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LEMBAR

HASIL PENILAIAN SEJAWAT SEBIDANG ATAU PEER REVIEW KARYA ILMIAH : JURNAL ILMIAH

Judul Jurnal Ilmiah (Artikel) : The Decision Support System (DSS) Application to Determination of Diabetes Mellitus Patient Menu Using a Genetic Algorithm Method

Nama/ Jumlah Penulis : Nia Zuliyana, Jatmiko Endro Suseno and Kusworo Adi/ 3 orang Status Pengusul : Penulis ke- 3

Identitas Jurnal Ilmiah : a. Nama Jurnal : E3S Web of Conferences b. Nomor ISSN : 2267-1242

c. Vol, No., Bln Thn : 31, 11007, 2018 d. Penerbit : EDP Sciences

e. DOI artikel (jika ada) : https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183110 006

f. Alamat web jurnal : https://www.e3s-

conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/abs/2018/06/e3sconf_i cenis2018_10006/e3sconf_icenis2018_10006.html Alamat Artikel : https://www.e3s-

conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2018/06/e3sconf_i cenis2018_10006.pdf

g. Terindex : Scopus, SJR: 0.17 (2018)

https://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=21100 795900&tip=sid&clean=0

Kategori Publikasi Jurnal Ilmiah : √ Prosiding forum Ilmiah Internasional (beri pada kategori yang tepat) Prosiding forum Ilmiah Nasional Hasil Penilaian Peer Review :

Komponen Yang Dinilai Nilai Reviewer

Nilai Rata-rata Reviewer 1 Reviewer 2

a. Kelengkapan unsur isi prosiding (10%) 2,90 2,50 2,40

b. Ruang lingkup dan kedalaman pembahasan (30%)

8,70 8,50 8,60

c. Kecukupan dan kemutahiran

data/informasi dan metodologi (30%)

8,80 8,50 8,65

d. Kelengkapan unsur dan kualitas terbitan/jurnal (30%)

8,50 8,70 8,60

Total = (100%) 28,90 28,20 28,55

Semarang, 8 Mei 2020 Reviewer 1

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Nur, DEA NIP. 195711261990011001

Unit Kerja : Departemen Fisika - FSM UNDIP

Reviewer 2

Prof. Dr. Heri Sutanto, SSi, MSi NIP. 197502151998021001

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LEMBAR

Kategori Publikasi Jurnal Ilmiah : √ Prosiding forum Ilmiah Internasional (beri pada kategori yang tepat) Prosiding forum Ilmiah Nasional Hasil Penilaian Peer Review :

Komponen Yang Dinilai

Nilai Maksimal Prosiding Nilai Akhir Yang Diperoleh Internasional Nasional

a. Kelengkapan unsur isi prosiding (10%) 3,00 2,90

9,00 8,70

c. Kecukupan dan kemutahiran data/informasi dan metodologi (30%)

9,00 8,80

d. Kelengkapan unsur dan kualitas terbitan /prosiding (30%)

9,00 8,50

Total = (100%) 30,00 28,90

Nilai Pengusul =

Catatan Penilaian artikel oleh Reviewer : 1. Kelengkapan unsur isi prosiding:

Penulisan Artikel ini telah sesuai dengan format E3S Web of Conferences. Latar belakang terdikripsikan dengan jelas. Kebaruan dari artikel sudah diutarakan dengan ekspilsit

2. Ruang lingkup dan kedalaman pembahasan:

Arikel ditulis dengan ruang lingkup yang cukup luas. Pembahasan masih, belum terdapat pembahasan/ diskusi yang membandingkan dengan hasil peneliti lain.

3. Kecukupan dan kemutakhiran data/informasi dan metodologi:

Referensi kurang mutakhir. Metoda standard dan bisa direflikasi oleh ahli sebidang. Data cukup banyak dan pembahasan sudah baik .

4. Kelengkapan unsur dan kualitas terbitan:

Penerbitan oleh EDP Sciences Journals tidak begitu bagus , terindeks Scopus, SJR: 0.17 (2018), Jurnal dikatagorikan pada jurnal Internasional dengan nilai maximum 30

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Nur, DEA NIP. 195711261990011001

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LEMBAR

Kategori Publikasi Jurnal Ilmiah : √ Prosiding forum Ilmiah Internasional (beri pada kategori yang tepat) Prosiding forum Ilmiah Nasional

Hasil Penilaian Peer Review : Komponen Yang Dinilai

Nilai Maksimal Prosiding Nilai Akhir Yang Diperoleh Internasional

Nasional

a. Kelengkapan unsur isi prosiding (10%) 3,00 2,50

9,00 8,50

c. Kecukupan dan kemutahiran data/informasi dan metodologi (30%)

9,00 8,50

d. Kelengkapan unsur dan kualitas terbitan /prosiding (30%)

9,00 8,70

Total = (100%) 30,00 28,20

Nilai Pengusul =

Catatan Penilaian artikel oleh Reviewer : 1. Kelengkapan unsur isi jurnal:

Artikel telah ditulis secara lengkap mulai dari judul, abstrak, pendahuluan hingga referensi dan sebagian sesuai template E3S Web of Conferences. Isi prosiding relevan dengan artikel yang ditulis. Penulisan tabel hampir mayoritas tidak mengikuti template.

