ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 331
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS, INDIAN OCEAN
BY
DAVID G. WILLIAMS
ISSUED BY
NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
WASHINGTON, D.C., U.S.A.
January 1990
AN
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS, INDIAN OCEAN
BY
DAVID G. WILLIAMS
Introduction
This bibliography was prepared to assist scientists and managers to access the published work on the biota of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. It has been based on several older selected reference lists as well as DIALOG database searching in 1987. Previous lists used were those of Gibson-Hill in his various publications and an unpublished bibliography compiled by D. R. Stoddart in 1976 which was based on listings in "Island Bibliographies" (edited by M-H. Sachet and F.R. Fosberg). A broader list, compiled by P. Bunce was also used.
The bibliography does not aim to be comprehensive as far as the taxonomy of the biota is concerned because of the impossibility of tracing relevant references where Cocos (Keeling) does not appear as an abstracting keyword. Unpublished work is largely excluded except for some few recent and relevant Departmental or consultant reports. Also excluded are newspaper, colonial government and minor historical reports which contain little mention of the biota. Gibson-Hill (ed. 1953) is most useful in regard to such reports.
Listings are in author, year, title order; together with annotation. There is a keyword index and an indexed list of first authors.
History of biota studies
It is clear from the bibliography that most work by scientists on Cocos has been stimulated by the extraordinary isolation of the atoll and thus its significance to the distribution of organisms. Cocos is not only one of the most remote atolls but it lies in a position which can be regarded as the western end of the Western Pacific marine biogeographic province. For many species, Cocos represents their westernmost limit of distribution.
There are other reasons why most studies have been restricted to collecting for taxonomic purposes.
For one, many biologists have been there for only short periods and others were doing biological work as an adjunct to their professional work e.g. in medical practice. Access and the cost of getting to Cocos has hindered more detailed studies. Since the magnificent opportunistic efforts of Gibson-Hill in 1941 there have been only two major scientific efforts on Cocos until recently. Both were funded by North American agencies to enable collecting expeditions for fish (1974) and molluscs (1963).
Applied Ecology Research Group, Canberra College of Advanced Education, P.O. Box 1, Belconnen, ACT 2616, Australia
Despite the scientific interest in Cocos as a collecting locality, the biota has turned out to be unsurprising taxonomically. Unlike Christmas Island and the Aldabra atoll, Cocos has so far produced few endemic species. There is one endemic subspecies of bird (Rallus phillipensis andrewsi) and the introduced rat (Rattus rattus keelingensis). The Pandanus sp. on these islands is also currently being described as an endemic. All these are populations from widespread and very variable species so their distinctiveness on Cocos is not surprising. A few fish species are endemic here or at least have been collected only here. It is always likely that further collecting in other locations will increase the known distributional range of such species. However it is also likely that more intensive collecting on Cocos will find more endemics.
Plants
The major collections of land plants have been made by Darwin, (in 1836), Forbes (1879), Wood- Jones (1905). Jowett (1978). Telford (1985) and Williams (1986). The last collection covered every island and included island checklists and general vegetation patterns.
The flowering plant flora is being taxonomically reviewed for the Flora of Australia volume on Christmas and Cocos (Keeling) Islands, due for publication in 1990. So far, only one endemic species has been recognized. Given the degree of isolation of Cocos, this suggests the present land flora is relatively recent, perhaps largely post-glacial. The composition of the flora is as follows:
Growth Form No. of Native Species No. of Naturalized Species
Trees 17
Shrubs 9
Herbs 13
Grasses etc. 11
Seagrasses 3
Climbers 7
- 60
About 40 species of marine algae and the relatively few lichens and mosses were collected by Williams in 1986 and these are being examined at the Australian National Botanic Gardens. The fungi have probably not been well collected, apart from some plant pathogens by Paton et al. (1981).
Invertebrates
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InsectsWood-Jones made the first attempt at a comprehensive insect collection in 1905. Unfortunately, many of the specimens collected by Gibson-Hill in 1941 went to Singapore and have not been located.
Campbell (C.S.I.R.O.) made further collections in 1952 and 1964 and Paton et al. (1981) also collected insects and provided a checklist of their collection with most specimens identified at least to genus level.
The Lepidoptera have been studied recently by Holloway (1982) who concluded that the moths and butterflies are largely native to Cocos, although there may have been a few introductions. Earlier authors have suggested that there have been many insect introductions since settlement.
Other Terrestrial Invertebrates
There has been only sporadic collecting of non-insect invertebrates and no work has been done on the soil fauna, although this does not appear to be diverse. Earthworms occur and are abundant during the wet season, probably contributing significantly to litter breakdown especially in husk piles. Soil nematodes (8 species) and litter molluscs (8 species) were recorded by Paton et al. (1981).
Invertebrates
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MarineThe collections of Gibson-Hill were until 1989 the only recent ones for most marine invertebrates and in themselves were limited in coverage, for various reasons. His collections of soft corals, anemones, sea cucumbers, some starfish (Linckiidae) and worms were all lost during World War 11. There are reasonable checklists for hard corals (74 species), echinoderms in part (30 species), molluscs (163 species, 154 marine) and crabs (c. 120 spp.); most of these published in the Bulletin of the Rafles Museum 22 (1950).
Maes (1967) collected the molluscs extensively in 1963 when two people collecting over 7 weeks yielded 486 species of molluscs fmm Cocos reefs and the lagoon, giving an overall 504 species. This total compared with the 154 species found by Gibson-Hill suggests that his collections of most groups are likely to be very inadequate.
The Western Australian Museum has this year completed a marine fauna survey for the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service covering both invertebrates and fish.
Vertebrates
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TerrestrialReptiles and birds have been the subject of considerable study over the years and there are recent publications on both groups. Cogger et al. (1983) summarized the past and present distribution of the four species of reptiles as well as their ecology and conservation needs. Stokes et al. (1984) provide the most recent checklist of bird species (31 approx.) with notes on distribution and breeding status with particular respect to North Keeling. All mammals on the Islands are introduced and there are no amphibians.
Vertebrates
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MarineThe fish fauna was only sporadically collected until 1974 when a North American expedition visited. Many sites on the main atoll were sampled and SCUBA observations were made to depths of 75m.
