atom indonesia

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Accreditation No.: 767/AU3/P2MI-LIPI/08/2017 Accreditation No.: 36b/E/KPT/2016

atom indonesia

Exist for publishing the results of research and development in nuclear science and technology EDITOR IN CHIEF

Prof. Dr. rer.nat. Evvy Kartini MANAGING EDITOR Drs. Budi Prasetyo, M.T.

EDITORS

Prof. Dr. Zaki Su’ud Nuclear Physics and Reactor Safety, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia Prof. Dr. Terry Mart Theoretical Nuclear and Physics, University of Indonesia, Indonesia

Prof. Dr. Muhayatun Santoso Radiochemistry; Nuclear Analytical Techniques, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Indonesia Dr. Hendig Winarno, M.Sc. Radiation; Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Indonesia

Dr. Abu Khalid Rivai, M.Eng Materials; Corrosion and Nuclear Reactor Technology, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Indonesia Edy Giri R. Putra, Ph.D. Neutron Scattering, Soft Condensed Matter, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Indonesia

Imam Kambali, M.Phil., Ph.D. Radiochemistry and Radioisotopes, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Indonesia

Dr. Julwan Hendry Purba Nuclear Reactor Technology and Safety Assessment, Computational, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Indonesia

Dr. Darmawan Darwis Biomaterials, Radiation Processing of Polymers, Radiation Sterilization and Decontamination of Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Indonesia

Dr. Mukh. Syaifudin Biomedicine Division, Center for Technology of Radiation Safety and Metrology, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Indonesia

Prof. Dr. Malcolm F. Collins Neutron Scattering; Magnetism; Glasses, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

Dr. Shane J. Kennedy Neutron Scattering; Superconductor; Superionic Materials, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, Australia

Prof. Dr. Philip K. Hopke Nuclear Analytical Methods (XRF, INAA); Environmental Analysis, Clarkson University, New York, USA Prof. Dr. Takashi Sakuma Solid State Physics, Ibaraki University, Japan

Sugawara Takanori, Ph.D. Nuclear Reactor Physics, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Japan

Prof. Dr. T. Kamiyama Neutron Instrumentation and Materials Energy, High Energy Accelerator Reseach Organization, Japan Prof. Dr. Shahidan Radiman Nanomaterials and their applications, National University of Malaysia, Malaysia

Prof. Dr. Kell Mortensen Head of X-Ray and Neutron Science, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Bowen Li, Ph.D. Physics and Astronomy, Engineering, Lanzhou University, China

Prof. Dr. Gerard O’Sullivan Quantum Mechanics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, Applied Optics, Lasers and Photonics, Low Temperature Physics: Superconductivity and Quantum Fluids, Base Einstein Condensation in Cold Gases, University College Dublin, Ireland

Ass. Prof. Chris Ling Solid-state Oxide Chemistry, Magnetism, Ionic Conductivity, Neutron Scattering, Phase Transitions, Modulated Structures, University of Sydney, Australia

Prof.Dr. Sun Ming Choi, Ph.D. Neutron and X-ray Scattering Studies of Molecular Self-Assemblies for Nanostructured Functional Materials, Development of Multi-Component Anisotropic Nanoparticle Superlattice and Their Applications, Structure and Dynamics of Biomembranes Interacting with Proteins, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea

Dr. Max Audeev Crystal and magnetic structural studies of inorganic materials with neutron and X-ray scattering and atomistic, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO), Australian

Prof. Ikuo Kashiwakura, Ph.D. Medicine Biochemistry, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Physics and Astronomy, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Departement of Radiation Science, Japan

PEER REVIEWERS

Martalena, M.Sc. Ph.D Radiopharmacy, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Indonesia Dr. L.T. Handoko, M.Sc. Physics Theory, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia

Prof. Sunarno, Ph.D Nuclear Radiation; Nuclear Instrumentation, Gajah Mada University, Indonesia Dr. Ferhat Aziz, M.Sc. Nuclear Engineering, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Indonesia