2. Ruang lingkup dan kedalaman pembahasan:

Ruang lingkup kedalaman pembahasan baik dan cukup mendalam. Banyak gambar dokumen penelitian namun masih minim pembahasan. Beberapa persamaan yang ada pada artikel minim informasi fungsinya.

3. Kecukupan dan kemutakhiran data/informasi dan metodologi:

Data penelitian yang diperoleh sudah memadai. Hasil penelitian sudah sesuai dengan metodologi riset yang dilakukan. Artikel disusun berdasarkan total 16referensi dan 6 referensi tidak mutakhir.

4. Kelengkapan unsur dan kualitas terbitan:

Secara umum kelengkapan unsur artikel lengkap. Kualitas penerbit bagus. Prosiding telah terindeks Scopus dengan SJR (2018) 0.17.

Prof. Dr. Heri Sutanto, SSi, MSi NIP. 197502151998021001

√

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Preface

Population growth has significant impacts to sustainability of the natural and energy resources. Some problems arose from the uncontrolled exploitation of natural and energy resources. Several substantial efforts have been conducted by managing the environment through the instruments. The major efforts have yielded positive results in several aspects; however, some aspects have not improved.

Innovation efforts, by academics, researchers, bureaucrats and entrepreneurs, are still needed to ensure a sustainable environmental management.

The 2^nd International Conference on Energy, Environmental and Information System (ICENIS) 2017 organized by School of Postgraduate Studies, Universitas Diponegoro (UNDIP) has been conducted 15-16^th August 2017. The conference has successfully enabled the exchangeof research results of researchers on the fundamentals and applications of energy, environment, and information system.

More than 250 participants and presenters from several countries i.e. Indonesia, Malaysia, Germany, Sudan, Nepal, Australia, Japan, Libya have attended the conference to share their significant contributions in research related to Energy, Environment and Information System. This proceeding contains of 202 selected papers from the conferences.

We would like to express our gratitude to all authors and the members of scientific committee, reviewers and also organizing committee for their contribution to the success of the conference.

Guest Editors

Prof. Hadiyanto Dr. –Ing. Sudarno Dr. Eng. Maryono

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Adi, K.

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A SIMPLIFIED METHOD for the WATER-EQUIVALENT DIAMETER CALCULATION to ESTIMATE PATIENT DOSE in CT EXAMINATIONS

Anam, C. Arif, I. Haryanto, F. Adi, K. Dougherty, G.

Radiation Protection Dosimetry

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System of Performance Evaluation of Rice Paddy Production with Data Envelopment Analysis

Hidayah, Q.H. Mustaﬁd Adi, K.

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25(3), pp. 179-187

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1217(1),12033

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1217(1),12032

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, , 2019 Proceeding - 2019 International Conference of Artiﬁcial Intelligence and Information Technology, ICAIIT 2019

8834622, pp. 255-259

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, , 2018 2018 International Seminar on Research of Information Technology and Intelligent Systems, ISRITI 2018

8864330, pp. 459-464

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1025(1),012025 Automated MTF measurement in CT images with a simple wire

phantom

Anam, C. Fujibuchi, T.

Haryanto, F. Muhlisin, Z. Dougherty, G.

Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering

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Assessment of patient dose and noise level of clinical CT images:

Automated measurements

Anam, C. Budi, W.S. Adi, K. Fujibuchi, T.

Dougherty, G.

Journal of Radiological Protection 4

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Finger edge contour perimeter as a biometric based identiﬁcation system

Widodo, C.E. Adi, K. Journal of Physics: Conference Series

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Richardson number model for turbulence motion analysis around airport runway

Gernowo, R. Saputro, H.D. Setiawan, A. Adi, K.

Widodo, A.P.

Journal of Physics: Conference Series

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Detecting driver drowsiness using total pixel algorithm Adi, K. Widodo, A.P.

Widodo, C.E. Naqiyah, S. Aristia, H.N.

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Determining the Threshold Value for Identiﬁcation of the Goblet Cells in Chicken Small Intestine

Sepriana, D. Adi, K.

Widodo, C.E.

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Information System Prediction with Weighted Moving Average (WMA) Method and Optimization Distribution Using Vehicles Routing Problem (VRP) Model for Batik Product

Nugrahani, T.A. Adi, K.

Suseno, J.E.

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Logic scoring of preference method for determining landﬁll with geographic information system

Pirmanto, D. Suseno, J.E.

Adi, K.

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Design of crack detection system for concrete built infrastructure based on ﬁber optic sensors

Hidayah, F.N. Budi, W.S.

Adi, K. Supardjo

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Automatic vehicle counting using background subtraction method on gray scale images and morphology operation

Adi, K. Widodo, A.P.