Several new species have been described based on Cocos specimens but unfortunately a full report on the collections has not been found and may not exist. There is a checklist for fishes of 189 species based on Gibson-Hill's 1941 collections, but this will be revised considerably by the recent survey. The only other marine vertebrates are the green and hawksbill turtles and an unidentified species of dolphin; all occur in and around the atoll. Apparently there are no resident sea snakes, although some have been found washed up.
North Keeling Island
Due to difficulty of access and related problems of collecting on North Keeling, this island has had only very occasional and limited collecting of its biota. Gibson-Hill visited for a total of 3 days in 1941 and gave a broad description of the various communities. Guppy in 1888 and Wood-Jones in 1906, each spent less than a day there and made only a brief account of their necessarily superficial observations. Since 1984, ANPWS officers have been surveying bird populations and in 1986 Williams surveyed the vegetation and flora and collected some marine algae.
Hence North Keeling is less well studied than the main atoll. Whilst one would not expect to find too many additions to the biota compared to the main atoll, there is a strong argument for documenting what is there now, in tams of North Keeling being a far less altered system than the main atoll. Fish, the marine and terrestrial invertebrates, and algae require most attention and are the groups most likely to produce additions to species lists.
Acknowledgement
The assistance of the Commonwealth Department of the Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism and Territories and of the Office of the Administrator of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands is gratefully acknowledged.
Abbott, R.T. 1950. The molluscan fauna of the Cocos-Keeling Islands, Indian Ocean. Bull. RafJles Mus. 22:
68-98.
Records the 154 species of marine and 9 land molluscs collected by Gibson-Hill. Brief notes on most species as to taxonomy and collection site on the main atoll.
Alfred, A.E. 1961. Some birds of the Cocos-Keeling Islands. Malayan Nat. J. 15: 68-69.
Contains a list of bird species sighted during a visit of one month, without notes.
Anonymous 1830. Some account of the Cocos or Keeling Islands: and of their recent settlement. Gleanings in Science (Calcutta), 2(22), 293-301; repr. in. J. Mal. Br. R. Asiatic Soc.(1952) 25(4): 174-191.
An account of the settlement and its produce based on information available in official files and also provided by Ross.
Anonymous 1886. The Keeling Islands. Proc. R. geog. Soc. N.S. 8: 263-265.
Presents a summary of a report on a visit in 1885 by E.W. Birch who was sent by the Governor of the Straits Settlements to report on the Islands.
Anonymous 1964. Insects on Cocos and public health. Aust. Territories 4(2): 24-25.
A general account based on the insect surveys of Campbell.
Anonymous 1984. Giant Clam Mariculture and other development possibilities on the Cocos Islands. Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Canberra. Unpublished.
This preliminary study concluded that clam mariculture on the IsIands would be a high risk venture as much of the technology is yet to be proven.
Australia, Commonwealth Department of Housing and Construction 1986. Cocos (Keeling) Islands Coastal Management Report. D.H.C., Canberra.
Australia, Commonwealth Department of Territories and Local Government 1984. Self Sufficiency Study for Cocos (Keelin4 Islands. Unpublished report by Cameron McNamara Consultants.
Detailed evaluation of horticulture, poultry production and alternative energy systems. Other options for development are considered briefly.
Barlow. N.(ed.) 1933. Charles Darwin's Diary of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge University Press..
A very similar account to The Voyage but with occasional differences that are useful in reconstructing events.
Barrow, J. 1832. Account of the Cocos, or Keeling, Islands. J. R. geog. Soc. 1: 66-69.
Beccari, 0. 1917. The origin and dispersal of Cocos nucifera. Phil. J . Sci.(Bot.). 12: 27-43.
[ reprinted in Principes 7 (1963) 57-69. ]
Blake, B. & Blake, J. 1983. An account of events in the lagoon of Cocos (Keeling) atoll in March 1983.
Unpublished report.
Reports an apparent bloom in the Cocos lagoon associated with a far southern excursion of the intermpic convergence zone. Home islanders say this has occurred two other times in living memory, but the 1983 one was worst. Water turned red, then yellow then brown. There had been a lot of rain and then NW winds, then calm.
Campbell, T.G. 1952. Entomological survey of Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Aviation Medicine Memorandum No.14. Dept. of Civil Aviation, Commonwealth of Australia.
Presents the results of a comprehensive insect survey. Methods of control of pests and
quarantine considerations are covered with respect to air travel from South Africa and Mauritius.
Campbell, T.G. 1964. Entomological survey of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. CSIRO Division of Entomology, (unpublished).
Reports an entomological survey done during November 1964 and resulting in the collection of some 2,000 specimens. Reviews the origins of the insect fauna based on the records of previous collectors and discusses the insects of medical, veterinary, agricultural and timber significance. A full species list is given although not all species were fully identified.
Campbell, T.G. 1966. Mosquito Control
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Cocos (Keeling) Islands. C.S.I.R.O. Division of Entomology, Unpublished Report.Describes the habits of the three species found and recommends on suitable methods for their control around settlements.
Campbell, T.G. 1966. Rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros L.) in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. 23pp. Dept.
of Territories (unpublished).
Campion, H. 1923. Notes on dragonflies from the Old World islands of San Thome, Rodriguez, Cocos- Keeling, and Loo-Choo. Ann. Mag. nut. Hist. (9)ll: 22-27.
Reports 3 species collected by Wood-Jones in 1906. Pantulaflavescens Fabr.. Tramea rosenbergii Brauer (T. limbata Desj.), and Anaxguttatus (A.(Hemianax)papuensis Burm). The last apparently an Australasian species.
Chamberlain, N.G. 1960. Cocos Islands magnetic survey, 1946. B.M.R. Record 19601124.
Reports measurement of the magnetic field associated with the Cocos atoll. These show the magnetic anomaly produced by the seamount on which these islands occur.
Chamisso, M. 1833. The Cocos Islands
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Indian Ocean. Naut. Mag. 2: 578-581.An early record of the abundance of turtle, seabirds (very tame), robber crabs etc. on the main atoll.
Clark, A.H. 1950. Echinoderms from the Cocos-Keeling Islands. Bull. Rafles Mus. 22: 53-67.
Records 15 sea urchins, 3 crinoids, 4 starfishes, and 8 brittle stars collected by Gibson-Hill.
Does not include Holothurians nor starfish of the family Linckiidae.
Clarke, S. & Clarke, M.C. 1978. Cocos-Keeling cowries. Aust. Shell News 21: 4-8.
Brief notes on some cowrie shell species.