Dr. Ir. Hadi Suwarno, M.Eng. Nuclear Materials, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Indonesia Prof. Yasushi Arano Environmental and Bioanalytical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan

Prof. Dr. Michio Yamawaki Nuclear Fuel and Material, Nuclear Fussion Technology, University of Tokyo, Japan Prof. Dr. Kenji Kikuchi Nuclear Materials, Ibaraki University, Japan

Prof. Dr. Fumio Yoshii Radiation Chemistry; Radiation Polymerization, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Japan Prof. Dr. Stefan Adams Materials Modelling, National University of Singapore, Singapore

Ass. Prof. Dr. Ho Jin Ryu Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Tekhnology, Republic of Korea

Lucille V. Abad, Ph.D. Physics and Astronomy Materials Science Chemistry Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI)

LANGUAGE EDITOR Jos Budi Sulistyo, Ph.D Drs. Supria, M.Sc.

ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS

Iis Sustini, Noer’Aida, R. Suhendani, Moh. Zen, Heru Susanto, Ajie Noorseto, Moh. Widya, Wenseslaus Roland, AR. Yusuf Publisher : Center for Informatics and Nuclear Strategic Zone Utilization

Mailing Address : National Nuclear Energy Agency

Puspiptek Serpong, Tangerang 15314, Indonesia

Phone (+62 21) 7560575, 7562860 ext. 9017, Fax (021) 7560895 Web: http://aij.batan.go.id, E-mail : [email protected] Licences : SIT No. 078/Khs/Dit.PP/II. 1a & 75; 24.5.75

SIC No. B/289-PK/VI/75; 3.6.75

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vol. 44 no. 2 August 2018

C o n t e n t s

Editorial . . . i

Fungal Population and Aflatoxin Contamination on Stored Gamma-Irradiated Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Kernels

K. Nurtjahja, O.S. Dharmaputra, W.P. Rahayu and R. Syarief . . . . . . 57 Present Status of Marine Radioecology in Jakarta Bay

H. Suseno, Budiawan, Muslim, M. Makmu and M.N. Yahya . . . 63 The Effect of Calcium Carbonate and Cholecalciferol on Pharmacokinetic Interaction

of ^99mTc-CTMP Radiopharmaceuticals for Bone Scanning in Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

I. Mahendra, I. Daruwati, T.H. Ambarwibawa and W. Nuraeni . . . . . 69 Amino Acids Metabolism in the Muscle of Sheep fed with Mitchell Grass Hay

Supplemented with Gliricidia sepium

Y. Widiawati, M. Winugroho and E. Teleni . . . 75 A Novel Method for ⁵⁷Ni and ⁵⁷Co Production using Cyclotron-Generated

Secondary Neutrons

H. Suryanto and I. Kambali . . . . . . 81 Dynamic Analysis on the Safety Criteria of the Conceptual Core Design in MTR-type

Research Reactor

T. Surbakti, S. Pinem and L. Suparlina . . . 89 Determination of the Dosimetric Characteristics of BATAN’s ¹²⁵I Source

for Brachytherapy: An Experimental Study

K.Y.P. Sandy, S.A. Pawiro and D.S. Soejoko . . . 99 Polymorphism of XRCC1 Gene Exon 6 (Arg194Trp) in Relation to Micronucleus

Frequencies in Hospital Radiation Workers

H.N.E. Surniyantoro, Y. Lusiyanti, T. Rahardjo, D. Tetriana,

S. Nurhayati and H. Date. . . 105 Acknowledgment . . . 113

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i EDITORIAL

Dear reader, with great pleasure we provide you with the third issue of Atom Indonesia in 2018, namely Volume 44, No.2 (2018). In this issue, we proudly announce a piece of very good news that Atom Indonesia has been indexed by Scopus, so it becomes one of the international journals recognized worldwide. Atom Indonesia has also been indexed by Google Scholar, DOAJ, Crossref, ISJD, and IAEA INIS. Atom Indonesia has provided a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for each article accepted, so that it can be linked to Crossref. By this indexing, it is expected that Atom Indonesia will become better known among the researchers from around the world and easier to access, thus also increase the impact factor of the journal.