Widodo, C.E. Pamungkas, A. Putranto, A.B.

Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1

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Open Access

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2018

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31,11007

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23(7), pp. 6618-6622

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, , 2017 Proceedings - 2016 3rd International Conference on Information Technology, Computer, and Electrical Engineering, ICITACEE 2016 7892450, pp. 253-259

Hazard mitigation with cloud model based rainfall and convective data

Gernowo, R. Adi, K.

Yulianto, T. Seniyatis, S.

Yatunnisa, A.A.

Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1

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Application Mail Tracking Using RSA Algorithm As Security Data and HOT-Fit a Model for Evaluation System

Permadi, G.S. Adi, K.

Gernowo, R.

E3S Web of Conferences 3

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The Decision Support System (DSS) Application to Determination of Diabetes Mellitus Patient Menu Using a Genetic Algorithm Method

Zuliyana, N. Suseno, J.E.

Adi, K.

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Detection lung cancer using Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) and back propagation neural network classiﬁcation

Adi, K. Widodo, C.E.

Widodo, A.P.

Pamungkas, A. Syifa, R.A.

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review

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Convective cloud model for analyzing of heavy rainfall of weather extreme at Semarang Indonesia

Gernowo, R. Adi, K.

Yulianto, T.

Advanced Science Letters 2

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Beef marbling identiﬁcation using color analysis and decision tree classiﬁcation

Adi, K. Pujiyanto, S.

Nurhayati, O.D.

Pamungkas, A.

Advanced Science Letters

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Calculation of Lung Cancer Volume of Target Based on Thorax Computed Tomography Images using Active Contour Segmentation Method for Treatment Planning System

Yosandha, F.P. Adi, K.

Widodo, C.E.

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Detection of the beef quality: Using mobile-based K-mean clustering method

Nurhayati, O.D. Adi, K.

Pujiyanto, S.

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* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Management to Insulate Ecosystem Services from the Effects of Catchment Development

Peter Gell^1,*

1Wetlands Research Network, Federation University Australia, Mt Helen, Vic. – Australia

Abstract. Natural ecosystems provide amenity to human populations in the form of ecosystem services.

These services are grouped into four broad categories: provisioning – food and water production; regulating – control of climate and disease; supporting – crop pollination; and cultural – spiritual and recreational benefits. Aquatic systems provide considerable service through the provision of potable water, fisheries and aquaculture production, nutrient mitigation and the psychological benefits that accrue from the aesthetic amenity provided from lakes, rivers and other wetlands. Further, littoral and riparian ecosystems, and aquifers, protect human communities from sea level encroachment, and tidal and river flooding. Catchment and water development provides critical resources for human consumption. Where these provisioning services are prioritized over others, the level and quality of production may be impacted. Further, the benefits from these provisioning services comes with the opportunity cost of diminishing regulating, supporting and cultural services. This imbalance flags concerns for humanity as it exceeds recognised safe operating spaces. These concepts are explored by reference to long term records of change in some of the world’s largest river catchments and lessons are drawn that may enable other communities to consider the balance of ecosystems services in natural resource management.

1 Introduction

Human societies have reaped food, water and materials from river catchments. While climate variability at a range of time scales has mediated the supply of these resources at regional scales, the sedentarisation of human communities through the Holocene, and the attendant increases in population and technology, has increased the intensity of resource exploitation. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment reveals the further amplification of impacts of human resource exploitation from the mid- 20^th century identifying the Great Acceleration, which has prompted calls for the demarcation of a new geological epoch, The Anthropocene [1,2].

While ethical arguments can be mounted that natural systems warrant conservation for intrinsic reasons, the Ecosystem Services they provide humans is increasingly being used to justify investment in wise management [3]. It is recognised that the demand for consumptive resources such as food, water, energy, timber and minerals for the construction of shelter and fibre for clothing is impacting negatively on the other services provided humanity by the natural environment.

In market based economies there remain opportunities for the price of consumption to reflect merely the cost of production, with little requirement for it to reflect the trade-off in the loss of assets and services, that are valuable, but represent a challenge to quantify economically. Without full cost accounting of the trade- offs between services society risks undermining the

support afforded by the less quantifiable phenomena and, ultimately, the ongoing supply of provisioning services.

The most readily identifiable services provided by natural ecosystems are usually those that provide directly for human needs. These Provisioning Services comprise potable water and food, including those harvested directly such as fish and native fruit, as well as those sown by people such as crops and stock raised for milk and meat. As a resource timber was used by early hominids as an energy source and then for shelter as technology became more sophisticated. Extracted minerals have replaced timber as a provider of shelter and this fibre is now directed in large volumes to the creation of paper. Most of humanity’s energy is now provided by extracted fossil fuels that were largely unavailable before the industrial revolution.