Clarke, S. & Clarke, M.C. 1979. Cocos-Keeling cones
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Part 1. Aurt. Shell News 26: 4-6.Brief notes on some cone shell species.
Clarke, S. & Clarke, M.C. 1979. Cocos-Keeling canes
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Part 2. Awt. Shell News 27: 4-5.Brief notes on some species of cone shells.
Cogger, H., Sadlier, R. & Cameron, E. 1983. The Terrestrial Reptiles of Australia's Island Temtories.
Special Publication 11. A.N.P.W.S., Canberra.
Describes the taxonomy, morphology, reproduction, thermal preferences, diet and habitat preferences of the three geckos and one blind snake found on Cocos. Aids to identification and distribution maps are included. Surveys were done in Aprilblay 1979 and the raw data were deposited with ANPWS in separate reports.
Colin, P.L. 1977. The reefs of Cocos-Keeling atoll, Eastern Indian Ocean. Proceedings, Third International Coral Reef Symposium, pp. 63-68. Miami, Florida.
Describes the result of extensive diving in the northern lagoon and reef edge in 1974 as part of a fish-collecting expedition. Some profiles of the reef form are given and comment on the low cover of live hard corals generally. This was suggested as being possibly due to the Crown of Thorns Starfish andlor red tide phenomena. The last red tide was said to be about 1964.
Covacevich, J. 1983. The Cocos Islands. Wildlife in Australia March: 6-9.
A short popular article which emphasizes human impact on the flora and fauna since settlement.
Darwin, C. 1845. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N.. London, John Murray.
Darwin, C. 1845. The Voyape of the Beagle..
Chapter 20 describes Darwin's general observations during the visit in April 1836. More specific treatment of some aspects is given in other publications by Darwin, Fitzroy, Henslow etc.
Darwin, C. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs, being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. Fitzroy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836.
Smith, Elder and Co., London (3rd. ed.). .
Chapter 1 Section first contains a description of the atoll's geology and origins based on the visit of 1836. Contains a reference to major fish kills in the lagoon about 1830, which was attributed to heavy rains and to some earth tremors in the preceding ten years.
Debelius, H. 1980. Mauritius, Maldives, Cocos (Keeling) Islands: the gap has been bridged for Chaetodon mitratus. Tropical Fish Hobby. 28(7): 87-98.
Diamond, A.W. 1985. The conservation of landbirds on islands in the tropical Indian Ocean. In:
Conservation of Island Buds (ed. P.J. Moors) pp.85-100. ICBP Tech. Publ. No. 3.
Reviews the status of landbuds on all the major islands. Cocos is discussed with reference to Stokes et al. (1984). The only native landbird is the Cocos Buff-banded Rail (found only on North Keeling) and the only other species is the introduced Christmas Island Silver-eye found on Pulu Luar.
Feare. C.J. 1984. Seabird status and conservation in the tropical Indian Ocean. In: Status and Conservation of the World's Seabirds (eds. J.P. Croxall, P.G.H. Evans & R.W. Schreiber) pp. 457-471. International Council for Bird Preservation Tech. Publ. No. 2.
Reviews the conservation of 23 species of seabirds known to breed on Indian Ocean islands.
Habitat alteration is seen as presently the most damaging factor in relation to these birds, especially the boobies. Some islands are being allowed or encouraged to return to a more natural vegetation, due mainly to positive management for tourism.
Finlayson, D.M. 1970. First-order regional magnetic survey at Cocos Island, Southern Cross and Augusta.
BMR Record 1970/101.
Reports measurement of the earth's magnetic field at Cocos.
Fitzroy, R. 1839. Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle, between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the Globe. Volume 11. H. Colburn, London.
Pages 628-638 describe obse~ations made by Fitzroy during the Beagle's visit to Cocos.
Forbes, H.O. 1879. Notes on the Cocos or Keeling Islands. Proc. R. geog. Soc. 1: 777-784.
Notes regarding Forbes' visit of 1879 when he specifically set out to compare changes in the Islands since Darwin's visit. Mainly observations about cyclone damage and presents a map showing areas of water discoloured in 1876 and coastline changes since 1836.
Forbes, H.O. 1885. A Naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago. A narrative of travel and exploration from 1878 to 1883. London, Sampson Row.
Chapters 2 & 3 Soiourn in the Cocos-Keeling Islands are relevant. Arrived about 17/1/1879 and left on 9/2/1879. Summarises the history of settlement including cyclone experiences, lagoon phenomena related to a possible earth tremor, crabs, plants, insects, birds, atoll formation and geomorphology. Cross references to Darwin's work. Contains a detailed map, list of plants and birds and a few coral species collected.
Forest, J. 1956. La faune des Iles Cocos-Keelings, Paguridea. Bull. nut. Mus. Singapore 27: 45-55.
Describes, in French, 16 species of marine intertidal hermit crabs collected by Gibson-Hill.
Fosberg, F.R. 1956. Disposition of Urera gaudichaudiana Henslow. Ann. Mag. Nut. Hist. Ser. 12, ix: 423- 424.
Describes the taxonomic status of the specimen collected by Darwin now referred to Laportea aestuans, a widespread weedy American species also found in scattered localities in Africa.
Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1947. Field notes on the terrestrial crabs. Bull. RafSles Mus. 18: 43-52.
Relates to Christmas Is. species but some relevance to Cocos. Brief notes on Gecarcoidea humei, Cardisoma hirtipes, Geograpsus grayi and Birgus latro.
Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1947. Notes on the Cocos-Keeling Islands. J. Mal. Br. Roy. Asiatic Soc. 20(2): 140-202.
Excellent socio-historical account of the Islands up to 1941. Includes notes on Cocos-Malay culture, including their use of plants and animals. Appendices cover the de facto owners to 1944, selected bibliography, cyclones and Cocos-Malay words referring to dress and housing.
Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1948. The island of North Keeling. J. Malay. Br. Roy. Asiatic Soc. 21(1): 68-103.
The only detailed study of the island prior to 1986, other than that of Guppy, who spent 6 days on the island in 1888. Contains description of the vegetation (with a map), associated seabirds and other fauna, history of use by the islanders. Several appendices cover the name 'Cocos- Keeling', the wreck of the 'Emden', and a faunal species checklist. Plates and Maps.
Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1948. The robber crab. Malayan Nature J. (Kuala Lumpur) 3(1): 10-14.