Another important news is that Atom Indonesia has been reaccredited with the highest rank (A) category by the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (RISTEKDIKTI), and also by the Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI) with the numbers of 36b/E/KPT/2016 and 767/AU3/P2MI- LIPI/08/2017, respectively. Additionally, the certificate as an international journal was awarded by the Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI) starting June 2017 until August 2022. Further information on, and the full articles of, Atom Indonesia Vol.44 No.2 (2018) can be downloaded from http://aij.batan.go.id.

We are glad to inform you that, starting this year, the number of articles per issue has been increased from the previous seven to eight. The Atom Indonesia Vol. 44 No.2 (2018) contains eight articles discussing various applications of nuclear science and technology, ranging from the fungal population and aflatoxin contamination on stored gamma-irradiated nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) kernels; the present status of marine radioecology in Jakarta Bay; the effect of calcium carbonate and cholecalciferol on pharmacokinetic interaction of ^99mTc-CTMP radiopharmaceuticals for bone scanning in rats (Rattus norvegicus); amino acid metabolism in the muscle of sheep fed with Mitchell grass hay supplemented with Gliricidia sepium; a novel method for ⁵⁷Ni and ⁵⁷Co production using cyclotron-generated secondary neutrons; experimental determination of the dosimetric characteristics of BATAN’s ¹²⁵I source for brachytherapy; and polymorphism of XRCC1 gene exon 6 (Arg194Trp) in relation to micronucleus frequencies in hospital radiation workers.

“The Fungal Population and Aflatoxin Contamination on Stored Gamma-irradiated Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Kernels” was explored by K. Nurtjahja and O.S. Dharmaputra from the Department of Biology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia, under collaboration with W.P. Rahayu from SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor, Indonesia, and R. Syarief from SEAFAST Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia. A study on the effectiveness of gamma irradiation at doses of 5 and 10 kGy on fungal population, Aspergillus flavus strains, and aflatoxin B1 contamination on stored nutmeg kernels was conducted. The kernels were collected from seeds in a period of one week from the ground at North Sulawesi Province. Results showed that fungal population was reduced with the increasing irradiation dose.

Five species of fungi were isolated, i.e., Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Eurotium chevalieri, and Penicillium citrinum.

“The Present Status of Marine Radioecology in Jakarta Bay” was written by H. Suseno and M.N.

Yahya from the Center for Radiation Safety Technology and Metrology, National Nuclear Energy Agency, South Jakarta, Indonesia, under collaboration with Budiawanfrom the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, and Muslim from the Department of Oceanography, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia. The operation of nuclear facilities such as the research reactor and its supporting installation in Serpong Nuclear Area may involve controlled release of radionuclides to Cisadane River whose flow would then carry them to Jakarta Bay. There are limited marine radioecology studies or radionuclides monitoring at Jakarta Bay. Therefore, monitoring of ^239/240Pu and ¹³⁷Cs was carried out from Tanjung Pasir to Tanjung Kerawang.

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“The Effect of Calcium Carbonate and Cholecalciferol on Pharmacokinetic Interaction of

99mTc-CTMP Radiopharmaceuticals for Bone Scanning in Rats (Rattus norvegicus)” was explored by I.

Mahendra, I. Daruwati, T.H. Ambarwibawa, and W. Nuraeni from the Center for Applied Nuclear Science and Technology, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Bandung, Indonesia. Hypocalcemia is one of

manifestation of bone metastases which could be treated using calcium carbonate and cholecalciferol.

Tc-99^m radiolabeled 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclo tetradecyl-1,4,8,11-tetramethylene phosphonic acid (against

99mTc-CTMP), on the other hand, is a radioactive complex compound which has an affinity toward bone.