The natural environment also affords considerable benefit to humanity by means that are not defined as provisioning. Natural systems regulate the habitat used by people by moderating microclimatic extremes (e.g.

shade, shelter) and by controlling irruptions of pests, predators and disease carrying organisms that may impact negatively on people. It may also mitigate the risk of environmental hazards – coastal and riparian vegetation play’s a clear role in protecting human settlements from floods and, as witnessed in 2004, tsunamis. Natural ecosystems also provide support to society that underpins the provision of food and water through the pollination of flowers that beget seed and fruit and the purification of water to mitigate the E3S Web of Conferences 31, 08001 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183108001 ICENIS 2017

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personal health of consumers. Lastly, nature provides considerable cultural benefits and there is an increasing body of evidence that reveals the wellbeing benefits that accrue from close association with natural systems such as wetlands [4].

From even before the Brudtland Report Our Common Future global ecosystem assessments have revealed, with increasing sophistication and accuracy, the degree to which provisioning services have been exploited at the expense of regulating, supporting and cultural services [5]. The rapid increase in the rate of human impact from the mid 19^th century is identified as the Great Acceleration with global scale surveillance revealing exponential increases in human population;

and in rates of overfishing, deforestation, water catchment regulation, desertification etc. Variations in socio-political circumstances has yielded spatial variations in these patterns but, for example, China has developed very rapidly and its ecosystems have suffered accordingly, joining the developed world in threatening, and in some circumstances, exceeding safe operating spaces for humanity [6,7].

Long term evidence, however, reveals that humanity has a long history of exploiting its water catchments and impacting on aquatic ecosystems [8].

The development of agriculture and mineral extraction industries is associated with nutrient, metal and sediment pollution as well as salinisation from the mid- to late Holocene. The mere increase in populations in settlements, in the absence of waste management infrastructure, in the 19^th century was sufficient to drive the eutrophication of receiving waters and widespread and unprecedented anoxia in the world’s deep lakes [9].

So, the trade-off in ecosystem services by human populations has a considerable history [10]. To understand the challenge of restoring the regulating, supporting and cultural services afforded by ecosystems it is important to understand the threats emerging from new technology but also the momentum of ecosystem degradation that is the legacy of human exploitation of provisioning services over millennia.

2 The Murray Darling Basin

Many of the world’s water resource catchments have come under considerable pressure from land and water development for human consumption. In Australia the Murray Darling Basin (MDB), the continent’s largest catchment, represents a case study that reflects clearly the trade-off between services over time [11].

Colonisation of the continent by non-indigenous peoples was relatively late and so the technology brought by the colonists was relatively sophisticated. Further the catchment lies in a spatially and temporally variable climate with low catchment efficiency exposing it to the risks of water resource development. Further, the floodplain soils carry high loads of native phosphorus and are highly erodible, and in many parts, overly saline water tables. In combination these boundary conditions conspired to lead to a rapid degradation of natural

resources to provide for an expanding, consumption intensive society. The management of the MDB today represents Australia’s greatest environmental restoration challenge with considerable funds directly towards the MDB Plan [12].

Humans have lived in the MDB for at least 46,000 years [13] over which time hydroclimates have changed greatly [13,14]. The hydrogeomorphology of the rivers stabilised from ~ 12,000 years ago and many wetlands evolved from ~ 5,000 years ago as their meandering habit became entrenched. Human populations likely increased from this time as climate, and so resources, became more reliable. Over the millennia preceding European colonisation traditional resource use comprised the harvesting of wildlife and aquatic plants.

While people buried foods to render them safe to consume, and sowed tubers to harvest at a later time, agriculture was limited, although plants collected typically represented the largest part of the economy.

Ecosystems provided timber for fuel, weapons and water craft and clean drinking water. Floodplain vegetation provided shade and shelter and communities had strong cultural associations with freshwater systems and their biota.

The MDB was a focus for exploration soon after the colonisation of the continent by Europeans and settlements were established within the catchment from the early-to-mid-1800s. Very soon after settlement the plains supported large numbers of stock run for wool and food. Intensive gold mining in the watershed from 1848 and the extraction of water for irrigation agriculture, most from 1880, added to the destabilisation of the landscape. The state parliament in Adelaide, near the base of the Basin, first discussed the threat of water use in the upper reaches as early as 1887 and the Interstate Royal Commission into the basin testified to eutrophic river waters impacted by mining sludge [15]. Soldier settlement schemes following the two world wars promoted land clearance and accelerated river regulation and water consumption which ultimately drew saline water tables to the surface driving widespread dryland and wetland salinisation, particularly after the wet La Nina phases in the 1950s and 1970s [16]. While cyanobacterial blooms were recognised from 1878 [17]

the Darling River suffered an unprecedented bloom of over 1000 km in length in 1991; a risk that remains for most surface waters in the southern basin. To turn this Basin in the nation’s food bowl, provided in excess of 40% of its agricultural gross domestic product, most land is now cleared, the native fishery is greatly diminished, resilience to climate variability has been compromised and natural systems have suffered from the increasing flux of salts, sediments and nutrients [18] to the point where the basin is regarded as one of ten Australian ecosystems most at risk of exceeding a tipping point [19].