(also published in Zoo Life, 4,1949,58-60). Contains some broad observations on the robber crab based on work on Cocos and Christmas Islands. Hunting for food is said to be the major cause of the species decline in abundance on Cocos. This crab generally hides under rock ledges or fallen trees and was not observed to make serious attempts to dig its own burrow.
Discusses the coconut opening ability of the crab.
Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1949. Boats and fishing on the Cocos-Keeling Islands. J. R. anthr. Inst. Gt. Brit. 76(1): 13- 23.
Describes boat construction, methods of fishing, major species and locations, giving scientific and local names. Also covers preparation of the catch. Useful regarding traditional conservation methods and provides some quantitative catch data. Glossary of sailing and fishing terms including wind and sea conditions and lagoon habitats.
Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1949. The birds of the Cocos-Keeling Islands (Indian Ocean). Ibis 91: 221-243.
Describes the islands in general and contains an annotated checklist of species including breeding species and vagrants in 1941. F'revious records are analyzed and comparison is made with the avifauna of Christmas Island. Some estimates of numbers breeding.
Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1950. A note on the Arachnida found on the Cocos-Keeling Islands, January-October, 1941. Bull. Raffles Mus. 22: 101-102.
Brief record of arachnids, specimens of which were lost in the war. One scorpion, Isometrus maculatus is known locally as Kala Jengking. 23 spiders and 2 ticks were also collected.
Gibson-Hill. C.A. 1950. A note on the Cetacea stranded on the Cocos-Keeling Islands. Bull. Raffles Mus. 22:
278-279.
Records two whale species found on the atoll, the Sperm Whale and possibly the Indian Pilot Whale.
Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1950. A note on the Cocos-Keeling Islands. Bull. Raffles Mus. 22: 11-28.
A good general account of the islands' history, climate, geomorphology and biology, including North Keeling. An appendix lists the de facto owners of the islands, recorded cyclones (1862
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1909) and a selected bibliography of the main original works relating to the Cocos Islands.
Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1950. A note on the reptiles occurring on the Cocos-Keeling Islands. Bull. Raffles M w . 22:
206-21 1.
Brief descriptions of morphology and distribution of 2 turtles, 3 geckoes and a blind snake.
Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1950. Hemiptera collected on the Cocos-Keeling Islands, January-October 1941. Bull.
Raffles Mus. 23: 206-21 1.
An annotated list of species collected.
Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1950. Notes on the birds of the Cocos-Keeling Islands. Bull. Raffles Mus. 22: 212-270.
Comprehensive descriptions of the morphology and biology of the birds with an annotated checklist.
Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1950. Notes on the insects taken on the Cocos-Keeling Islands. Bull. Raffles Mus. 22: 149- 165.
Extensive notes on only a few of the orders. Also gives a history of insect collections of Cocos.
Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1950. Papers on the fauna of the Cocos-Keeling Islands. Based on material and data collected in the group by C.A. Gibson-Hill, M.A., between December 1940 and November 1941.
Introduction. Bull. Rafles Mus. 22: 7-10.
Gibson-Hill introduced this set of papers based on his collections. Describes previous visits by naturalists and the taxa whose collections were lost during the war. Local names for species are given in all of these papers.
Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1950. The Myriapoda found on the Cocos-Keeling Islands January-October 1941. Bull.
Raffles M u . 22: 103-104.
Brief record of 4 centipedes and 2 milipedes, most not identified.
Gibson-Hill, C.A. 195 1. 'The Cocos-Keeling Islands. Geogr. Mag. 24: 313-317.
A popular article describing the history and people of Cocos.
Gibson-Hill, C.A. (ed.) 1953. Documents relating to John Clunies Ross, Alexander Hare and the settlement on the Cocos-Keeling Islands. J . Mal. Br. R. Asiatic Soc. 25(4): 1-306.
A most useful compendium of older @re 1860), and more difficult to obtain reports and letters concerning the subject. Some of the earlier reports are relevant to considerations of the pre- settlement biota.
Gould, J. 1838-41 1841. Birds. In: The zoolow of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle: 3. (ed C.R. Darwin) pp. 1- 159. London, Smith Elder.
Guppy, H.B. 1889. The Cocos-Keeling Islands. Scot. Geog. Mag. 5: 281-297.
Parts I1 and I11 are on pages 457-474,569-588.
Guppy stayed on the islands for ten weeks from Aug-Sept. 1888. He examined every island and islet and the lagoon. His account mainly considers the process of atoll formation and the geomorphology of the islands. Many detailed observations on corals were recorded together with a description of North Keeling, an 'island never before visited by a naturalist'. There are descriptions of each and all of the islands and of the lagoon.
Guppy, H.B. 1890. The dispersal of plants as illustrated by the flora of the Keeling or Cocos Islands. J.
Trans. Victoria Inst. London, 24: 267-306.
A very detailed account of the flora with reference to drift species, Darwin's collection and the flora records of Ross and Jagt which were made in 1829-30. Establishes the likelihood of species being in the indigenous flora.
Guppy, H.B. 1890. Preliminary note on the Keeling Atoll. Proc. Vict. Inst. 23: 72-78.
Harms, J.W. 1933. Bericht ueber eine Reise nach Christmas- und Cocos- Island von Dezember 1932 bis Juni 1933. Biologe, Munchen 2(13): 301-306.
Hawson, M.G. 1985. The Potential for Horticultural Production Cocos (Keelinp) Islands. Department of Agriculture, W.A. Unpublished report.
A detailed study of the costs and benefits of intensive horticulture of selected species on Cocos.
Henslow, J.S. 1838. Florula Keelingensis. An account of the native plants of the Keeling Islands. Mag. Nut.
Hist. 1: 337-347.
Based on Darwin's collection done in 1836. Twenty one indigenous species collected (including a moss and a fungus) and two others referred to; probably Pisonia and Barringronia. Notes on each species indicate aspects of its taxonomy, distribution and ecology. Barringtonia was said to be 'a single tree'.
Hill, A.W. 1929. The original home and mode of dispersal of the coconut. Nature 124: 133-153.
Refers to the early observations of naturalists with respect to the presence and dispersal of the coconut on Cocos (Keeling).
Holloway, J.D. 1982. On the Lepidoptera of the Cocos-Keeling Islands in the Indian Ocean, with areview of the Nagia linteola complex (Noctuidae). Entomologia Gen. 8(1): 99-1 10.
