o G a r c i a and 2 4 f r o m the C h a g o s as a w h o l e .
T O R T R I C I D A E d e t . J . D . B r a d l e y C r y p t o p h l e b i a e n c a r p a M e y r i c k
T h e 1971 m a t e r i a l a l s o i n c l u d e d about 30-35 spp i n the f o l l o w i n g f a m i l i e s ( d e t . G. S. ~ o b i n s o n ) :
COSMOPTERIGIDAE G E L E C H I I D A E G L Y P H I P T E R I G I D A E G R A C I L L A R I I D A E STATHMOPODIDAE T I N E I D A E
T O R T R I C I D A E
M e y r i c k ( 1 9 1 1 ) recorded the E u c o s m i d A r g y r o p l o c e a p r o b o l a M e y r i c k , the C o s m o p t e r y g i d S t a g m a t o p h o r a t e n t o r i a as a n e w species and the T i n e i d D a c a d a r c h i s mol y n t a as a n e w species. A l l w e r e recorded f r o m t h e S e y c h e l l e s , w i t h f u r t h e r s p e c i m e n s ( w i t h o u t precise l o c a l i t y d e t a i l s ) f r o m t h e C h a g o s
.
HYMENOPTERA ACULEATA
A P I D A E d e t . G.R. E l s e A p i s m e l l i f e r a L i n n a e u s
C a m e r o n ( 1 9 0 7 ) recorded A p i s m e l l i f e r a ( a s u n i c o l o r L a t r e i l l e ) f r o m Peros B a n h o s and D i e g o G a r c i a .
MEGACHILIDAE d e t . G.R. E l s e M e g a c h i l e sp.
XYLOCOPIDAE d e t . G.R. E l s e X y l o c o p a sp.
EUMENIDAE d e t . E.A. Jarzembowsky E u o d y n e r u s t r i l o b u s ( F a b r i c i u s ) Eumeninae i n d e t .
S u b a n c i s t r o c e r u s s i c h e l i i S a u s s
Cameron (1907) d e s c r i b e d O d y n e r u s c a e o c e p h a l u s from Salomon, Peros Banhos and Egmont, and 0 . c h a g o s e n s i s from Salomon and Peros
Banhos. Both t h e s e s p e c i e s a r e now c o n s i d e r e d synonyms of E . t r i l o b u s . FORMICIDAE d e t . B. Bolton
C a r d i o c o n d y l a spp
.
(2Tapinoma s p . spp. i n d e t ( c . 6 )
F o r e 1 (1907) r e c o r d e d P a r a t r e c h i n a b o u r b o n i c a ( F o r e l ) ( i n t h e genus P r e n o l e p i s ) and Camponotus m a c u l a t u s ( F a b r i c i u s ) ( w i t h two s u b s p e c i e s : b o i v i n i F o r e 1 and f u l v u s Emery) w i t h o u t d e t a i l s o f
l o c a l i t y . Orion (1959) r e c o r d e d Technomyzmex d e t o r q u e n s (Walker) from Diego G a r c i a , b u t this probably r e f e r s t o T . a l b i p e s (Smith)
.
SCOLIIDAE d e t . M.C. Day
S c o l i a r u f i c o r n i s F a b r i c i u s
S . r u f i c o r n i s was i n t r o d u c e d ( G r e a t h e a d , 1971) from Z a n z i b a r i n 1951 t o h e l p c o n t r o l t h e Rhinoceros B e e t l e , O r y c t e s r h o n o c e r u s
(Linnaeus)
.
89 9 and 6 d were o r i g i n a l l y i n t r o d u c e d and i t was s t a t e d t o be e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1956 b u t i n e f f e c t i v e-
i t is s t i l l w e l le s t a b l i s h e d and i n e f f e c t i v e
.
100 9 S . o r y c t o p h a g a C o q u i l l e t t were a l s o i n t r o d u c e d from M a u r i t i u s p r i o r t o 1951 f o r t h e same p u r p o s e , b u t t h e y have n o t been r e c o r d e d s i n c e .SPHECIDAE d e t . C.R. Vardy Ampulex s p .
C h a l y b i o n s p
.
P i s o n s p .
T r y p o x y l o n s p
.
Cameron (1907) r e c o r d e d C h a l y b i o n b e n g a l e n s e (Dahlbom) ( i n t h e genus S c e l i p h r o n ) and A m p u l e x c o m p r e s s a ( ~ a b r i c i u s ) b o t h from Salomon and Peros Banhos. Turner (1911) a l s o r e c o r d e d t h e s e s p e c i e s w i t h o u t l o c a l i t y d e t a i 1s.
VESPIDAE d e t . O.W. Richards P o l i s t e s o l i v a c e u s (Degeer)
C a m e r o n ( 1 9 0 7 ) recorded P o l i s t e s h e b r a e u s F a b r i c i u s f r o m S a l o m o n and D i e g o G a r c i a , b u t M e a d e - W a l d o ( 1 9 1 2 ) considered this a
m i s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of P . m a c a e n s i s ~ a b r i c i u s . B o t h these species are n o w regarded as s y n o n y m s of o l i v a c e u s ( D e g e e r )
.