While there has long been concern on the state of the MDB waterways, the first comprehensive assessments came in the 21^st century, mostly associated with the call to provide river flows to restore ecosystems.

The Sustainable Rivers Audit [20] and other commissioned reports revealed the Basin to be widely

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degraded and the waters over-exploited for the provision of irrigation agriculture to produce food and fibre. This drew contest from those with a water allocation and this escalated into a politicised debate over water volume.

The emerging Water Act (2007) provided for the Murray Darling Basin Plan which released $13B AUD to recover 3200 GL (~ 25%) of mean annual flow to restore the aquatic ecosystems of the Basin. This modern debate over water volume overlooked the long recognised impact of catchment disturbance on the services afforded both people and ecosystems.

3 Long Term Change

In 1917 Australia embarked on a program of river regulation and commissioned a suite of weirs along the River Murray and other MDB tributaries from 1922 to 1936. Consistent with the accelerated development of water resources in the northern hemisphere the construction of large dams from the 1950s lead to significant, additional river regulation. In the absence of water quality monitoring or biological assessments water diversions and reduced flows became identified as the principal driver of ecosystem decline. In particular, the terminal lakes, deemed to be predominantly fresh [21]

but estuarine elsewhere [15] were considered to be at risk of salinisation through inundation by seawater owing to the diminished freshwater flows [22]. This dissonance of view highlights the opacity of evidence derived from historical sources. Clear evidence of past condition is highly instructive in terms of scoping options for restoration, but also in understanding the trade-offs between various ecosystems services that have occurred under past management eras.

While archaeological sources document the presence of people, and by inference the effect they may have had on the river and its floodplain, artefact are often poorly constrained in time and sites rarely report on the response of the ecosystems. Sediment-based paleolimnological records on the other hand, while not recording directly the presence of people, are usually well dated, are continuous in time and provide detailed inferences as the condition of lentic waterways. Over 50 records of wetland change have been documented across the southern Basin. Several provide evidence of pre- European baseline conditions and point to long periods of stasis mediated by regional hydroclimatic variation [23]. While the impact of indigenous people on wetlands has not been demonstrated, but is not discounted, substantial and often unprecedented changes occurred from the period when new people, their technologies and stock developed the catchment to provide for a rapidly increasing population. These changes included widespread increase in waterway turbidity, rapid sedimentation of shallow wetlands, eutrophication and salinisation [24], and loss of aquatic plant communities.

While most wetlands changed after river regulation, in many instances on account of a regime of more frequent flooding, many impacts are evident from soon after European settlement and are attributable to direct impacts of erosion and the release of pollutants.

A shift from wetlands rich in aquatic plants to systems dominated by phytoplankton was first documented by Ogden [25] and then more widely by Reid et al. [26]. Gell and Reid generated a typology of wetlands vulnerable to this switch attributable to the attenuation of light in the water column with elevated water turbidity [27]. While Ogden showed associated shifts towards pelagic zooplankton; Kattel et al.

documented a decline in faunal diversity [28]. The structure of the decline documented from the sediment sequences is consistent with the model of regime shifts or the critical transitions documented for Lake Erhai in Yunnan province by Wang et al., [29]. Given the challenge in demonstrating changes to ecological feedback effects from sediment records, and the unlikelihood of removing the likely stressor of change, it is challenging to demonstrate a regime shift based on the criteria identified by Capon et al. [30]. As such the change may well represent a press response to ongoing sediment and nutrient flux [31]. Critically, the replication of these changes in Murray floodplain wetlands, and the identification of the river channel as a source of sediments [32] leads to the suggestion that the critical transitions are occurring at a sub-basin scale rather than wetland-by-wetland. Irrespective, these records attest to the diminishing capacity to regulate water quality and cultivate the supporting services that provide ecosystem resilience. The heightened contest over water resources reveals that society is recognising the decline in cultural services once afforded by the biodiversity rich wetlands.

4 Recovery – The Basin Plan

The Australian and relevant State Governments implemented The Murray Darling Basin Plan that is to invest in the purchase of water allocation licenses and water delivery infrastructure to recover 2750 GL of irrigation allocation for use in environmental flow programs across the Basin. The intent is to allocate a supplementary 450 GL if it can be demonstrated that this will have little negative impact on regional communities.

This Plan reveals that Australian society has accepted that the provisioning services made possible through the regulation and diversion of the Basin’s water for agriculture have been at the expense of other services, and the intrinsic value of the natural aquatic ecosystems.

It does, however, identify water volume as the principal cause of this decline, possible as water over allocation can be readily rectified using economic mechanisms whereas water quality issues cannot. A Long Term Intervention Monitoring program has been implemented to assess the ecological recovery from the release of environmental water. Yet, as with any monitoring program, the perceived success or otherwise can be influenced by the selected baseline against which recovery is assessed. Clearly, assessing performance against decade old monitoring, rather than paleoecological records that can report on pre-regulation, and even pre-industrial conditions, will paint the restoration success in a brighter light.