Provides a systematic account of the 59 species of Lepidoptera that have been recorded. The Nagia linteola complex of species is reviewed and the paper gives a review of the biogeography of the Cocos Lepidoptera. Most species are said to have colonized naturally with only a few possible exceptions.
Holman, J. 1840. Travels in China, New Zealand. London, 2nd edition, 4 vols. [On Cocos-Keeling, vol. 4, 374-3883.
Izzard, R.J. 1959. A new species of Nysius (Hemiptera, Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) from Cocos Keeling and Canton Is. Entom. Mon. Mag. 94: 285-286.
Jacobson, G. 1976. Preliminary investigation of groundwater resources, Cocos (Keeling) Islands. B.M.R.
Record 1976164.
Contains much of the field data gained during these investigations, including descriptions of all wells on Home Island.
Jacobson, G. 1976. The freshwater lens on Home Island in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. BMR J . Aust. Geol.
Geophys. (Canberra) 114: 335-343.
Measurements of water levels in wells and comparison with tidal levels indicate a theoretical freshwater lens up to 19 m thick and averaging 15 m over an area of 30 ha. The sustainable yield of the aquifer is estimated at 0.2 Ml per day.
Jongsma, D. 1976. A review of the geology and geophysics of the Cocos Islands and Cocos Rise. Bureau of Mineral Resources, Australia, Record 1976138
.
The Cocos Islands lie in the northeast Indian Ocean on a northeasterly-trending line of seamounts termed the Cocos Rise. The islands consist of coral reefs built on a basaltic volcano which rises from a depth of about 5000 m with a gradient of 0.2. To the south lies the Umitaka Mary seamount which rises to 16 m from the sea surface. Sediments on the Cocos Rise are very thin, ranging from 100 to 200 m thick. Several figures present a. the sediments and bedrock in the region obtained in three bores done by the Glomar Challenger during the Deep Sea Drilling Project; b. a tectonic summary of the Eastern Indian Ocean and; c. the bathymetry around Cocos. (More recent bathrymerric surveys put the Umitaka seamount at
135 lun SW and with a depth of about 22 m over an area of about 4 sq. km.)
Keating, A. S. 1840. Account of Cocoas or Keeling's Islands. In Travels in China, New Zealand. J. Holman.
(London, 2nd edition), pp. 374-385.
Maes, V. 1967. The littoral marine mollusks of Cmos-Keeling Islands (Indian Ocean). Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci.
Phil. 119: 93-215.
Lists 504 species either collected in 1963 or cited by Abbott (1950). Collecting localities and commoness are noted. Many photographs are given as well as reference to illustrations in Japanese texts.
Mangles,
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1840. Notes on Cocoas or Keeling's Islands. In Travels in China, New Zealand. J. Holman.(London, 2nd edition), pp. 385-388.
Marlow, B.J. 1970. A record of a Mastiff Bat, Tadaridaplicata, from the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Emait de Mammalia 34
Marrat, F.P. 1879. Notes on shells from the Keeling or Cocos Islands, Indian Ocean. Proc. Lit. Philos. Soc.
Liverpool 33: iii-iv.
Marsh, T.D. 1948. Visit to Cocos-Keeling Islands and Christmas Island. Malay. agric. J. 31: 143-.
A short note which states that "the object of Mr. Marsh's visit to the Cocos-Keeling Islands was to enquire into the agricultural economy of the islands with a view to suggesting how it might be extended by crops alternative to coconuts and the development of derived products.
The question of the raising of poultry for the Singapore market was also to be investigated."
Marshall, N.B. 1950. Fishes from the Cocos-Keeling Islands. Bull. Raffles Mus. 22: 166-205.
Records 189 species, one of these being a new species of Scorpaenodes and 119 being new records for Cocos. Excellent notes on colour and ecology provided by Gibson-Hill.
Moorhouse, S. 1947. The Cocos Islands. Canad. Geog. J. 34: 86-89.
A general account of the settlement etc.
Murray, M.D. & Marks, E.N. 1984. Blood-sucking Diptera of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. J. Aust. ent. Soc.
23: 265-268.
Three species of mosquitoes. Aedes albopictus. Culex sitiens and C . quinquefasciatus (=
fatigans) were collected in Sept. 1980. Previous records of mosquitoes, their habits, breeding places, medical importance and possible control measures are discussed. A. albopictus breeds opportunistically in fresh water, C. sitiens breeds in brackish and salty situations.
Owen, E.W.C.R. 1831. Account of the Cocos, or Keeling Islands. J. R. geog. Soc. 1: 66-69.
A useful early account of the flora and fauna including the early introductions. Trees noted were the coconut, Cordia, Terminalia, Hernandia, Pisonia, Hibiscus, Erythrina, Morinda.
'Two species of gannet and the frigate bird are particularly numerous about these islands
...
turtles are very numerous and may be caught, without difficulty, in all seasons'.
Paton, R., Navaratnam, S.J. & Khair, G. 1981. Pest and disease survey, Cocos (Keeling) Islands.
Unpublished report. Dept. of Primary Industry, Canberra.
Records the results of a survey in July 1981 to examine pest and disease potential prior to the opening of the quarantine station. Many species lists provided but not all fully identified. They cover plant pathogens, weeds, nematodes, snails and insects.
Proctor, D.M. 1986. Charles Darwin's vascular plant specimens from the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. Bot. J.
Linn. Soc. 93: 1-172.
This compendium gives the current names for the specimens collected by Darwin.
Randall, J.E. 1975. A revision of the Indo-Pacific angelfish genus Genicanthus, with descriptions of three new species. Bull. Mar. Sci. 25(3): 393-421.
A taxonomic paper which, among other things, describes the new species G. bellus from Cocos and Tahiti. The species is named bellus from Latin for beautiful as it is the most colourful in the genus.
Randall, J.E. 1980. Revision of the fish genus Plectranthias Serranidae Anthiinae with descriptions of 13 new species. Micronesica 16(1): 101-187.
Randall, J.E. and Lubbock, R. 1981. A revision of the Serranid fishes of the subgenus Mirolabrichthys Anthiinae Anthias with descriptions of 5 new species. Connib. Sci. (Los Ang.) 333?: 1-28.
Randall, JE. and Smith, M.M. 1982. A review of the Labrid fishes of the genus Halichoeres of the Western Indian Ocean with descriptions of six new species. Ichthyol. Bull. JLB. Smith Inst. Icthyol. 451-25.