Therefore, it could be used as bone tracer (radiopharmaceutical) in bone imaging.

“Amino Acids Metabolism in the Muscle of Sheep fed with Mitchell Grass Hay Supplemented with Gliricidia sepium” was written by Y. Widiawati and M. Winugroho from the Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production (IRIAP), Bogor, Indonesia under collaborations with E. Teleni from the Veterinary Science Department, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia. Leaves of Gliricidia sepium have a high content of amino acid that is required for protein synthesis in the muscle. Supplementation of the legume leaves to low quality basal diet would improves amino acids amount to obtain an optimum growth of animal. The aim of experiment was to investigate the effect of Gliricidia sepium leaves supplementation to low quality basal diet on protein synthesis in muscle of animal.

“A Novel Method for ⁵⁷Ni and ⁵⁷Co Production using Cyclotron-Generated Secondary Neutrons” was explored by H. Suryanto and I. Kambali from the Center for Radioisotope and Radiopharmaceutical Technology, National Nuclear Energy Agency, South Tangerang, Indonesia. ⁵⁷Ni and ⁵⁷Co radioisotopes are used in the synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals, for research purposes, as well as radiotherapy in nuclear medicine due to its decay characteristics. In this research, ⁵⁷Ni and ⁵⁷Co were produced using secondary neutrons.

“Dynamic Analysis on the Safety Criteria of the Conceptual Core Design in MTR-type Research Reactor was written by T. Surbakti, S. Pinem, and L. Suparlina from the Center for Nuclear Reactor

Technology and Safety, National Nuclear Energy Agency, South Tangerang, Indonesia. One of the high-priority research activities in BATAN is designing a new MTR-type research reactor with a new fuel.

The core follows a compact core model that consists of sixteen fuel and four control rods. The increasing heat flux at the fuel will cause the temperature of the fuel and cladding to increase; therefore, the coolant flow rate needs to be increased. However, the coolant flow rate in the fuel element is limited by the thermal- hydraulic stability in the core. Therefore, dynamic analysis is important in evaluating the design and operation of nuclear reactor safety.

“Determination of the Dosimetric Characteristics of BATAN’s ¹²⁵I Source for Brachytherapy: An Experimental Study” was written by K.Y.P. Sandy from the Center for Technology of Radiation Safety and Metrology, National Nuclear Energy Agency, South Jakarta, Indonesia, in collaboration with S.A. Pawiro and D.S. Soejoko from the Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia. Iodine-125 brachytherapy sources with low photon energies have been widely used in treating tumors. According to American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group No. 43 (AAPM TG-43) recommendations, the dosimetric characteristics of the new brachytherapy sources should be determined before clinical use. In this study, the dosimetric characteristics of ¹²⁵I manufactured by BATAN were determined through measurement by using thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) and gafchromic XR- QA2 film.

“Polymorphism of XRCC1 Gene Exon 6 (Arg194Trp) in Relation to Micronucleus Frequencies in Hospital Radiation Workers” was explored by H.N.E. Surniyantoro, Y. Lusiyanti, T. Rahardjo, D. Tetriana, and S. Nurhayati from the Center for Radiation Safety Technology and Metrology, National Nuclear Energy Agency, South Jakarta, Indonesia, under collaboration with H. Date from Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. The genetic polymorphism of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair

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iii one of the members of base excision repair (BER) is involved in the repairement of oxidized bases and single-strand breaks DNA after exposure by reactive oxygen species (ROS), including ionizing radiation.

This study aimed to examine the correlation between XRCC1 exon 6 gene polymorphism and micronucleus (MN) frequency in radiation workers and their relation to age, gender, smoking status and years of exposure.

On behalf of Atom Indonesia, I would like to thank for all of your contributions and endless support that have allowed Atom Indonesia to reach an outstanding performance for all the years. This outstanding achievement could not have been reached without great efforts and cooperation from the editors, reviewers, management personnel, authors, and readers.

Editor in Chief