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Meanwhile, the decision to implement the Plan brought an abrupt impact to food and fibre producers who were encouraged to forego water allocation. Having been encouraged by past governments to develop irrigation plots through settlement schemes this generation of growers have been required to adapt abruptly to a withdrawal of water in a rapid switch to a management regime that values other services provided by the same water. The implementation has been abrupt and, likely owing to poor socio-economic assessment and modelling, measures to moderate the impacts are being implemented retrospectively. The reaction to the Plan has been acute having pitted growers against the authorities and rural interests against urban. This prompted a Federal Senate Select Inquiry into the Basin Plan in 2015 where communities were pitted against each other in making their case for access to water. Now, a Royal Commission has been called by the South Australian Government to investigate impediments to the provision of what they perceive to be their right to water.

5 Balancing Ecosystem Services

The degraded state of the Murray Darling Basin and the fraught nature of the political contest over critical water resources are clear symptoms of the prioritisation of provisioning services. While the South Australian Parliament were debating the impact of upstream water use on the water that flowed into their jurisdiction as early as 1887 there has been a state sanctioned drive to use Basin water to provide food and fibre for domestic and overseas markets for more than a century since.

Over this time there has been little attention paid to the regulating, supporting or cultural services provided by the same water. This has left the landscape and communities more vulnerable to climate change which is forecast to lead to lower rainfall and runoff. The legacy of the narrow focus on provision is the substantial direct cost of the Plan - $13B and the inestimable indirect costs to communities, so this demands much economic readjustment to repair these other services. These include reinstating the heavily impacted community cohesion;

the risk to wellbeing of rural communities and the endangered natural biodiversity. Even so, given the compromised quality of the water to be allocated to the environment, it appears unlikely even this investment will address issues of turbidity, sedimentation and eutrophication to allow for complete recovery. There remains a risk that thresholds exist whereupon regulating services become permanently diminished or the cost of recovering them is prohibitive.

Clearly, had those advocating so enthusiastically for catchment development over a century ago had the foresight to value other services as much as they did provisioning, then the system resilience would not have become so compromised. Clearly it would have been better to have adapted through time and empowered the community to produce food and fibre, but also protect the natural systems and the benefits that accrue from them and to be prepared for unforeseen circumstances.

While the time has passed to avoid many of the

consequences of overexploitation, it is essential to implement adaptation now, as the Plan intends, to avoid the need for transformational change [33]. A just approach may be to distribute the cost of the implementation of an adaptation cycle across multiple generations in an adaptation pathways approach [34]

rather than levelling the full cost on today’s providers.

The degraded state of the Murray Darling Basin serves as a lesson of overexploiting the provisioning services of natural systems. Davis et al. (2016) observe that Australia would do well to apply the lessons of the MDB crisis should it seek to develop the landscape in the tropical North.

Globally, developing countries would do well to apply the same lessons. The modern condition of the Semarang River reflects a similar enthusiasm for the development of provisioning services in the form of agriculture. This is likely an outcome of the necessity for providing for an increasing regional population and the primacy of food provision as a socio-economic necessity. Here, steep landscapes have been cleared of rainforest and terraced, lakes impounded and water flow regulated to service market gardens. To maximise production nutrients have been added and these are carried in return waters to river tributaries. The opportunity cost of this is the degradation of the waterways and the loss of this resource at a potable water supply. In Melbourne early planners protected the water catchments and still today, the supply of water to Melbourne is drawn from forested catchments ensuring that the surface waters remain the principal source of potable. The compromised quality of the potable water of Semarang leaves authorities with the choice of importing water or extracting groundwater. The modern focus on groundwater is an expensive solution which fails to address the driver of the problem – waterway management in the upper catchment. Often groundwater resources are not recharged at the rate water is abstracted and so groundwater based solutions to water provision are often unsustainable in the long term. Further, groundwater plays a critical role in landscape stability and unsustainable extraction of groundwater can lead to land subsidence, coastal inundation and diminished regulating services in coastal settings.

In both the MDB and the Semarang River the adoption of an holistic ecosystem services approach at the outset may have avoided the trade-offs between services and the level of degradation experienced today.

Now realising that degradation and the diminished amenity the challenge to recover ground and adopt a more sustainable path is expensive and challenging.

While short political cycles and discount rates act to encourage governments to differ expensive measures that may mitigate overexploitation of natural resources, intergenerational equity demands that society mitigates the decline in services at the same time as it reaps the benefits of harnessing the provisioning services of its natural ecosystems.