Randall, J.E., Matsuura, K., & Zama, A. 1978. A revision of the Riggerfish genus Xanthichthys, with a description of a new species. Bull. Mar. Sci. 28(4): 688-706.
A taxonomic paper which records Xanthichthys awomarginahcs The Gilded Triggerfish from Cocos based on the 1974 Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Expedition to Cocos.
The species was found on the outer reef from 12 to 46 m depths. In Hawaii this species appears to eat exclusively zooplankton, mainly calanoid copepods.
Rees, W.J. 1950. The cephalopods of the Cocos-Keeling Islands collected by C.A. Gibson-Hill. Bull. RafJIes MUS. 22: 99-100.
Records a nautilus, squid and octopus collected by Gibson-Kill. Names given.
Renvoize, S.A. 1979. The origins of Indian Ocean floras. In Plants and Islands (ed. D.Bramwel1). Chapter 7 pplO7- 129. Academic Press, London.
Considers the origins of floras in relation to their geological history and proximity to sources of immigration, along with the major mechanisms of plant dispersal. Discussion of Cocos (Keeling) is based on Wood-Jones (1912).
Ross, J.C. 1836. On the formation of the oceanic islands in general, and of the coralline in particular.
Singapore Free Press, 2 June 1836; repr. in. J. Mal. Br. R. Asiatic Soc.(1952) 25(4): 251-260.
A rather prolix discussion on the mechanisms of coral island formation, including the development of seamounts and the processes of sediment accumulation to form the cay.
Ross, J.C. 1855. Review of the theory of coral formations set forth by Ch. Darwin in his book entitled:
Researches in Geology and Natural History. Natuurk. Tidschr. voor Nederl. Indie. 8: 1-43.
Contains a counterpointed review of Darwin's arguments for the means by which his various classes of reefs are formed.
Ross, J.C. 1919. Papers 1821-1854. British Museum Add. 37631; 233 folios.
Roth, B. 1972. A new species of Pugnus from Cocos Keeling Islands Indian Ocean. Bull. South Calif: Acad.
Sci. 71(2): 106-107.
Russell, R.J. and McIntire, W.G. 1965. Southern hemisphere beach rock. Geogrl. Rev. 55: 17-45.
Describes the nature and origins of beach rock based on observations in the tropical Indo- Pacific. Field work included five days on West Island in 1963 and there is one page devoted to Cocos specifically. It is suggested that coastal retreat is not as rapid as local opinion would have, but that it is evident that many changes in strandline position are under way.
Slocum, J. 1899. Sailing Alone around the World.
Chapter XVI refers to the visit to Cocos in July 1897. General description of the settlement.
Mentions taking 30 clams on board to replace 3 tons of cement ballast.
Smith, T.E. 1960. The Cocos-Keeling Islands: a demographic laboratory. Pop. Stud. 14: 94-130.
A demographic analysis of births, deaths and marriage r&ordsfrom 1888 to 1947 by a former Administrator (1946-7). Observations on the historical and social background are made as well as on the registration procedures used during the period. Marriage, divorce, widowhood, mortality (esp. infant), fertility and abortion are discussed in the context of the life table developed.
Smith-Vaniz, W.F. and Randall, J.E. 1974. Two new species of angelfishes (Centropyge) from the Cocos- Keeling Islands. Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Phil. 126(8): 105-113.
Describes two species of deep water habitats.
Stokes, T. & Goh, P. 1987. Records of Herald Petrels and the Christmas Frigatebird from North Keeling Island, Indian Ocean. Australian Bird Watcher 12: 132-133.
Reports two additional species for the checklist of North Keeling Island.
Stokes, T., Sheils, W. and Dunn, K. 1984. Birds of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean. Emu 84: 23- 28.
The birds of the islands were surveyed in January 1982 and analysed along with other records.
Thirty four species are recorded, of which nine are new records. Three species, introduced between 1885-1906 and recorded in 1940-41 or 1958, are believed to be extinct. Very few land or sea birds now occur on the main atoll.
Tate, O.H. 1950. The Muridae of the Cocos-Keeling Islands. Bull. Rafles Mus. 22: 271-277.
Describes the various rats on Cocos and the history of their introduction as far as it is known.
The Direction Island race is described as a subspecies R. r. keelingensis.
Tweedie, M.W.F. 1950. The fauna of the Cocos-Keeling Islands, Brachym and Stomatop&. Bull. Raffles MUS. 22: 105-148.
Records the crabs and stomatopods collected by Gibson-Hill. Extensive notes on some species and some figures. Probably a very representative collection of the littoral and terrestrial fauna.
Urquhart, A.W. 1960. Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean
-
a library summary. California, Point Mugu, Pacific Missile Range. 26 pp.A summary of all aspects of the islands based on published material to 1960. Broadly covers ecology, social apsects, transport and communications.
Van der Jagt, H. 1831. Beschrijving der Kokos
-
of Keeling-Eilanden. Verh. Batav. Gen. v. Kunsten en Wetenschappen (Batavia), 13,293-322; trans. in. J. Mal. Br. R. Asiatic Soc.(1952) 25(4): 148-159.An early (1829) firsthand description of the islands and their natural resources. Mention is made of coconut production, turtles, native plants, vegetation etc.
Vaughan, T.W. 1918. Some shoal-water corals from Murray Island, Cocos-Keeling Islands, and Fanning Island. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. 213, pp.49-234.
The first extensive discussion of the corals of Cocos based on the collections of Wood-Jones.
Waterman, S.A. 1975. The jukongs of Cocos-Keeling. Oceans 8(1): 36.
Wells, J.W. 1950. Reef corals from the Cocos-Keeling atoll. Bull. Raffles Mus. 22: 29-52.
Gibson-Hill's collection bring the total number of species of hard corals to 74 and genera to 24. A checklist is provided and gives the collectors and habitats. Detailed morphological notes for many species, some plates and distribution data outside Cocos are given.
Wood Jones, F. 1909. The fauna of the Cocos-Keeling Atoll, collected by F. Wood Jones. Proc. zool. Soc.
1909: 132-160.
This reports the species found in 1905-6 over 15 months. Descriptive notes provided on most species as well as Malay names. Identifications were mostly done by others and these parts of the paper are sometimes quoted as separate publications by them.
Wood-Jones, F. 1909. The coral island question. Proc. zool. SOC 1909: 671-679.