P A R A S I T I C A
AGAONIDAF: d e t . L . R o g e r s i n d e t .
APHELINIDAE d e t . L . R o g e r s i n d e t .
BRACONIDAF: d e t . T . H u d d l e s t o n S p a t h i u s s p .
C a m e r o n ( 1 9 0 7 ) d e s c r i b e d T o l b i a s c a e v o l a e f r o m Salomon.
CERAPHRONIDAE d e t . N. Fergusson i n d e t . ( 1 s p . )
EUCHARITIDAE
N o E u c h a r i t i d s w e r e c o l l e c t e d i n 1971, b u t C a m e r o n ( 1 9 0 7 )
described S t i b u l a i n s u l a r i s ( i n the family C h a l c i d i d a e ) f r o m E g m o n t . D I A P R I I D A E det. N. Fergusson
i n d e t . ( 3 s p p . )
ELASMIDAE d e t . L . R o g e r s inde t
.
ENCYRTIDAE d e t . J. N o y e s Homalot y l u s s p
.
EULOPHIDAE d e t . L . R o g e r s i n d e t
.
EVANIIDAE d e t . M.G. F i t t o n E v a n i a sp.
C a m e r o n ( 1 9 0 7 ) recorded E v a n i a a p p e n d i g a s t e r L i n n a e u s f r o m Peros B a n h o s
,
D i e g o G a r c i a and E g m o n t .ICHNEUMONIDAE d e t . M. G. F i t t o n E n i c o s p i 1 u s s p
.
Cameron (1907) d e s c r i b e d E c h t h r o m o r p h a l a t i b a l t e a t a from Peros Banhos. Morley (1912) considered t h i s (by a l a p s u s a s " l a e v a
Cameron1':) t o be a synonym of n o t u l a t o r i a ( ~ a b r i c i u s )
.
E . n o t u l a t o r i a i s regarded as a synonym o r subspecies of a g r e s t o r i a (Swederus).SCELIONIDAE d e t . N . Fergusson i n d e t . ( 3 s p p . )
SUMMARY
Table 1 surnrnarises, by o r d e r , t h e known fauna of t h e Chagos Archipelago with s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o Diego Garcia.
S t o d d a r t (1971) d i s c u s s e s e a r l i e r comparisons of t h e fauna of t h e Chagos and t h e Maldives. Since s o l i t t l e work has been done on e i t h e r group, b u t p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e Maldives, t h e r e no l o n g e r seems any relevance i n such a comparison. N e i t h e r i s it p o s s i b l e t o d i s c u s s i n d e t a i l t h e o r i g i n s of t h e fauna of t h e s e i s l a n d s . Many of t h e s p e c i e s l i s t e d a r e common widely d i s t r i b u t e d s p e c i e s o r s p e c i e s known
from more r e s t r i c t e d neighbouring faunas such as those of S e y c h e l l e s , o r O r i e n t a l o r A f r o t r o p i c a l Regions, b u t t h e s e a r e l i k e l y t o be t h e most r e a d i l y recognisable and u n t i l some of t h e l a r g e r o r d e r s can be worked o u t completely it i s only p o s s i b l e t o surmise t h e obvious
-
t h a t t h e fauna i s more O r i e n t a l b i a s e d . The u n i d e n t i f i e d m a t e r i a l i n c l u d e s many undescribed s p e c i e s , b u t it i s u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e Chagos Archipelago w i l l have a s u b s t a n t i a l endemic fauna
-
of t h e 16 s p e c i e s d e s c r i b e d a s new from t h e Chagos alone, 5 have been synonymised with o t h e r mainland s p e c i e s , 2 a r e s t i l l recognised a s v a l i d s p e c i e s , b u t a r e now known t o have a much wider d i s t r i b u t i o n and 9 have n o t been recorded subsequently (Table 2 ) . Included i n t h e l a t t e r a r e t h e two b u t t e r f l i e s , H y p o l i m n a s b o l i n a e u p h o n o i d e s Poulton and J u n o n i a v i l l i d a c h a g o e n s i s Watkins, which a r e c u r r e n t l y regarded a s v a l i d endemic s u b s p e c i e s .Of t h e s p e c i e s formerly recognised from t h e s e i s l a n d s (113 from t h e Chagos as a whole, 49 from Diego Garcia) i t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t h a t only 49 (43%) of t h e Chagos fauna and 25 ( 5 & % ) of t h e Diego Garcia fauna was c o l l e c t e d i n 1971. Notable absentees were t h e two endemic b u t t e r f l i e s mentioned above and t h e Diptera O r n i d i a o b e s a and A e d e s a e g y p t i . I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h i s v i s i t was n o t a t t h e b e s t time of y e a r . The r e l a t i v e l y small overlap of s p e c i e s recognised p r e v i o u s l y and found i n 1971 s u g g e s t s a much l a r g e r fauna f o r t h e s e i s l a n d s , d e s p i t e t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s imposed by t h e i r s i z e , p o s i t i o n and a v a i l a b l e h a b i t a t . Within t h e i s l a n d group t h e p r o p o r t i o n of i n s e c t s recorded
i n 1971 and p r e v i o u s l y recorded from Diego Garcia i s s o much h i g h e r than t h a t p r e v i o u s l y recorded f o r t h e Chagos as a whole t h a t it i s l i k e l y t h a t t h e r e a r e good f a u n a l d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e i s l a n d s , b u t
Table 1. Numbers of s p e c i e s of i n s e c t s previously recorded from t h e Chagos Archipelago, with s p e c i a l
N
bb
reference t o Diego Garcia, compared with t h e 1971 c o l l e c t i o n . Previously
. . .but not
recorded c o l l e c t e d
from 1971
Chagos
. . .