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* Corresponding author: [email protected]

The Role of Spatial Analysis in Detecting the Consequence of the Factory Sites : Case Study of Assalaya Factory- Sudan

Amar Sharaf Eldin Khair^1,*

,

^Purwanto²^,^HennaRyaSunoko³, OmerAdam Abdullah⁴

1Lecturer at Omdurman Islamic University, Geography Department, Omdurman city – Sudan

2School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University, Semarang-Indonesia

3Diponegoro University, Pharmacy Faculty, Semarang – Indonesia

4Dean of art faculty, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman city – Sudan

Abstract. Spatial analysis is considered as one of the most important science for identifying the most appropriate site for industrialization and also to alleviate the environmental ramifications caused by factories. This study aims at analyzing the Assalaya sugarcane factory site by the use of spatial analysis to determine whether it has ramification on the White Nile River. The methodology employed for this study is Global Position System (GPS) to identify the coordinate system of the study phenomena and other relative factors. The study will also make use Geographical Information System (GIS) to implement the spatial analysis. Satellite data (LandsatDem- Digital Elevation Model) will be considered for the study area and factory in identifying the consequences by analyzing the location of the factory through several features such as hydrological, contour line and geological analysis. Data analysis reveals that the factory site is inappropriate and according to observation on the ground it has consequences on the White Nile River.

Based on the finding, the study recommended some suggestions to avoid the aftermath of any factory in general. We have to take advantage of this new technological method to aid in selecting most apt locations for industries that will create an ambient environment.

1 Introduction

The spatial analysis in this paper is emphasizes on the spatial elaboration for the factory site by several element using Global Position System (GPS) , Geographical Information System (GIS) and satellite data, making way for spatial interpretation of the factory potential zones. It has the ability to decide whether the factory location is suitable for the industrial process through special techniques. It will be elaborated in data analysis. It also has potential to find the affinity between Assalaya factory location and water resources–white Nile River and human settlement. The study will further illustrate the potential aftermath affected by the factory through analyzing the data by GIS technique, [1].

The GIS technique is considered as one of the important scientific technology that is recently in use as decision- maker for selecting compatible location for industries and has ability to predict the future ramification as well as the influence by the factories through special techniques because it can be one of the scientiﬁc technological

Innovation which has ability to put scientiﬁc research ﬁndings into practice,[2].

The use modern technology with different techniques like Spatial Analysis and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is the best way of selecting the right position of factories to avoid consequences caused by the factory

production which has massive impact on water resources. So if factories are well-sited will bring forth both economic and environmental benefit especially in recent case of rapid population growth,[3].

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is suitable to exhibit the continuous change of the earth topography. It is the basic data source for terrain analysis and spatial applications. It can be used for studies that are related to science and engineering. The function of the DEM is supported by the widespread availability of digital topographic data,[4].

There are significant reasons for the selection of this topic and choosing Assalaya factory. In relation to the selection of this topic, it has been observed that factory wastewater is discharged into White Nile River. The White Nile River is considered the main branch of River Nile and the fundamental source of drinking water in Sudan in general. This being the specific area under study, there arise the need to emphasize on the role and ability of Spatial Analysis to select compatible location of factories to secure human life from the consequences from the factories and also to conserve the environment and the realization of the economic efficiency as well.

Assalaya Factory is being chosen for this study because the factory has been allocated in an environment that is inappropriate and complained by citizens that stay around this area, where some people have been suffering as a result of sugar cultivation production output. It has E3S Web of Conferences 31, 12004 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183112004 ICENIS 2017

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brutal consequences which affects the ecology, drinking water, air and the arable land. Furthermore, social impacts such as stinky smell, respiratory diseases, unsafe drinking water and the likes has caused the relocation of neighborhoods and villages.

The main purpose of the study is to eliminate and reduce the industrial wastewater which has significant role in polluting drinking water and endangering living organisms inside it. Through persuasion of the stakeholder and owners of industries and community participation, this cause can be properly addressed. This study also aims to emphasize the ability of Spatial Analysis in selecting the right position for any kind of industry through GIS software and arc toolbox window.

2 Material and Method

2.1 Study sites

Assalaya is located in Assalaya locality- White Nile State- Sudan between Longitude 33:33:10 West 32:58:52 East and, latitude 13:12:45 South 23:58:40 North. It is bordered by Aljazeera State and El jabalian in the north direction. To the south are Rabak and Knana cities. Sennar State, White Nile River and kosti city are to its west as it is seen in figure 1. While the Assalaya factory is sited between Longitude 32:43:15 West and 32:45 East either the latitude between 13:14:40 south and 13:15:50 north. Its sugarcane fields spread over from east to west in 25 km and 12 km from north to south. The distance between the factory and the White Nile River is 8,5 km and the distance to the residential community is 2km as seen in figure 1.

2.2 Study Type

The study topic analyzes the sugar factory location and identifies whether its location is appropriate in order to prevent its ramification on the nearby society. Geospatial Information System will be used through spatial analysis function for the study. This study uses Global Positioning System (Ground survey), interviews and observation to get primary data. Also data will be collected from the field and secondary data as Satellite data DEM of the study area, has also been included in this study.

2.3 Data Collection and Acquisition

The study requires two kinds of data to realize its target and it includes secondary data which are; satellite data image represented in land sate Dem and GIS software to analyze the factory location as hydrological, contour line, slopping and geological analysis. Primary data include the data collected from the following methods;

Observation, Global Positioning System GPS and the use of interviews.