Wood-Jones, F. 1912. Coral and Atolls: a history and description of the Keeling-Cocos Islands, with an account of their fauna and flora, and a discussion of the method of development and transformation of coral structures in general. Lovell Reeve & Co., London.
A classic book on the islands' natural history. The subtitle indicates the range of topics covered
-
their history, description, theories of their origin both before and since that of Darwin, the influence of winds, tides and ocean currents on their formation and transformations, their present condition, products, fauna and flora. Appendices are annotated checklists of the flora and fauna.KEYWORD INDEX
ATOLL
Darwin, C. 1889; Ross, J.C. 1836; Ross, J.C. 1855; Wood-Jones, F. 1912.
BIOGEOGRAPHY
Holloway, J.D. 1982; Renvoize, S.A. 1979.
BIRDS
Alfred, A.E. 1961; Covacevich, J. 1983; Diamond, A.W. 1985; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1949; Gibson- Hill, C.A. 1950; Gould, J. 1838-41 1841; Stokes, T. & Goh, P. 1987; Stokes, T., Sheils, W. and Dunn, K. 1984; Wood Jones, F. 1909.
CLIMATE
Hogan, J. 1948; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1950;
COCONUT
Beccari, 0. 1917; Campbell, T.G. 1966; Hill, A.W. 1929.
COCOS-MALAYS
Smith, T.E. 1960; Wood-Jones, F. 1912.
CONSERVATION
Diamond, A.W. 1985; Feare, C.J. 1984.
CORAL
Colin, P.L. 1977; Darwin, C. 1845; Guppy, H.B. 1889; Ross, J.C. 1855; Vaughan, T.W. 1918;
Wells, J.W. 1950; Wood-Jones. F. 1912.
CRABS
Forest, J. 1956; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1948; Tweedie, M.W.F. 1950; Wood Jones, F. 1909.
DRIFT
Beccari, 0. 1917; Guppy, H.B. 1890.
ECOLOGY
Campbell, T.G. 1966; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1949.
EROSION
Department of Housing and Construction 1986.
FAUNA
Abbott, R.T. 1950; Alfred, A.E. 1961; Anonymous 1964; Anonymous 1984; Barlow, N.(ed.) 1933;
Blake, B. & Blake, J. 1983; Campbell, T.G. 1952; Campbell, T.G. 1964; Campbell, T.G. 1966;
Campbell, T.G. 1966; Campion, H. 1923; Chamisso, M.1833; Clark, A.H. 1950; Clarke, S. &
Clarke, M.C. 1978; Clarke, S. & Clarke, M.C. 1979; Clarke, S. & Clarke, M.C. 1979; Cogger, H., Sadlicr, R. & Cameron, E. 1983; Covacevich, J. 1983; Darwin, C. 1845; Darwin, C. 1845; Debelius, H. 1980; Diamond, A.W. 1985; Feare, C.J. 1984; Fitzroy, R. 1839; Forbes, H.O. 1885; Forest, J.
1956; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1947; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1947; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1948; Gibson-Hill, C.A.
1948; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1949; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1949; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1950; Gibson-Hill, C.A.
1950; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1950; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1950; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1950; Gibson-Hill, C.A.
1950; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1950; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1950; Gibson-Hill, C.A. (ed.) 1953; Gould, J.
1838-41 1841; Guppy, H.B. 1889; Holloway, J.D. 1982; Izzard, R.J. 1959; Maes, V. 1967; Marlow, B.J. 1970; Marrat, F.P. 1879; Marshall, N.B. 1950; Murray, M.D. & Marks, E.N. 1984; Owen,
E.W.C.R. 1831; Paton, R., Navaratnam, S J . & Khair, G. 1981; Randall, J.E. 1975; Randall, J.E.
1980; Randall, J.E. and Lubbock, R. 1981; Randall, J.E. and Smith, M.M. 1982; Randall, J.E., Matsuura, K., & Zama, A. 1978; Rees, W.J. 1950; Roth, B. 1972; Smith-Vaniz, W.F. and Randall, J.E. 1974; Stokes, T. & Goh, P. 1987; Stokes, T., Sheils, W. and Dunn, K. 1984; Tate, O.H. 1950;
Tweedie, M.W.F. 1950; Urquhart, A.W. 1960; Van der Jagt, H. 1831; Vaughan, T.W. 1918; Wells, J.W. 1950; Wood Jones, F. 1909; Wood-Jones, F. 1912.
FISH
Debelius, H. 1980; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1949; Marshall, N.B. 1950; Randall, J.E. 1975; Randall, JB.
1980; Randall, J.E. and Lubbock, R. 1981; Randall, J.E. and Smith, M.M. 1982; Randall, J.E., Matsuura, K., & Zama, A. 1978; Smith-Vaniz, W.F. and Randall, J.E. 1974.
FLORA
Barlow, N.(ed.) 1933; Beccari, 0. 1917; Darwin, C. 1845; Darwin, C. 1845; Fitzroy, R. 1839;
Forbes, H.O. 1885; Fosberg, F.R. 1956; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1947; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1948; Gibson- Hill, C.A. 1950; Gibson-Hill, C.A. (ed.) 1953; Guppy, H.B. 1889; Guppy, H.B. 1890; Henslow, J.S.
1838; Owen, E.W.C.R. 1831; Paton, R., Navaratnam, S.J. & Khair, G. 1981; Proctor, D.M. 1986;
Renvoize, S.A. 1979; Urquhart, A.W. 1960; Van der Jagt, H. 1831; Wood-Jones, F. 1912.
GECKO
Cogger, H., Sadlier, R. & Cameron, E. 1983; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1950.
GEOLOGY
Barlow, N.(ed.) 1933; Chamberlain, N.G. 1960; Darwin, C. 1845; Darwin, C. 1889; Finlayson, D.M. 1970; Jongsma, D. 1976.
GEOMORPHOLOGY
Colin, P.L. 1977; Forbes, H.O. 1885; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1950; Guppy, H.B. 1889; Ross, J.C. 1836;
Ross, J.C. 1855; Russell, RJ. and McIntire, W.G. 1965; Stoddart, D.R. 1985; Wood-Jones, F. 1909;
Wood-Jones, F. 1912.
GROUNDWATER
Jacobson, G. 1976; Jacobson, G. 1976.
HOME ISLAND
Gibson-Hill. C.A. 1951.