Thysanura Collembola Odonata Orthoptera Dictyoptera I s o p t e r a Dermaptera Embioptera Psocoptera P h t h i r a p t e r a Hemiptera Thysanoptera Neuroptera Coleoptera Siphonaptera Diptera Lepidoptera Hymenoptera
T o t a l s
Previously
...
but notrecorded c o l l e c t e d from Diego 1971 Garcia..
.
0 0
0 0
2 1
3 1
Collected Diego
Garcia 1971
Total f o r Diego Garcia
1
? 5 8 9 3
? 6 1 c.10
5+
36 1 1 71+
1 89+
76
+
3 7+
3 7O+
Total f o r Chagos Arch.
1
? 6 9 10 3 7 1 c.10
5
+
4 2 1 1 76
+
1 94+
9 1+
42+
400+
Table 2 . The c u r r e n t s t a t u s of species of i n s e c t s o r i g i n a l l y described only from Chagos Archipelago.
(names l i s t e d i n o r i s i n a l combination).
C o n o c e p h a l o i d e s c h a g o s e n s i s Bolivar (Orthoptera) S c o t t i a c h a g o s e n s i s Bolivar (Orthoptera) A e o l o p u s l a t i c o s t a Bolivar (Orthoptera) Para t e t t i x c h a g o s e n s i s Bolivar (Orthoptera)
Marqat t e a l a x i r e t i s Bolivar (Dictyoptera)
C h r y s o p a r u t i l a Esben-Petersen (Neuroptera)
Fornax p u n c t i c e p s Fleutiaux (Coleoptera)
T r o q o p h l o e u s c h a g o s a n u s Bernhauer (Coleoptera) H y p o l i m n a s b o l i n a e u p h o n o i d e s Poulton (Lepidoptera) J u n o n i a v i l l i d a c h a g o s e n s i s Watkins (Lepidoptera) E n d o t r i c h i a c h a g o s a l i s Fletcher (Lepidoptera) N a c o l e i a c h a q o s a l i s F l e t c h e r (Lepidoptera) N a c o l e i a s a l o m n a l i s Fletcher (Lepidoptera)
Odyneus c a e n o c e p h a l u s Cameron (Hymenoptera)
O d y n e r u s c h a g o s e n s i s Cameron (Hymenoptera) Echthromorpha l a t i b a l t e a t a Cameron (Hymenoptera)
S t i b u l a i n s u l a r i s Cameron (Hymenoptera)
Valid species only known from Chagos, now i n E u c o n o c e p h a l u s
no f u r t h e r records, ? v a l i d s p e c i e s , now i n S c o t ti 01 a
= A . s i m u l a t r i x Walker, widespread e.Africa, s e P a l a e a r c t i c , Orient.
v a l i d s p e c i e s , recorded Seychelles, Madagascar no f u r t h e r information
= C . b o n i n e n s i s Okamoto, widespread Old World no f u r t h e r information
no f u r t h e r records, now i n T h i n o d r o m u s
no f u r t h e r records, but regarded a s v a l i d endemic subspecies
no f u r t h e r records, b u t regarded a s v a l i d endemic subspecies
no f u r t h e r records, now i n S u f e t u l a
recorded Thailand, ? south I n d i a , now i n Lamprosema no f u r t h e r records, now i n Lamprosema
= E u d y n e r u s t r i l o b u s Fab.
,
widespread= Euodynerus t r i l o b u s Fab.
,
widespread= E . n o t u l a t o r i a Fab., widespread no f u r t h e r information
it seems u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e r e i s any s t r o n g change i n d i v e r s i t y through t h e i s l a n d chain l i n k e d w i t h d i s t a n c e from t h e mainland. The
d i s t u r b a n c e by humans of t h e t h r e e major i s l a n d s has been g r e a t , b u t very few s p e c i e s a r e recorded t h a t would n o t have been a b l e t o reach t h e r e by more n a t u r a l devices. I t would be i n t e r e s t i n g t o s e e
whether r e c e n t changes i n l a n d use w i t h concomrnitent changes i n o r i g i n of v i s i t i n g t r a n s p o r t h a s produced any changes i n t h e fauna o r f l o r a .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Acknowledgement f o r h e l p w i t h arrangements t o v i s i t Diego
Garcia and f o r f a c i l i t i e s provided on t h e a t o l l can be found i n Hutson (1975)
.
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