2.4 Data Analysis

This study relies on landsat DEM that has been processed by GIS software program to analyze the data and to achieve the results as obvious in the study title.

The study is confined on specific tools in the GIS program found in arc tools box. Overall, the study will analyze the slope map to find the slope direction of the factory position and hydrological analysis to determine whether the factory location is in runoff of the water and also geological map to investigate the geological location of the factory area. Lastly, contour line map for the study area with two meter interval will be used to identify the factory land level.

3 Results:

Through analysis, the contour line which had been figured out by GIS software which is processed via Arc tools box window. The purpose of that is to find out how far the factory location is suitable for the industrial production from the river. In evaluating the consequences on the water resource (White Nile River), the study found that the Contour lines have retreated towards the Nile reaching to 909 in the study phenomena and it has further declined to779. This finding is based on analysis of the contour map of study area with interval 2 meters to determine the decline of contour line as seen in Figure 2.

Depending on the hydrological analysis for the factory location that has been analyzed based on land sate DEM and special techniques as identifying the study area, through the contour line and the hydrology, the study found that the factory location is located in water catchment area - valleys, lagoon- those are runoff toward White Nile River. Indicated in Figure 3.

Through analysis with the geological map of the study area, the study found that the industrial production site is within Ancient River Sedimentary adjacent to Modern River Sedimentary and Sediments of the Umm Ruwaba Formation. Meanwhile, the agriculture production the (sugarcane) is located in Ancient River Sedimentary, Umm Ruwaba Formation and the Nubian Sandstone as seen in Figure 4.

4 Discussion

The study through checking of the contour line indicates that the location of the factory is inappropriate because of the proximity in contour lines, where it declines subsequently in measures of909, 868,861, 807 till779.

The contour indicates that, the smaller the vertical separator, the more the contour lines converge,[5].

Because contour successfully separate and identify the different objects and have been applied to many different applications, it is have many different approaches for detecting the location which have been developed and could be broadly used,[6].

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Fig. 1. Study sites

Fig. 2. Location Contour map

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The direction of the valleys and water flow have been shown in fig. 3 . To emphasize and prove that the study has selected two-meter contour to investigate the magnitude of the convergence in recognizing the factual and authentic way of flow. So the retreat of the contour line indicates that the direction of flow of the river.

Based on the Geometry studies. It is wrong to set up factories in inappropriate position, because it may aggravate the condition as it creates phenomenon such as water pollution particularly in the white Nile river for instance as we become conscious of the study area and Sudan in general will rely on it for daily drinking. Not only is the White Nile River considered as the main source of water supply to several countries after joining with Blue Nile at Khartoum city. At this point, the emphases on how important the water resource that has been disturbed by the sugar factory is really realised. To avoid the ramification of it, it is better we keep proper planning in implementing projects, especially projects that have aftermath on ambient environmental resources.It is better if we built our ideas on geometry and other modern science because geometry constitutes the shape of the object and Physics imposes the constraints in how the shape of the object can contrast over time,[7].

The Hydrological analysis is done via satellite data DEM by GIS processing using several step which are;

first, fill the Watercourses till the study area is flat and facilitate the water flow direction calculations, all of these process are done by GIS Arc Map → Arc tools box

→ Spatial analysis tools → Hydrology → Fill.

Secondly; cutting the basin area done by Arc tools box

→

Spatial analysis tools → extract

→

clip hydrological models has become one of the fundamental tools that is widely used to identify such matters [8], through both processes appears that the study area had been situated in

the catchment area which descends from the north-east direction and crosses the study area westward way downstream into the White Nile River at South-west in tree-delta form which indicate the location is not fit for establishing any kind of factory due to the valleys and rivers that runoff on it , it is likely to pollute the Nile water by the agricultural and industrial waste (pollutant).

The geological result found confirms that part of the factory area is situated in Ancient River Sedimentary and other parts in Sediments of The Umm Ruwaba Formation which indicates that the factory area in Agricultural production belt as well as it’s sediment area which has created several Lagoons and valleys as seen in hydrological Fig 3. Establishing factories in these sites may infiltrate and percolate the industrial wastewater into groundwater and thus definitely connected with the Nile River (approximately 2km between the river and the factory within Sedimentary area) therefore the factory needs industrial re-planning, it is better if it is set up in basement complex.

Overall, through analysis the collected data emphasizes that, it is inappropriate to establish any kind of industry in the research area. Besides, confirmation also comes from the conducted interviews at the study area, that the factory inflicts so much harm on the water resource which has changed the water quality by way of colour, bad smell, mutilation and malformation of some kind of fishes, [9].These effects have to a large extent had adverse bearing on many who reside near to the factory resettle to other places,[10].Through the observation, it turns out that the wastewater that comes from sugarcane irrigation and the operation have consequences on citizens’arable lands due to the slope, contour, hydrological and geological factors.

Fig.3. Hydrological map

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