INSECTS
Anonymous 1964; Campbell, T.G. 1952; Campbell, T.G. 1964; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1948; Gibson- Hill, C.A. 1950; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1950; Izzard, R.J. 1959; Murray, M.D. & Marks, E.N. 1984;
Paton, R., Navaratnam, S.J. & Khair, G. 1981; Wood Jones, F. 1909.
ISLANDS
Renvoize, S.A. 1979; Russell, R J. and McIntire, W.G. 1965; Wood-Jones, F. 1909; Wood-Jones, F.
1912.
MANAGEMENT
Anonymous 1984; Australia, Commonwealth Department of Territories and Local Government 1984; Campbell, T.G. 1966; Department of Housing and Construction 1986; Gibson-Hill, C.A.
1949; Hawson, M.G. 1985.
MARINE
Anonymous 1984; Blake, B. & Blake, J. 1983; Chamberlain, N.G. 1960; Forbes, H.O. 1879.
MOLLUSCS
Abbott, R.T. 1950; Clarke, S. & Clarke, M.C. 1978; Clarke, S. & Clarke, M.C. 1979; Clarke, S. &
Clarke, M.C. 1979; Maes, V. 1967; Marrat, F.P. 1879.
MOSQUITOES
Campbell, T.G. 1966; Murray, M.D. & Marks, E.N. 1984.
NORTH KEELING
Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1948; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1949; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1950; Stokes, T. & Goh, P.
1987; Stokes, T., Sheils, W. and D u n , K: 1984.
REEFS
Colin, P.L. 1977; Darwin, C. 1845; Darwin, C. 1889; Stoddart, D.R. 1985.
REPTILES
Cogger, H., Sadlier, R. & Cameron, E. 1983; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1950; Wood Jones, F. 1909.
SEABIRDS
Feare, C.J. 1984; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1948; Stokes, T. & Goh, P. 1987; Stokes, T., Sheils, W. and Dunn, K. 1984.
SETTLEMENT
Anonymous 1830; Anonymous 1886; Barlow, N.(ed.) 1933; Barrow, J. 1832; Chamisso, M.1833;
Darwin, C. 1845; Fitzroy, R. 1839; Forbes, H.O. 1885; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1947; Gibson-Hill, C.A.
1950; Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1951; Gibson-Hill, C.A. (ed.) 1953; Guppy, H.B. 1889; Marsh, T.D. 1948;
Moorhouse, S. 1947; Owen, E.W.C.R. 1831; Slocum, J. 1899; Urquhart, A.W. 1960; Van der Jagt, H. 1831.
VEGETATION
Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1948; Gibson-Hill, C.A. (ed.) 1953; Guppy, H.B. 1889.
YACHTS
Slocum, J. 1899; Waterman, S.A. 1975.
AUTHOR INDEX
Author(s) Abbott, R.T. 1950 Alfred, A.E. 1961 Anonymous 1830 Anonymous 1886 Anonymous 1964 Anonymous 1984
Australia, Commonwealth Department of Housing and Construction 1986 Australia. Commonwealth Department of Tenitories and Local Government 1984 Barlow, N.(ed.) 1933
Barrow. J. 1832 Beccari, 0. 1917 Blake. B. & Blake. J. 1983 Campbell. T.G. 1952 Campbell. T.G. 1964 Campbell, T.G. 1966 Campbell, T.G. 1966 Campion, H. 1923 Chamberlain, N.G. 1960 Chamisso, M. 1833 Clark, A.H. 1950
Clarke. S. & Clarke, M.C. 1978 Clarke. S. & Clarke. M.C. 1979 Clarke. S. & Clarke. M.C. 1979
Cogger, H., Sadlier, R. & Cameron, E. 1983 Colin, P.L. 1977
Covacevich, J. 1983 Darwin, C. 1845 Darwin, C. 1845 Danvin, C. 1889 Debelius, H. 1980 Diamond. A.W. 1985 Feare. C.J. 1984 Finlayson. D.M. 1970 Fitzroy, R. 1839 Forbes. H.O. 1879 Forbes. H.O. 1885 Forest, J. 1956 Fosberg. F.R. 1956 Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1947 Gibson-Hill. C.A. 1947 Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1948 Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1948 Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1949 Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1949 Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1950 Gibson-Hill. C.A. 1950 Gibson-Hill. C.A. 1950 Gibson-Hill. C.A. 1950 Gibson-Hill. C.A. 1950 Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1950 Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1950 Gibson-Hill, C.A. 1950 Gibson-Hill. C.A. 1950 Gibson-Hill. C.A. 1951
Gibson-Hill, C.A. (ed.) 1953 Gould, J. 1841
Guppy. H.B. 1889 Guppy. H.B. 1890 Guppy. H.B. 1890 Harms, J.W. 1933 Hawson, M.G. 1985 Henslow. J.S. 1838 Hill, A.W. 1929 Hogan, 1. 1948 Holloway, J.D. 1982 Holman. J. 1840 Izzclrd, R.J. 1959 Jacobson. G. 1976 Jacobson, G. 1976 Jongsma, D. 1976 Keating. A. S. 1840 Maes, V. 1967 Mangles, - 1840 Marlow. B.J. 1970 Marrat, F.P. 1879 Marsh. T.D. 1948 Marshall, N.B. 1950 Mwrhouse, S. 1947
Murmy, M.D. &Marks. E.N. 1984 Owen, E.W.C.R. 1831
Paton, R., Navaratnam, S J . & Khair, G. 1981 Proctor. D.M. 1986
Randall, J.E. 1975 Randall, J.E. 1980
Randall, J.E. and Lubbock, R. 1981 Randall. J.E. and Smith. M.M. 1982 Randall, J.E., Matsuura, K., & Zama, A. 1978 Rees, WJ. 1950
Renvoize. S.A. 1979 Ross, J.C. 1836 Ross. J.C. 1855 Ross. J.C. 1919 Roth, B. 1972
Russell. RJ. and McIntire, W.G. 1965 Slocum, J. 1899
Smith, T.E. 1960
Smith-Vaniq W.F. and Randall, J.E. 1974 Stoddart. D.R. 1985
Stokes, T. & Goh. P. 1987
Stokes, T., Sheils, W. and Dunn, K. 1984 Tate. O.H. 1950
Tweedie, M.W.F. 1950 Urquhart, A.W. 1960 Van der Jagt, H. 183 1 Vaughan, T.W. 1918 Watennan. S.A. 1975 Wells, J.W. 1950 Wood Jones, F. 1909 Wood-Jones, F. 1909 Wood-Jones, F. 1912
